享学营笔记

I wake up in the morning.（早上我醒了。）

这里有个表达顺序的问题，你要注意。那就是：中文习惯（非必须）把时间、地点等先说出来，再说具体的事情。比如说：早上我醒了。或者说：我看了看手机上的时间。

但是英语习惯（非必须）把主要的信息先说出来，再说时间、地点等。比如说：

I wake up in the morning.（对比：早上我醒了。）
I look at the time on my phone.（对比：我看了看手机上的时间。）
I wake up in the afternoon
I look at the time on the wall.

Wow! It's eight o’clock.（什么？已经8点了。）

首先，Wow! 在这里是个感叹句。跟中文的“天呐！”一样，都可以表示“惊讶、难以置信”。你不妨也用英语来造个句子，比如这句话英语怎么说呢？什么？你都30岁了？

Wow! You’re 30 years old? But you look so young!

It's eight o’clock.（现在是八点整。）另外，除了整点报时以外，关于各种时间的表达法，我们后期的课还会详细讲解。

I look at the time on my phone.（我看了看手机上的时间。）

中文里的动词“看”，可以直接接看的对象。比如“看书、看电影”（英语都有特定的说法：read books 看书, watch movies 看电影）。但是，虽然look在英语里表示“看”，但是如果你要表示具体“朝哪儿看”，就要加上at“朝”，而不能直接说look+看的东西。这一点你要跟中文的表达区分开。比如说：

Look at that picture
Look at that bird!

on my phone表示“在我手机上”。类似的表达比如说：

on my computer
on my desk

It’s time to get up.（该起床了。）

It’s time = It is time，表示“是时候了”。是时候去做什么了呢？后面的to do表示“去做”的事情，do可以换成任何动词。比如说：

It’s time to learn English
It’s time to sleep|
It’s time to eat

5. I yawn.（我打哈欠。）

6. I am so sleepy.（我好困。）

so表示“非常”。如果你想说：☆我非常……。就可以说：I am so…。那你来造个句子吧？比如说：

I am so happy!
I am so tired!

I get up and stretch.（我起床，并且伸了个懒腰。）

get在这里是“达到某种状态”；后面的up指的是“向上、起来”，在这里是个形容词。

I get up，相当于I am up. 表示“我变得起来了”，也就是“我起床了”

I need a cup of coffee.（我需要一杯咖啡。）

I need… 表示“我需要……”。比如说：

I need your help
I need some money

a cup指的是“一杯”，一杯什么呢？of表示从属关系，后面具体跟需要的对象，of + 对象，中文翻译成“……的”。a cup of coffee，英语的字面意思是“咖啡的一杯”，也就是“咖啡有很多，其中的一杯”。我们来做做相应的翻译训练，我来说汉语，你来说英语：

a cup of milk
a cup of tea

I make my bed.（我整理好自己的床。）

I want to keep my room tidy.（我想让我的房间整整齐齐。）

I want to… 表示“我想要去……”：

I want to learn English
I want to make money

其次，keep的意思是“保持”，后面接“名词+形容词”，表示“保持某人/某物处于某种状态”。比如说：

keep the money safe
keep the room quiet

wake [weɪk] vi. 醒来 vt. 唤醒

wake作动词，可以表示“自己醒”，或者“叫醒别人”。比如说：

I wake early in the morning.（我早上醒得很早。）（醒来）
Please wake me early tomorrow.（明早请早点叫醒我。）（唤醒）

get [ɡet] vt. 得到 vi. 到达；达到；处于

如果你去查字典，会发现get在汉语里对应的翻译特别多。但是，get的基本意思可以简单概括成两个，一个是“具体得到”，一个是“抽象达到”。

具体得到：

I’ll get a pen and paper.（我去拿笔和纸。）

Can you get a drink for me?（你能为我拿一杯喝的吗？）

抽象达到（某地或某种状态）：

I will get home in 10 minutes.（我十分钟之内会到家。）

I will get sick if I drink cold water.（如果喝凉水，我会生病。）

up [ʌp] adv. 向上；完全，彻底（到头）

up这个词，也分为具体的含义和抽象的含义

具体含义是“向上”。比如说：

get up（处于向上的状态→起身、起床）
rise up（升起）
jump up（跳起来）

抽象含义是“到顶、到头”，也就是“完全、彻底”。比如说：

wake up（完全醒了）
use up（用完）
give up（完全给，一点儿也不要了，放弃）

在口语寒暄的时候，我们经常会说：What’s up?，意思是“出了什么事？” 也可以理解成一个简单的“嗨！”。而What’s up的字面意思，是“有什么事冒出来吗？”

it’s

it’s是it is的缩写，表示“它是”。今天课文里的it指代的是“时间”。同时，it还可以指代：

环境：It’s so beautiful here.（这里好漂亮啊。）
天气：It’s very hot today.（今天好热啊。）
金钱：It’s 100 yuan.（100块钱。）

o'clock [ə’klɒk; ə’klɑːk] abbr. ……点钟

o'clock是of the clock的简称，表示“钟表上的”。换句话说：It’s eight o'clock. = It’s eight of the clock

yawn [jɔːn] vi. 打哈欠

yawn在英语里的意思是“嘴巴张大”，发音的口型也很像打哈欠的样子。

sleepy [ˈsliːpi] adj. 瞌睡的，困的

sleepy这个词，来自sleep（睡觉）+后缀-y，表示“想睡觉的、困的”。类似的单词有很多，比如说windy（有风的），rainy（多雨的）等等。

stretch [stretʃ] vt. 伸长 vi. 拉伸，舒展

比如说：

Please stretch out your hands.（请伸出你的双手。）

或者说：

You can stretch your arms up.（你可以向上伸展你的手臂。）

英语里有个单词，是stretch的同源词，叫做straight，作形容词表示“直的”，也就是“拉直的”

make [meɪk] vt. 做；制造；制作；造成；挣（钱）

在英语里，make可以结合不同的名词，表达很多意思，但基本意思都和“制作、制造”有关。比如说：

make coffee（煮咖啡），make friends（交朋友），make money（赚钱，创造财富）

汉语里根据不同语境，动词可能翻译得不一样，这一点你要留心。比如今天原文里的make bed，指的是“整理床”，而不是“造床”，这一点你也要留心

tidy [ˈtaɪdi] adj. 整齐的；整洁的，有条理的

tidy和tide（名词“潮水”）有关，而这两个词都和“时间”（time）有关。英语里有句话，叫做：

Time and tide wait for no man.（光阴不等人。）

同时，tidy由“有规律的涨潮落潮”，延伸成了“有条理的”，现在作形容词，可以表示“整齐的”。比如说：

The house is very tidy.（这座房子非常整洁。）

音位（phoneme）：人类某一种语言中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。两者有以下区别：

音标（phonetic symbol）：音位的标记、符号。

虽然英语这门语言只有26个字母，但是在这门语言的发音里，有大约44个独特的发音（音位），也就相对有44个音标。其中元音音标20个，辅音音标24个。

备注：传统语音学认为，英语有48个音位。一个音位对应一个音标，共有48个（英语）国际音标。现代语音学认为，英语有44个音位。因为现代语音学认为/tr/,/dr/, /ts/, /dz/ 这四个不是独立的音位，而是辅音连缀。

/iː/ 嘴角向两边张开，一个微笑的表情，发音同字母E。

首先看长元音 /iː/。发这个音不难，嘴角向两边张开，一个微笑的表情。这个发音，其实就是字母ABCDE的E的发音。但是你要注意，不要刻意发成汉语里“衣服”的“衣”（yī），因为严谨一点来说，这个发音里没有/y/，而是/iː/，比如eat不是/yiːt/，而是/iːt/。感觉到区别了吗？简单来说，你发的这个音如果用汉字写不出来，就没什么大问题了。你来张嘴说一下：/iː/

/ɪ/ 口型稍微张大，听起来短促有力。

我们再来看短元音/ɪ/。口型稍微张大，同时听起来短促有力/ɪ/。你在说英语的时候，一定要留心。你来张嘴说一下：/ɪ/

/iː/ he, she, me, speak, Chinese

/ɪ/ it, is, sit, big, English

eat vs. it /iːt/ /ɪt/

seat vs. sit /siːt/ /sɪt/

speak Chinese /spiːk/ /ˌtʃaɪˈniːz/

speak English /spiːk/ /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

1. He is Chinese. He can speak English.（他是中国人。他会说英语。）

2. Sweet dreams. See you tomorrow.（做个好梦。明天见。）

3. Please give me a minute.（请给我一分钟。）

4. It’s a little bit too big.（这有点太大了。）

1. Seeing is believing.（眼见为实。）

2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. （患难见真情。）

I go to the bathroom. 我往浴室走去。

I go to… 表示“我去……”或者“我往……走”。比如说：

I go to the supermarket
I go to the park

这个时候你会注意到，我们想去的地方，一般前面会加上一个定冠词the，表示特指的地点。所谓的“定冠词”，就是“特定的、像帽子一样加在后面对象身上的词”，所以叫“定冠词”，定冠词描述的对象往往是特指的，比如你说你想去超市或者去公园，但是“超市”、“公园”只是名词概念，在英语里你需要指出“去哪个超市、去哪个公园”，指出其中的一个，就要说the supermarket，the park。

但是还有一些表达，是不需要定冠词的，比如go to work（去上班），go to bed（去上床睡觉），已经变成了一些惯用的表达，而且也不需要特指“上那个班、上那个学”：

I go to work at eight in the morning
I go to bed at nine at night

I should go freshen up.（我得洗漱一下。）

I should…（我应该……），后面加动词原形。比如说：

I should learn English well
I should exercise more
I should open my mouth and speak English

go do sth.（去做某事。）注意，这是一个很常见的口语表达，但是并不符合常规的语法结构，因为go和do都是动词，在语法上两个动词是不能直接见面的，这里只不过是省略了go to do sth.的to，是为了使表达更简便、直接，所以这种口语表达你要了解。比如说：

Let’s go get some coffee
Let’s go get some food
Let’s go get a taxi

I turn on the tap.（我打开水龙头。）

turn作动词表示“转、扭、拧”

on的基本意思是“在上面”或者“接触”

turn on表示“拧开、让电流或者水流接通”，中文一般直接翻译成“打开”。比如说：

Turn on the TV.（打开电视。）
Turn on the light.（打开灯。）

off的基本意思是“离开”，所以turn off的字面意思是“拧、转一下，让电流或者水流等离开”。比如说：

Turn off the radio
Turn off the tap

The water is cold!（水真冷啊！）

I brush my teeth.（我刷牙。）

teeth是tooth（名词“牙齿”）的复数形式。和汉语不同，汉字的名词从写法上不分单复数，但是英语是一种“以形表意”的语言，名词形式的变化，会直接告诉我们这个词是单数还是复数。相对汉语的表达方式，这是一种更加简化的办法。换句话说，你如果只看到汉语的“牙齿”两个字，没法确定它是单数还是复数，只有在前面加上数词才可以，“一颗牙”、“两颗牙”等等。但是英语你只要看到tooth，肯定就是“一颗牙”；只要看到teeth，肯定就“不止一颗牙”

当然，一般英语的名词变复数，是在名词后面加s。像tooth-teeth这种变化的名词属于少数，我们平时要注意积累。比如说：foot（脚），复数叫feet；man（男人），复数叫men；woman（女人），复数叫women等等

I don't have much time.（我没有太多时间了。）

I don’t have…，表示“我没有……”。比如说：

I don’t have much money
I don’t have a camera

I take a shower.（我冲个澡。）

这里有个非常实用的表达，叫做take a+名词。比如说：

take a seat（坐下，相当于have a seat）
take a photo（拍一张照片）
take a taxi（打一辆出租车）

take a break（停顿一下、休息一下）
take a vacation（休假）
take a look（看一看）

日常口语表达里往往不需要用到太难的词，能够把get，take这种小词结合不同的语境用好，你的口语表达就已经很地道了

I need to hurry.（我得赶紧。）

这里有个很实用的句型，叫做I need to…，表示“我需要……”，后面加动词原形。比如说：

I need to take a rest
I need to get some sleep
I need to talk to you

I dry myself.（我擦干身体。）

myself是I的反身代词形式，所谓的“反身代词”，就是“反过来指代自身的代词”。类似的还有，himself（他自己），herself（她自己），itself（它自己）等等。这个时候我们注意到，汉语口语里的“他、她、它”在读音上是分不清的，这一点英语读音上相对也是一种优势。不过因为中文不分这些读音，所以很多中国同学说英语也会经常说错，这是正常的。记住：熟能生巧。（Practice makes perfect.）

Where’s the towel?（毛巾在哪儿？）

这是一个典型的询问地点的疑问句型。汉语询问人或者物在哪儿，会说：xx在哪儿？突出寻找的人或物。但是英语会说：Where is…？（哪里是……？）突出地点。这一点你要做好区分。比如说：

Where is the bathroom?
Where is my phone?
Where is Mr. Young?

bathroom [ˈbɑːθruːm; ˈbæθruːm] n. 浴室；厕所；盥洗室

bathroom是个合成词，由bath（名词“洗澡、洗浴”）和room（名词“房间”）组成

bathroom本意指的是“浴室”，从1920年开始，go to the bathroom（去浴室）被美国人用来委婉地表示“上厕所”（go to the lavatory），因为一般厕所也是洗澡的地方。后来，即便厕所里没有洗澡的地方，人们也都习惯说成go to the bathroom，这还一度让最开始去美国旅游的英国人很困惑，觉得不理解。不过现在go to the bathroom表示“上厕所”，已经变成了全球通用的说法了。我们也可以说go to the washroom（去洗手间），意思也是一样的

另外，所谓的“合成词”，就是两个或两个以上的英语单词合成的一个词，这在英语里非常常见。比如说：

homework（家+工作＝家庭作业）
website（网上+地址＝网址）
basketball（篮子+球＝篮球）

而且合成词还分不同的类别，刚才我们提到的例子只是名词+名词的合成词

freshen [ˈfreʃn] v.（使）变得新鲜；（使）变得清新；（使）精神焕发

fresh [freʃ] adj. 新鲜的：fresh bread（刚出炉的面包），fresh flowers（鲜花），fresh milk（鲜牛奶）等等。

freshen后面的-en，是个常见的动词后缀。所谓的“缀”，就是“点缀”。一个英语单词或者“有特定意义的字母组合”（词根），有了前后不同的点缀（前缀、后缀），就会变成更多的单词，这也是英语单词造新词最常用的方式

freshen作为动词，意思是“变新鲜”或者“让……变新鲜”，前一个意思针对自身，后一个意思针对其他对象经常和up（到头、彻底）连用：

freshen sth. up，字面意思就是“让某物彻底/充分变新鲜”：

Open the window and freshen up the room.（打开窗户给屋子换换新鲜空气）

freshen up来形容人，意思不是“让人变新鲜”，而是“梳洗打扮”、“让自己焕然一新”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

I need to freshen (myself) up before breakfast.（吃早饭之前，我需要先去梳洗一下）

tap [tæp] v. 轻敲；轻拍 n. 轻敲；轻拍；水龙头

tap是个拟声词，模仿的是轻拍发出的声音。tap可以当动词，表示“轻敲、轻拍”。比如说：

Someone tapped me on the shoulder.（有个人轻轻在我的肩膀上拍了拍）
You can tap the screen to start the game.（你可以轻触屏幕，就开始游戏了）

tap也可以作名词，除了表示“轻敲、轻拍”，还可以表示“水龙头”或者“阀门”，为什么呢？因为这个词最早指的是堵木桶的木塞，往里一敲就堵上了，桶里的液体就流不出来了。后来，tap就变成了“水龙头、阀门”之类的意思

brush [brʌʃ] n. 刷子；画笔 v. 刷干净；刷平顺；拂，掸，擦掉

brush作名词，表示“刷子”，比如toothbrush（牙+刷子），就是“牙刷”。当然，brush可以表示各种刷子，比如刷衣服、刷床单、刷漆，甚至梳头发的刷子，也都叫brush。同时，因为中国人写字的“毛笔”酷似刷子，所以也叫brush

brush也能当动词，表示“刷干净、刷平顺”，或者“拂、掸、擦掉”等等，不过动作都是类似的，只不过对应的中文表达比较多而已，大家一定要学会结合语境去灵活运用brush这个词。比如说：

brush your hair/teeth/shoes（刷头发/牙/鞋）
You need to brush the dirt off your jacket.（你应该把你夹克上的土掸一掸）

take [teɪk] vt. 拿；接受；接纳；认为；把……看作；带（某人去某地）；带领，引领；搭乘（交通工具）；需要；花费（时间）；服用

和上节课我们学的get一样，take的用法也非常多，尤其是翻译成汉语的时候，汉语里不同场景的措辞更是五花八门

但在英语里，take的核心意思只有一个，那就是“伸手抓住、拿住”。这个时候，我们直接用英语一些句子去体会一下take的用法吧：

拿：Take your bag with you 拿上/带上你的包（和你一起）

接受：I can’t take it anymore 我再也受不了了

把……看作：You can take him as my brother 你可以把他看作我的兄弟

带（某人去某地）/拿着走：We will take the kids to the zoo on Sunday 周日我们会带孩子们去动物园

带来，引领：Let me take you to your room 让我带你去你的房间吧

凭借（拿……作为工具）：I always take the train to Beijing 我经常乘火车去北京

需要、花费：It will take me one hour to go home 我回家需要一个小时

服用（拿到嘴里）：Take this pill three times a day 这种药每天吃三次

shower [ˈʃaʊə(r)] n. 淋浴；淋浴器；浴室 vi. 冲澡

shower这个词，最早指的是“阵雨”，这也是目前shower仍然在用的一个意思

shower被用来表示“淋浴”，最早的记录是1851年，全称叫做shower-bath（像在阵雨中洗澡一样，一会儿就停了），也是个很形象的说法

现在shower这个词，还可以指代“淋浴器、浴室”，词义广泛了很多。比如说：

The shower is dead.（淋浴器坏了。）
He’s in the shower now.（他正在洗澡。）

shower也可以当动词，表示“冲澡”。比如说：

I shower every morning.（我每天早上都要洗个淋浴）

hurry [ˈhʌri] v. 加快；匆忙；催促 n. 匆忙；仓促

hurry作动词，基本意思是“加快速度”。比如说：

Hurry (up)! You’re late.（快点儿！你迟到了！）

hurry作动词，还可以表示“催促”，也就是“让别人加快速度”。比如说：

I don't want to hurry you, but we will close in twenty minutes.（我并不想催你，但我们再过二十分钟就要关门。）

hurry也可以作名词，表示“匆忙、急忙”。比如说：

I’m in a hurry to the airport.  字面意思是：我处于一种匆忙之中，要去机场。也就是“我急着要去机场。”

dry [draɪ] v.（使）变干 adj. 干的；干燥的；无水分的；无甜味的；干巴巴的，枯燥乏味的；无酒的；无甜味的

dry作动词，表示“（使）变干”。比如说：

Use this towel to dry your hands.（用这条毛巾擦干手）
This paint will dry tomorrow.（明天油漆就干了）

dry作形容词，意思是“干的、没有水分的”。比如说：

His skin is very dry.（他的皮肤特别干）
The weather is very dry.（天气特别干燥）

dry从“干的”这层含义，延伸出了很多意思。比如说“干巴巴的、枯燥乏味的”，就是一种很形象的说法。比如说：His speech is very dry.（他的演讲非常枯燥乏味。）

同时，在喝饮料的时候，dry也可以表示“没有酒精的”。比如说：

a dry state，指的就是“一个不允许喝酒的州”

dry还可以结合语境，翻译成“没有甜味的”。我们在看电影的时候，经常会看到有人说来一杯Dry Martini，指的就是很烈的、一点甜味都没有的马天尼酒

towel [ˈtaʊəl] n. 毛巾；抹布

这个词没有什么难点，但是很多中国同学从读音上总是分不清towel和tower（名词“塔”），一个要翘舌[ˈtaʊəl]，一个要卷舌[ˈtaʊə(r)]，而且[l]和[r]分不清的情况，还有好多类似的单词，比如很多中国同学经常分不清的word和world，你一定要多加练习

/uː/ 圆唇减小开口，成圆筒状。

首先看长元音 /uː/。发这个音不难，圆唇减小开口，成圆筒状，双唇不用刻意前伸。但是你要注意，不要刻意发成汉语里“屋子”的“屋” /wū/，因为这个发音里没有/w/，而是/uː/，比如oops不是/wuːps/，而是/uːps/。感觉到区别了吗？简单来说，你发的这个音如果用汉字写不出来，就没什么大问题了。你来张嘴说一下：/uː/。你学会了吗？

/ʊ/ 相比长元音/uː/，/ʊ/听起来短促有力。

相比长元音/uː/，/ʊ/听起来短促有力/ʊ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ʊ/。

/uː/ food, noodles, fruit, juice, soup

/ʊ/ look, good, would, could, cook

food vs. foot

Luke vs. look

fruit juice /fruːt/ /dʒuːs/

look good /lʊk/ /ɡʊd/

1. My favorite food is noodles.（我最喜欢的食物是面条。）

2. I would like to have some fruit juice.（我想喝点果汁。）

3. Do I look good?（我看起来好吗？）

4. Could you cook some food for me?（你能为我做点吃的吗？）

1. No news is good news.（没有消息就是好消息。）

2. How many cookies could a good cook cook if a good cook could cook cookies?（如果一个好厨子能做饼干，他能做多少饼干呢？）

I make breakfast.（我做早饭。）

make breakfast表示“做早饭”。我们也可以说cook breakfast。类似的句子你也就会说了吧？比如说：

我做午饭。（I make lunch.）
我做晚饭。（I make dinner.）

I enjoy cooking.（我享受做饭。）

I enjoy doing sth.（我享受某事。）比如说：

I enjoy listening to music
I enjoy driving

英语是一种“以形表意”的语言。就拿英语的动词来说，一个动词在写法（形式）上的变化，就可以向我们传递更多的信息。比如说，如果一个动词后面加上-ing，就可以表示“带动作属性的名词”，也就是“动名词”，仍然相当于一个名词（sth.）。比如说read是动词“阅读”，但是如果你说：I like reading. 这里的reading就不是“阅读这个动作”了，而是“阅读这件事”

换句话说，你也可以把这个句型看成：I enjoy sth.（我享受某事。）比如说：

I enjoy music
I enjoy life

当然，在英语里，一个动词后面加上-ing，也可以表示“正在进行的动作”，也就是我们后面会学到的“进行时”。比如说：

I’m listening to music

但是，如果你说：I enjoy listening to music. 意思就成了：我享受“听音乐这件事”。而不是：我享受“正在听音乐”。虽然看起来listening to music形式相同，但是他们表达的意思是不一样的

I get an apple from the fridge.（我从冰箱里拿出一个苹果。）

这句话的前半句是主要信息：I get an apple.（我拿了一个苹果。）后半句是from the fridge（从冰箱里）是一个状语，表示“从哪个地方拿”

所谓的“状语”，就是表示“时间、地点、方式”等等这些“状态”的语言，是常见的修饰句子细节的语言。比如说：

I want to go to the beach.（我想去海滩。）在这个句子里，I want to go（我想走）就是主要信息，后面的to the beach（去海滩）就是地点状语

I go to school at 7:30.（我7：30的去上学。）在这个句子里，I go（我走）是主要信息，to school（去上学）是地点状语，at 7:30（在7：30）是时间状语

This is my favorite fruit.（这是我最喜欢的水果。）

This is... 这是……。无论是介绍人，还是介绍任何事物，这都是一个万能句型。比如说：

This is my friend, Young
This is his new computer

I start eating.（我开始吃。）

I start doing sth.（我开始做某事。）比如说：

I will start working in ten minutes.（十分钟以后我就开始工作了）
start having lunch

当然，你也可以直接说I start sth.，表示我开始某事。比如说：

I start my day with a cup of coffee 这里的with a cup of coffee是状语，表示“用喝咖啡的方式”

It’s very delicious.（真好吃啊。）

这是一个典型的“主语+系动词+表语”的句子结构。“主语”就是“句子描述的主体”；“系动词”就是把主语和表语“联系在一起的动词”；而“表语”，就是“表示主语是什么的语言”

另外，It is very delicious 句子成分一点也不少。但是汉语讲话是很简洁的，结合语境，直接说“真好吃”就好了。当然，英语口语里，有语境的时候，你也可以直接说：

Very delicious !

I wash dishes.（我洗盘子。）

wash dishes就是“洗盘子”

I hate washing dishes.（我讨厌洗碗。）

I hate doing sth.（我讨厌做某事。）比如说：

I hate doing housework
I hate going out
I hate you!

I finish my breakfast.（我吃完早餐。）

I finish sth.（我做完某事。）比如说：

I need to finish my homework before 9
I will finish my lunch in 20 minutes

当然，你也可以猜出来，finish后面出了可以接名词，也可以接动名词doing或者动名词短语doing sth.，表示“做完某事”。比如说：

When will you finish washing the dishes?
When will you finish shopping?

It’s time to change clothes.（该换衣服了。）

change clothes就是“换衣服”的意思

breakfast [ˈbrekfəst] n. 早餐

英语里，早餐叫breakfast，午餐叫lunch，晚餐叫dinner

现在很多年轻人早上起床晚，都是早餐和午餐一起吃，这顿饭英语就叫做brunch（breakfast+lunch，早午餐）

另外，“早、中、晚餐”这三个英语单词，从写法上也有各自的含义：

breakfast

breakfast是由break（动词“打破”）和fast（名词“禁食”）组成的合成词，指的是“打破夜间不吃饭的状态”，寓意是“一天开始的第一顿饭”

你可能会问：老师，fast不是形容词“快的”吗？比如说fast food就是“快餐”。是的，但其实fast的这两个意思最早是相通的，都是“稳固、牢固”的意思。“快速”指的是“又稳又快”，而且fast现在作形容词，也可以表示“稳固的、牢固的”。比如说：

He made the boat fast.（他把船系得牢牢的）

所以，fast作为“禁食”来讲，其实是“牢牢遵守（不吃饭的）规则”，起初指的是宗教的斋戒

lunch

这个词最早指的是“一块食物”，比如面包、点心等。可以一天任何时候吃，后来专门用来表示“午餐”

dinner

dinner这个词，来自dine（动词“用餐、吃饭”）。我们家里的“餐厅”，英语就叫做dining room

不过有一个有趣的地方，dinner最早指的其实也是“早餐”，后来又指“午餐”，最终才变成了今天的“晚餐”

不过有一点是毋庸置疑的，那就是：dinner在英语里，一直指的都是一天当中的“主餐、正餐”

fridge [frɪdʒ] n. 电冰箱（refrigerator）

这个词从读音上很像freeze（动词“冻结、结冰”）。我们在看外国电影或者电视剧的时候，经常会看到警察枪口对准嫌疑人喊：Freeze! 意思是“不许动！” 就是一个很形象的说法

另外，fridge是个缩写词，全称叫做refrigerator，指的是“食物的冷藏柜”，早期是应用在啤酒行业，从1918年才开始指代“家用电冰箱”

favorite ['feɪvərɪt] adj. 最喜欢的（英favourite）

favor [ˈfeɪvə(r)] n. 支持；赞同；帮助；偏袒 vt. 赞同；较喜欢；偏袒（英favour）

要是查英汉词典，你会发现favor这个词对应中文翻译非常多，但其实它的核心意思只有一个，就是“偏向、偏好”。

favor作名词，可以表示“支持、赞同”，其实就是“偏袒一方”。比如说：

I’m in favor of your idea 字面意思是“我处于偏袒你的想法里”，也就是说：我支持、赞同你的想法。

在日常生活里，如果你想找人帮忙，可以说：

Can you help me?也可以说：Can you do me a favor?

当然，favor作名词，也可以表示“偏袒”。比如说：

As a teacher, you cannot show favor to any children in your class.

另外，favor还可以作动词，表示“赞同、较喜欢、偏袒”等等，也都是“偏向、偏好”的意思。你平时可以多留意

favor加上一个形容词后缀-ite，就成了favorite，表示“最喜欢的”，其实就是“最偏向的、最偏好的”。比如说：

What’s your favorite food?

delicious [dɪˈlɪʃəs] adj. 美味的；可口的

生活里形容一样东西好吃，delicious是最常见的一个单词。但是中国同学读这个词，很容易读成deliciou(r)s，这一点我们要注意，不要读出儿化音。同时，形容好吃，口语里也可以说yummy。这是个模仿儿语（孩子说话）造出的词。小孩子吃一个好吃的东西，会发出yum-yum的声音，于是就有了yummy这个口语单词

wash [wɒʃ; wɑːʃ] vt. 洗 n. 洗

这个词从读音上和water（水）有关。英语是表音系统的文字，很多词读音类似，从意思上也有着千丝万缕的关系。wash作动词，表示“洗”。比如说：

I need to wash my hands.（我需要洗手。）

wash也可以作名词，表示“洗”这件事。比如说：

The dishes need a good wash.（这些盘子需要好好洗一洗了。）

dish [dɪʃ] n. 碟；盘；一道菜，菜肴

这个词从读音上和disk（磁盘、光盘）有关，我们小时候看的DVD，全称叫做Digital Video Disk，字面意思就是“数字化视频光盘”

不过dish作名词，除了表示“盘子、碟子”，还可以表示“一道菜”，是用盛菜的盘子来代表菜本身。比如说：

a chicken dish（一道鸡肉做的菜）

change [tʃeɪndʒ] vt. 改变，变化；变换，变成；兑换 n. 改变；改动；变化；零钱

change作动词，基本意思是“改变”。比如说：

I don’t want to change my mind.（我不想改变主意）

在日常生活里，根据不同的语境，汉语会把change翻译成不同的措辞。比如说：

I want to change my job.（我想改变我的工作。）也就是“我想换一份工作”的意思
I want to change my dollars into RMB.（我想把我的美元兑换成人民币。）

同时，change也可以作名词，除了表示各类“改变”，还可以表示“零钱”，也就是“换开的钱”

/ɑː/ 嘴巴张大。 首先看长元音 /ɑː/。发这个音不难，嘴巴张大就可以了。你来张嘴说一下：/ɑː/。你学会了吗？

/ʌ/ 嘴巴微微张开，短促有力。 口播：我们再来看短元音/ʌ/。相比长元音/ɑː/，/ʌ/听起来口型略小，而且短促有力/ʌ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ʌ/

/ɑː/ father, after, bath, park, far

注意：在美式英语里，/ɑː/ 的发音有以下两个特点：

 绝大多数情况下，单词里发 /ɑː/ 的字母或者字母组合会发成 /æ/。如：

after, bath, pass, class, answer, aunt, dance, can’t

单词里的 /ɑː/ 发音后有字母r时，字母r要发音。如：

park, far, card, large, start, bar

/ʌ/ mother, lucky, study, number, sun

注意：

sun（太阳）和son（儿子）的发音是一模一样的，音标都是 /sʌn/

one 的发音是 /wʌn/，不是“万”

half vs. huff

lark vs. luck

car park（停车场） /kɑː(r)/ /pɑː(r)k/

dance class（舞蹈课） /dɑːns; dæns/ /klɑːs; klæs/

lucky number /ˈlʌki/ /ˈnʌmbə(r)/

1. Don’t park your car that far.（别把你的车停那么远。）

2. Take a bath after the dance class.（舞蹈课结束以后洗个澡。）

3. How much money do you spend in a month?（你一个月花多少钱？）

4. Seven is my lucky number.（我的幸运数字是七。）

1. Justice has long arms.（公道有一双长胳膊。/ 法网恢恢疏而不漏。）

2. He who laughs last laughs best.（笑到最后的人笑得最好。）

3. Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you.（麻烦不找你，别去找麻烦。）

I go through my closet. 我翻遍了整个衣柜。

go through，字面意思是“从一头走到另一头”，在这个语境下，我们可以理解成“翻遍”。在生活里，结合不同的语境，go through还有很多意思。我们来举一些例子：

Let's go through the travel plan again.（让我们再看一遍旅行计划。）（从头到尾认真看→检查）

You have to go through a lot to be No.1.（要想当第一，你就不得不经受很多。）（从头到尾经过→经历、经受）

The bullet went through his arm.（子弹穿透了他的胳膊。）（从一头到另一头→穿透）

现在你也来翻译两句话吧？记得用上go through：

穿过这道大门，你就能看到那栋房子了。（Go through the door, and you will see that house.）

每个人都会经历一些困难。（Everyone will go through some difficulties.）

What should I wear today? 我今天该穿什么？

What should I…?（我应该……？）：

What should I do tomorrow?
What should I have for lunch?

当然，你也可以把特殊疑问词What（什么）换成别的特殊疑问词，比如Where（哪里），How（怎么样），Why（为什么）等等。比如说：

Where should I go now?
How should I know?
Why should I care?
Where should I start?
How should I learn English?
Why should I believe you?

I skip the suit. 我跳过了西装。

I decide to go with a T-shirt and jeans. 我决定穿T恤和牛仔裤。

I decide to…（我决定去……）：

I decide to take a walk
I decide to marry her

go with…，字面意思是“和……一起走”。比如说：

I’ll go with you.（我会和你一起走。）

在日常生活里，go with…还可以表示“伴随……而存在、与……相配”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

This jacket goes very well with that hat.（这个夹克配那顶帽子特别好）
我需要一个衬衫去配我的牛仔裤。（I need a shirt to go with my jeans）

I style my hair. 我整理发型。

这里的style my hair，字面意思是“给我的头发做个造型”

Do I look good? 我看起来怎么样？

do在英语里叫做“助动词”，也就是“辅助动词的词”。比如说：I like English.（我喜欢英语。）你也可以说：I do like English. 这个时候，助动词do就在辅助动词like，让动词的语气更强烈，所以这句话我们就可以翻译成：我确实喜欢英语

一般的陈述句里我们不会用助动词，但像今天原文里的这种一般疑问句，要有助动词，并且助动词要提前，用这种形式的变化，来告诉对方，你是在提出问题：

Do you like English?
Do you like dogs?
Do you like learning English?

I take my laptop. 我拿起手提电脑。

I’d better hurry up. 我得赶紧了。

I'd better…，是I had better…的简写，表示“我最好……”，后面直接跟你该做的事就可以。比如说：

I’d better go to school now, or I’ll be late
I’d better water the flowers, or they will die
It’s very late. I’d better go home

I open the door and go out. 我打开门走出去。

and在英语里叫“并列连词”，连接两个句子的时候，可以把前后相同的部分省略。比如说：

She is my mother.（她是我的妈妈。）She is a teacher.（她是一名老师。）当把这两句话连起来的时候，就可以说成：

She’s my mother and a teacher.

我喜欢咖啡。（I like coffee）我喜欢茶。（I like tea.）现在把这两句话变成一句：

I like coffee and tea

I feel great today. 我今天感觉很棒。

I feel…，意思是：我感觉……，后面可以跟任何描述你状态的形容词。比如说：

I feel good.（我感觉很好。）
I feel bad.（我感觉很糟。）
I feel so tired.（我感觉好累啊。）
我为他感到可惜。（I feel sorry for him.）

dress [dres] v. 穿衣服；给（某人）穿衣服 n. 连衣裙

dress作动词，表示“穿衣服”。比如说：

I need to dress quickly, or I will be late for work.（我需要快点穿衣服，否则我上班就迟到了。）

dress作动词，还可以表示“给别人穿衣服”。比如说：

You should dress your children in their best clothes.（你应该给孩子们穿上他们最好的衣服。）

dress还可以作名词，表示“连衣裙”。比如说：

a long dress（一条连衣长裙），a short dress（一条连衣短裙）；或者a wedding dress（一条婚纱）等等

through [θruː] prep. 穿过，从一端到另一端；通过，利用

如果你查字典，会发现through的意思特别多。但其实through的核心意思只有一个，就是“穿过”。比如说：

I want to walk through the woods.（我想徒步穿过树林）

through也可以表示“从一头到另一头、从头到尾”，其实还是“穿过”。比如说：

It will rain through the next 7 days.（接下来七天会一直下雨）

through还可以表示“通过、利用”，也就是“从头到尾通过某种手段把一件事情做完”。注意，汉语里的“通过”，意思是“经过某种路线、某种方法”，和“穿过”也是类似的。比如说：

You can learn English well through hard work.（你可以通过刻苦来学好英语）

closet [ˈklɒzɪt; ˈklɑːzɪt] n. 壁橱；衣柜

这个词从读音上和close（动词“关闭”）有关。closet作名词指的是“密闭的空间”，专门指的是“壁橱”或者“衣柜”。比如说：

The closet is in the bedroom.（衣柜在卧室里）

英语里有个说法，叫做come out of the closet，字面意思是“从壁橱里出来”，生活里指的是“现身出来、公开承认一个秘密”，也就是我们汉语里现在讲的“出柜”，你懂的。

skip [skɪp] vi. 蹦蹦跳跳地走 v. 跳过，略过

skip作动词，最开始的意思是“蹦蹦跳跳地走”，就是小孩子那种很轻快地走。比如说：

She skipped happily.（她开心地蹦蹦跳跳地走。）

后来，skip的词义有所延伸，变成了“跳过、掠过”的意思，也就是“不看”或者“不做”。比如说：

I often skip breakfast.（我经常不吃早饭。）
You cannot skip this class.（你不能不上这节课。）
Can we skip to the next lesson?（我们能跳过这一课，学下一课吗？）

suit [suːt] n. 套装；西装 vt. 适合，与……相配

suit在英语里的意思，是“一套”，生活里经常指的是“一套衣服”，比如说swimsuit，就是“女士游泳套装”，因为男士的泳衣往往就是一个短裤，谈不上套装

生活里，suit也经常用来指代“西装”，因为西装基本都是套装

另外，suit还能当动词，表示“与……配套、适合”。比如说：

This shirt suits you well.（这件衬衫和你很配）

同时，我们平时住酒店的时候会注意到，酒店的“套房”，英语叫做suite [swiːt]，这个词也和suit有关。

with [wɪð] prep. 和……一起；跟随；使用，用；拥有

with的核心含义是“伴随”，生活里结合语境，可以翻译成“跟随、凭借、拥有”等等很多意思。我们用几个句子来体会一下with的用法：

伴随、和……一起：I live with my parents 我和我的父母一起住

伴随、跟随：I will go to America with my friends 我要跟我的朋友一起去美国了

伴随某种工具，使用：Cut the apple with the knife 用这把刀把这个苹果切开

伴随，拥有：He’s a black man with yellow hair 他是一个黄颜色头发的黑人

在生活里，with结合不同的语境，还有很多非常鲜活的用法。你平时要注意多积累。

style [staɪl] n. 样式；款式；风格；作风 vt. 设计；给……造型

随着全球化的影响，英语里有越来越多的词，很多人即使没出过国，也都已经很熟悉了。比如照相的时候摆个pose（姿势），说一个男人很man（很爷们儿，很有勇气），说一件事情so easy（很简单）等等。前些年国内流行一首歌，叫做Gangnam Style（江南Style），也让很多人经常把style挂在嘴边

style作名词，表示“风格、作风”。比如说：

I don’t like this way. It’s not my style.（我不喜欢这种方式。这不是我的风格）

style作名词，也可以表示“样式、款式”。比如说：

I like the style of the dress.（我喜欢这条裙子的款式）

style还可以作动词，表示“设计、给……造型”，也就是“制造风格”。比如说：

I want to style my own suit.（我想给自己设计一套西装）

laptop [ˈlæptɒp; ˈlæptɑːp] n. 膝上型轻便电脑，笔记本电脑

这是个很有意思的合成词。lap是名词“大腿”，top是名词“上面”。laptop的字面意思，是“大腿上面”，专门指的是可以放在腿上的“便携式计算机”（portable computer），也就是我们所说的“笔记本电脑”

/ɔː/ 双唇稍微收圆。 首先看长元音 /ɔː/。双唇稍微收圆。你来张嘴说一下：/ɔː/

/ɒ/ 双唇稍微收圆，短促有力。 口播：我们再来看短元音/ɒ/。相比长元音/ɔː/，/ɒ/的开口度稍大，同时短促有力

/ɔː/ tall, wall, water, daughter, four, quarter

注意：在美式英语里，/ɔː/ 的发音有以下两个特点：

多数情况下，单词里发 /ɔː/ 的字母或者字母组合，会更接近 /ɔː/ 和 /ɑː/ 之间的音。如：

water, walk, talk, ball, daughter, thought

单词里的 /ɔː/ 发音后有字母r时，字母r要发音。如：

four, quarter, fourth, floor, more

/ɒ/ box, stop, watch, hot, job, not

注意：在美式英语里，多数情况下，/ɒ/ 在单词里会发成 /ɑː/。如：

box, stop, watch, clock, job, hot

ball vs. box

four vs. fox

tall wall（高墙） /tɔːl/ /wɔːl/

fourth floor（四楼） /fɔː(r)θ/ /flɔː(r)/

stop watch（秒表） /stɒp; stɑːp/ /wɒtʃ; wɑːtʃ/

1. Paul is walking into the mall.（保罗正在走进那家商场。）

2. It’s a quarter past four.（现在是四点一刻。）

3. There is a clock in the box.（盒子里有一个时钟。）

4. What I need is hot water.（我想要的是热水。）

1. Learn to crawl before you can walk.（学走之前先学爬。）

2. The more you learn, the more you earn.（你学得越多，你得到的回报就越多。）

3. A little pot is soon hot.（壶小易热，量小易怒。）

英语有五大基本句型，分别是：

1. 主语+谓语（简称：主谓）

2. 主语+谓语+宾语（简称：主谓宾）

3. 主语+系动词+表语（简称：主系表）

4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（简称：主谓宾宾补）

5. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（简称：主谓间宾直宾）

首先，“主语”就是“句子叙述的主体”，和“宾语”相对。“谓语”的“谓”，意思是“说、告诉”。“谓语”就是“说清楚、告诉我们主语做什么或者是什么”。比如说：

I yawn.（我打哈欠）

在这个句子里，I是主语；yawn是谓语，告诉我们主语做什么。不过在现实生活里，英语的“主谓”句型，因为句子比较短，所以后面经常会用各种“状语”（Lesson 3）来补充说明句子的细节。比如说：

I wake up in the morning.（早上我醒了）

在这个句子里，主语是I，后面都是在告诉我们主语做什么，所以整个都是“谓语部分”。其中wake（醒来）是“谓语动词”（注意，一般我们会把“谓语动词”简称为“谓语”，比如“主谓宾”里的“谓”，就是“谓语动词”）。wake后面的up（完全），属于表示程度的状语。wake up指的是“完全醒了”。同时，in the morning，属于表示时间的“状语”

首先，“宾语”的“宾”，意思是“客人”。“宾语”是“动作的接受者”，和“主语”相对。比如说：

I need a cup of coffee.（我需要一杯咖啡）

在这个句子里，I是主语；need是谓语动词；a cup of coffee是宾语。再比如说：

I look at the time on my phone.（我看了看手机上的时间）

在这个句子里，主语是I；look at（朝……看）是谓语动词；the time是宾语；后面的on my phone（在我的手机上）是地点状语

你可能会问，为什么有的句子是“主谓”结构，有的句子是“主谓宾”结构呢？

因为如果一个谓语动词本身就能表达完整的意思，后面就不需要跟宾语了，这种谓语动词叫“不及物动词”（intransitive verb，简称vi.），也就是“不需要挨着其它词的动词”。这个时候，只需要“主谓”就够了。比如说：I yawn.（我打哈欠。）yawn本身就是个表述完整的动词，是不及物动词

但是如果一个谓语动词本身不能表达完整的意思，后面就需要跟宾语，这种谓语动词叫“及物动词”（transitive verb，简称vt.），也就是“需要挨着其它词的动词”。这个时候，就需要“主谓宾”了。比如说：I make my bed.（我整理床铺。）你不能光说：I make.（我做。）这个句子就不完整了，所以make就是及物动词，后面要跟宾语

所谓的“系动词”，就是“联系前后两部分的动词”。最常见的系动词，就是am，is，are。

所谓的“表语”，就是“表示主语是什么样的语言”。比如说：

The water is cold!（水真冷啊！）

在这句话里， The water是主语；is是系动词；cold是表语。如果把表语去掉，系动词is不能单独拿出来表达确切意思，所以在英语句子里，有系动词后面一定有表语。再比如说：

It's time to get up.（该起床了）

在这句话里，It is time（是时候了）是主系表；后面的to get up表示该去做的事情，属于目的状语。

注意，英语里的系动词，不一定非要是am，is，are。只要是起到联系作用，本身不能独立作谓语的动词，都是系动词。比如说：

I get up.（我起床。）

get在这里指的是“达到某种状态”，这句话的字面意思是“我变得起来了”，也就是“我起床了”。而且你完全可以把这句话说成：

I am up.

结合语境别人也会知道这句话的意思是你起床了。这个时候你就会发现，其实I get up里的get是个系动词，整个句子是个主系表的结构。换句话说，当get这类动词变成am，is，are之后，原来的句子意思如果还是成立，这个动词就是系动词。

但是，如果你说：I get an apple.（我拿到一个苹果。）这个时候get就是“得到”的意思，是个谓语动词，你不能换成：I am an apple.（我是一个苹果。）所以I get an apple是主谓宾结构，不是主系表结构。明白了吗？再比如说：

I feel great today.（我今天感觉很棒。）

这里的feel（感觉）也是个系动词，需要连接后面的great，句子才有意义。所以你也可以把这句话说成：I am great today.

以上这三种句型，是英语里最常见，也是最简单的三大句型。还有两类也是基本句型，但是目前我们的课里涉及不多或还暂无涉及，你可以先做一下初步的了解。

在现实生活里，很多时候，即使一个句子里主谓宾都有，句子意思还是不够完整，这个时候，就需要在宾语后面再加上一个句子成分，来补充说明宾语。这个句子成分，就叫做“宾语补足语”。比如说：

I want to keep my room tidy.（我想让我的房间整整齐齐。）

在这个句子里，want（想要）是谓语动词，紧接着的to keep（去保持）是伴随着谓语动词而产生的另一个动词；后面的my room是宾语。整句话到这里也就是说：我想保持我的房间。但是这并不算一个完整的句子，因为“把房间保持成什么样”并没有说清楚，所以后面的tidy就是“补充说明房间要有的样子”，也就是“宾语补足语”。

这个句型听起来比较抽象，我们直接来看一个句子：

Pass me the book.（把那本书给我。）

因为我冲你说这句话，你也知道我在说你，所以我就把主语You给省略了。在这句话里，pass是谓语动词；me是中间的对象，也就是“间接宾语”；而你真正需要给的东西是书，不是人，所以后面的the book才是“直接宾语”。明白了吗？再比如说：

He teaches me English.（他教我英语。）

在这句话里，He是主语；teaches是谓语动词；me是宾语，表示“教课对象”；English也是宾语，表示“教的科目”。但是你仔细想想看，其实一个老师教的科目往往是不变的，变化的是教的学生。所以老师教的科目才是“直接宾语”，而无论教谁，都只是“间接宾语”而已。也就是说：

He teaches English.（他教英语。）那么他具体教谁呢？He teaches me.（他教我。）合起来也就是：He teaches me English.

顺便提一句，在英语里，间接宾语往往是人，而直接宾语往往是物

首先我们来看这节课的标题：

On foot/By bike 步行/骑自行车

这里有两个介词，一个叫on，一个叫by。所谓的“介词”，指的是“介于名词前面的词”，也叫“前置词”（preposition）。换句话说：介词后面一定有名词，或者相当于名词成分的词。英语里的介词，用法都非常灵活，这也是中国学生学英语的一个难点。但是，英语里的每一个介词，都有一个核心含义，其它含义都是核心含义的延伸。

on这个介词，核心含义是“在上方且有接触”（in a position above and in contact with）。比如说：You are standing on my foot.（你踩我脚了。）其实就是说：你站在了我的脚上，而且咱俩的脚有接触。或者说：The book is on the desk.（那本书在桌子上。）也是一个道理。on foot之所以是“步行”的意思，其实就是“人的重量在脚上、不借助其它外力”。比如说：I go to school on foot.（我步行去上学。）

by的基本意思是“在旁边”。比如说：Come and sit by me.（过来坐我旁边。）by还可以表示“凭借、通过”，是一个常见的表示方式的介词，其实就是“在旁边、在手边”的延伸含义。by bike的字面意思，是“凭借自行车”，汉语里翻译成“骑自行车”。类似的表达还有：by bus（坐公交车），by train（坐火车），by air（坐“空气”，其实就是“坐飞机”）等等。

你也来造个句子吧：我骑自行车去上学，不是步行。（I go to school by bike, not on foot.）

关于on和by更多的用法，我们会在接下来的课程里不断发现，不要着急。

1. I unlock my new bike.（我打开新自行车的锁。）

这是一个简单的“主谓宾”结构，没有什么难点。

2. Riding a bike is a good way to get some exercise.（骑车是一种很好的锻炼方式。）

这句话里的Riding a bike（骑自行车）是动名词短语作主语，因为动词本身不能作主语，主语是句子描述的主体，只能是名词或者相当于名词成分的词；is a good way（是一种很好的方式），是一种很好的方式去做什么呢？to get some exercise（去锻炼）。按照汉语的表达习惯，你也可以理解成：一种很好的锻炼方式。你也可以直接背一个结构：… is a good way to…（……是一种很好的……的方式。）比如说：Travel is a good way to relax.（旅行是一种很好的放松方式。）你也来说一句吧：看英语电影是一种很好的学英语的方式。（Watching English movies is a good way to learn English.）

3. I put on my helmet and get on my bike.（我戴上我的头盔，上了车。）

put作动词，意思是“放”。put on的意思是“放在……上”，一般指的是“放在身上”，汉语结合语境翻译成“穿上”或者“戴上”。这里的put on my helmet，就是“戴上我的头盔”。

get在这里不是具体“得到”，而是“达到、处于某种状态”。get on的意思是“处于在上面的状态”。get on my bike，汉语我们翻译成“骑上我的自行车”。下面你来造两个句子：

（1）你出门的时候带上帽子。外面很冷。（Put on your hat when you go out. It’s very cold outside.）

（2）我们在哪儿上公共汽车？（Where do we get on the bus?）

4. It’s important to ride safely.（安全骑行很重要。）

这里有个很实用的句型，叫做：It’s important to do sth.（做某事很重要。）比如说：It's important to warm up before exercise.（在锻炼前做热身活动是很重要的。）你也来说一句：每天说英语很重要。（It’s important to speak English every day.）

5. I’m full of energy. I try to speed up.（我精力充沛。我试着加速。）

full是形容词“满的、充满的”；of作介词，表示“归属”，后面接“归属地”或者“所有者”。比如说：a cup（一杯），什么东西的一杯呢？of coffee（属于咖啡的），所以a cup of coffee指的就是“咖啡中的一杯”，我们翻译成“一杯咖啡”。原文里的I’m full是“我充满了”。在哪方面充满了呢？of energy（在能量这方面、属于能量的），所以I’m full of energy. 意思就是“我能量满满、精力充沛。”当然，你也可以直接记一个句型，叫做：I’m full of…，表示“我充满……”。你来造两个句子：（1）我充满希望。（I’m full of hope.）（2）她满眼泪花。（She’s full of tears.）

原文这里还有一个很好的句型，叫做：I try to…（我试着……）比如说：I try to improve my English.（我试着去提高我的英语。）你也来造一句：我试着8点起床。（I try to get up at eight o’clock.）

同时，speed作名词表示“速度”，作动词表示“快速移动”。这里的speed up，指的是“速度上去”，也就是“加速”。

6. I feel free!（我真自由呀！）

I feel表示“我感到……”，后面可以加形容词，表示你的感受。比如说：I feel very hungry.（我感觉很饿。）你也来造个句子：我感到很冷。（I feel very cold.）

7. But soon I start to sweat. （但很快我就开始出汗了。）

我们之前还学过一句和start（开始）有关的话，叫做：I start eating.（我开始吃。）你可能会问：start to do和start doing有什么区别吗？

在这两个表达在现实生活里没有什么意思上的区别，只是不同的人使用习惯不一样而已。

但这并不是说所有的动词后面接to do和接doing都没有区别。英语里有的动词只能用to do，因为to的意思是“朝、去”；to do的字面意思是“去做”，但是往往眼下“还没有做”，突出的是“接下来的打算”。比如说：I want to learn English.（我想要去学英语。）这就是你的打算，是你接下来要做的事情，want后面只能接to do，你不能说I want learning English. 为什么呢？因为这里动词后面的doing是个动名词，属于名词的范畴。这里的learning English指的是“学英语这件事”，所以I want learning English.（我想学英语这件事。）这句话就是没有意义的。

还有一些动词后面只能接doing，是因为这种动词后面需要接名词概念。比如说：I enjoy learning English.（我享受学英语这件事。）你享受的是一件事，这句话相当于：I enjoy it. 但是你不能说：I enjoy to learn English. 因为to learn指的是“去学”，也就是你现在还没开始，你怎么可能享受一件你还没开始做的事情呢？所以英语里的动词，后面到底接什么结构，不是规则，而是一种表达思路，你是可以想通的。

再比如说：I forget to read the book. 这句话的字面意思是：我忘了去读那本书。也就是说：我要去读，但是我还没有读。但是你也可以说：I forget reading the book. 不过这句话的意思就不一样了。这句话的字面意思是：我忘了读这本书这件事。也就是说：读这本书这件事已经发生过了，但是我忘了。所以这句话汉语我们一般翻译成：我忘记已经读过这本书了。

总结一下，英语的结构很灵活，具体怎么理解这种类似的句子，我们还是要结合实际的语境，而不能死记硬背规则。因为规则是死的，但是人们的表达思路是非常活的。

8. I’m too tired to keep going.（我累得实在骑不动了。）

too的意思是“太……”，是个程度副词；to是“去”。这两个词发音完全一样，但是意思不同。I’m too…to…，字面意思是“去……对于我来说太……”，按照汉语的表达习惯，其实就是说：我太……，以至于不能去做……。原文里的I’m too tired to keep going. 字面意思是：继续下去，对于我来说太累了。其实就是说：我太累了，以至于不能继续骑车了。稍加润色一下，翻译成接地气的汉语，也就是说：我累得实在骑不动了。

再来举个例子，比如说：I’m too busy to rest.（我太忙了，都没法休息。）这个句型你明白了吗？那你也来造个句子吧：这太好了，不可能是真的。（This is too good to be true.）其实就是说：哪有这样的好事？

9. I decide to walk the rest of the way.（我决定剩下的路走着过去。）

the rest，指的是“剩余部分”。什么东西的剩余部分呢？介词of后面就是归属的对象：the way（这条路）。the rest of the way（这条路的剩余部分），也就是“剩下的路”。下面你来说：剩下的时间/其余时间（the rest of the time）；世界上的其他地方（the rest of the world）。

10. Cycling might not be my thing.（骑行可能不太适合我。）

这里有个很好的表达，叫做：…might not be my thing.（……可能不是我的事情。）其实就是说“……可能不太适合我”。你也可能直接说：…isn’t my thing. 比如说：Singing isn’t my thing.（唱歌不太适合我。）

同样的意思，英语里还有个很形象的说法，叫做：…isn’t my cup of tea. 字面意思是：……不是我的茶。有点类似于汉语里说的：……不是我的菜。比如说：Dancing isn't really my cup of tea.（跳舞不是我的菜。）

当然，如果有个异性疯狂追求你，但是你可能看不上他/她。这个时候，你不妨直接对他说：你不是我的菜。（You’re not my cup of tea.）

11. It takes me another thirty minutes to get to the office.（我又走了30分钟才到公司。）

这里有个很好的句型，叫做：It takes sb. some time to do sth.（做某事花费了某人多少时间。）比如说：It takes me thirty minutes to learn this lesson.（学这节课花了我30分钟。）你也来造个句子：我每天走路上班花十分钟。（It takes me ten minutes to walk to work every day.）

12. How often should I ride to work? Perhaps never.（我应该多久骑行一次去上班？可能再也不会了。）

often的意思是“往往、常常”，是个程度副词。How often…后面接一个一般疑问句，是在询问对方做某事的频率是怎样的。比如说：How often do you exercise?（你多长时间锻炼一次？）

另外，perhaps也是个副词，表示一件事情的可能性，汉语翻译成“或许”。never是no ever（任何时候都不）的意思。Perhaps never. 也就是说：或许永远也不会了。

1. unlock [ˌʌnˈlɒk; ˌʌnˈlɑːk] vt. 开锁

un-是一个非常常见的否定前缀，反过来以后的nu-读音很像no，是“不”的意思。英语里有很多单词，加上un-之后就成了相反的意思。比如说happy（形容词“开心的”），unhappy（形容词“不开心的”）；important（形容词“重要的”），unimportant（形容词“不重要的”）；dress（动词“穿衣服”），undress（动词“脱衣服”）等等。

lock作动词，表示“锁上”。比如说：You must lock the door when you go out.（你出去的时候必须锁门。）当然，lock也可以作名词，表示“锁”。我们平时在一些公共场所，比如学校、商场、健身房等等，都能看到一排一排的“可以上锁的存物柜、寄存柜”，英语就叫做locker。这里的-er，是一个常见的表示人或物的名词后缀。比如说sing（动词“唱歌”），singer（名词“歌手”）；cook（动词“做饭”），cooker（名词“炊具”）等等。注意哦，“厨师”用英语还是叫cook，而不是叫cooker，这一点比较特殊，你不要说错。

unlock作动词，表示“开锁”。比如说：Unlock the door and let me in.（把门打开让我进去。）

2. ride [raɪd] v. 骑 n. 行程，旅行

这个词从读音上和road（名词“路”）有关。ride最早指的是“骑马上路”，现在可以表示骑各种交通工具，比如ride bike（骑自行车），ride a motorbike（骑“带马达的自行车”，也就是“骑摩托车”）等等。

ride也可以作名词，表示“乘车或者骑行的旅程”。比如说：It’s a ten-minute bus ride from here to the school.（从这里到学校坐公交车需要十分钟。）或者说：Can you give me a ride?（你能载我一程吗？）

另外，在口语当中，ride作名词，还可以直接表示“汽车”。比如你看到一个人的车很好，你就可以跟他说：You have a nice ride.（你的车很好。）

3. way [weɪ] n. 方式；方法；途径；道路

way作名词，本意是“路”。比如说：Do you know the way to the restaurant?（你知道去餐馆怎么走吗？）之前有同学问我：那为什么way还有“方式、方法、途径”的意思呢？其实就是“路”的延伸用法。中国人讲：这条路行不通。意思就是：这个方法没有用。和汉语一样，英语里的很多单词，除了具体的含义之外，还有延伸出来的修辞用法。way这个单词，就是一个很典型的例子。比如说：This is the right way to learn English.（这是学英语的正确方式。）

4. exercise [ˈeksəsaɪz; ˈeksərsaɪz] n. 运动；锻炼；练习 v. 运动；锻炼；练习

exercise作名词或者作动词，都可以表示“运动、锻炼”。比如说：Do you often exercise?（你经常锻炼吗？）或者说：I need to do some exercise every day.（我每天都需要做一些运动。）

exercise作名词，也可以表示“训练、练习”，可以有复数形式（词尾加s，以此来表示名词复数），表示练习的量。比如说：pronunciation exercises（发音练习），grammar exercises（语法练习）等等。 注意，虽然exercise作为单数的时候，尾字母e不发音，但是作为复数exercises，读音略有变化，读成[ˈeksəsaɪzɪz]，这么读是为了避免两个s见面读音不清楚。

5. helmet [ˈhelmɪt] n. 头盔

这个词前面的helm从读音上和hole（名词“洞”）有关；后面是个小词后缀-et。helmet的字面意思，是“小洞”，专门指的是人头上戴的、头可以钻进去的“头盔”。比如说：In football, you wear a helmet. But in baseball, you wear a cap.（打橄榄球，你得戴上一顶头盔。但是打棒球，你只要戴一顶帽子就可以了。）

6. safely [ˈseɪfli] adv. 安全地

这个词来自：safe [seɪf] adj. 安全的 n. 保险柜

比如说：I don’t feel safe here.（我在这里觉得不安全。）或者说：It's safe to cross the road now.（现在可以安全过马路了。）生活当中，safe也可以作名词，表示“保险柜”，寓意就是保险柜的安全性。

在讲safely这个词之前，我们先来普及一个概念，叫做“副词”。什么叫“副词”呢？“副”，是“辅助”的意思，所谓的“副词”，就是“辅助其它词的词”。比如说：I like you.（我喜欢你。）如果你说：I like you very much.（我非常喜欢你。）这里的very much（非常）就是辅助like（喜欢）的词，也就是“副词”。同时，very much表示的是“程度”，也叫“程度副词短语”，这是very much本身的词性。那么从句子成分来说，very much在这个句子里作的是状语，所以也叫“程度状语”。

除了very much，a little（一点点）这种本身就是副词的词之外，在英语里，还有很多单词（通常是形容词）的词尾加-ly，也会变成副词，这也是一种非常常见的副词变化的形式。像quiet（形容词“安静的”），变成副词就是quietly（安静地）。比如说：Can you sit there quietly?（你能安静地坐在那儿吗？）或者clear（形容词“清楚的”），变成副词就是clearly（清楚地）。比如说：I can’t hear you clearly.（我听不清你说话。）

safely作副词，表示“安全地”。比如说：Drive safely!（安全驾驶！/开车小心点儿！）

7. energy [ˈenədʒi; ˈenərdʒi] n. 精力；活力；干劲；能量；能源

这个词的前缀en-从读音上和in-一样，做前缀都可以表示“进入、在……里”；中间的-erg-从读音上和work（工作）有关；最后是一个名词后缀-y。energy的字面意思，是“在工作状态里”，其实就是“活力、干劲儿”的意思。比如说：He is always full of energy.（他总是充满活力。）或者说：This is a waste of time and energy.（这真是浪费时间和精力。）

energy作名词，还可以表示“能量、能源”。比如说solar energy（太阳能）。

8. free [friː] adj. 自由的；免费的；没有……的

Free的意思特别多，比如“自由的、免费的、没有……的”等等。这就是很多同学学英语非常头疼的所谓的“一词多义”的问题。但其实所谓的“一词多义”的词，往往都有一个核心含义，而其它所有的意思，都是这个核心含义在不同语境下的延伸而已。为什么会有这种现象呢？因为一个单词被创造出来的时候，只是为了表达一个特定的对象。比如，free这个词从读音上和friend（朋友）相关，早期就指的是“活动不受限制的家族成员、自己人”，相对的是slave（奴隶）。英语里有个姓，叫Freeman（弗里曼），在古英语时期指的就是“生而自由、非奴隶的人”。这也是为什么free作形容词，可以表示“自由的”。比如说：Feel free to call me if you need my help.（如果你需要我的帮助，随时给我打电话。）也就是“什么时候给我打电话都是你的自由，不必拘束”。现在，free这个词的所有含义，也都和“没有条件限制、没有”相关。

free作为“免费的”，指的就是“不要钱的”。比如说：I have some free movie tickets.（我有一些免费的电影票。）

free作形容词，还可以表示“空闲的、没有安排的”。比如说：What do you like to do when you are free?（你有空的时候喜欢做什么？）

生活里，我们看到一些公共场合会有一块警示牌，上面写着：Smoke Free，指的是“无烟区”，不是“免费吸烟”，也不是“自由吸烟”，希望你冷静一点，不要闹笑话。

9. sweat [swet] vi. 出汗 n. 汗

sweat作名词表示“汗”，作动词表示“出汗”。比如说：I sweat a lot after exercise.（锻炼完以后，我出很多汗。）英语里有个表达，叫做No sweat，字面意思是“没有汗”，生活里指的是“没什么，小事一桩”。如果你帮了别人一个小忙，别人跟你说：Thank you. 这个时候你就可以说：No sweat.

另外，英语里有个单词，叫做sweater，指的是为了出汗而穿的“汗衫、运动衫”，这种衣服一般是棉质或者羊毛制成的。不过现在这个词已经成了“毛衣”的代名词。

10. keep [kiːp] vt.（使）保持（某状态）；（使）留在（某处）；保存；保留

keep作动词，表示“（使）保持某种状态”。比如说：Keep quiet.（保持安静。）或者说：Keep the dog outside.（让狗待在外面。）keep后面也可以直接接动词的进行式，表示“保持进行状态、不停下”。比如说：Keep trying!（继续尝试。）或者说：Keep going!（继续下去。）

keep作动词，后面也可以直接接一个名词，表示“保存、保留某物”。比如说：Can I keep this photo?（我能保留这张相片吗？）

生活里，结合不同的语境，keep还有很多鲜活的用法。你平时要留心多积累。

11. rest [rest] n. 休息；剩余部分（人或物）v. 休息

这个词的前缀re-表示“回来”；后面的-st-和stand（动词“站”）有关。rest的字面意思，是“站回来”，作名词指的是“落在后面的、剩下的部分”。比如说：the rest of my life（我生命的剩余时间），the rest of the class（班级里剩下的人）等等。

rest作名词，还可以表示“休息”，你可以理解成“站回来了、不往前走了”。比如说：I want to have a good rest.（我想好好休息一下。）当然，rest也可以当动词，表示“休息”。比如说：You are too tired. You need to rest for a few days.（你太累了。你需要休息几天。）

12. cycling [ˈsaɪklɪŋ] n. 骑自行车运动（或活动）

这个词，是cycle（动词“骑自行车”）的动名词形式，表示“骑自行车这件事、这项运动”。因为cycle的尾字母e不发音，所以变成动名词的时候，就把e去掉了。

另外，cycle也可以作名词，表示“成圆形运动、循环”，其实bike就是bicycle的缩写形式，字面意思是“两个圆圈、两个轮子”。

/e/ 嘴角拉得很宽。 口播：首先看/e/。嘴角拉得很宽。你来张嘴说一下：/e/。

/æ/ 开口程度比/e/大。 口播：我们再来看/æ/。开口程度比/e/大。你来张嘴说一下：/æ/。

/e/ bed, red, leg, head, bread

/æ/ bad, bag, hat, camera, map

bed vs. bad

head vs. had

very well（非常好） /ˈveri/ /wel/

bad apple（烂苹果；害群之马） /bæd/ /ˈæpl/

1. Everything is getting better and better.（一切正变得越来越好。）

2. Let's get together when the weather gets better.（天气好的时候让我们聚一聚。）

3. What happened? Why are you so mad?（发生什么了？你为什么这么生气？）

4. Grab every chance to practice your English.（抓住每一次机会去练习你的英语。）

1. All is well that ends well.（结局好，全都好。）

2. If you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.（如果你抓我的背，我也会抓你的。）（你帮我，我帮你。）

1. I walk to the bus stop.（我走到公交车站。）

stop这个词，除了可以作动词表示“停止”，也可以作名词，表示“公交车停车的点”，也就是“公交站”，也叫做bus stop。

另外，这是一个简单的主谓结构的句子：I walk（我走路）是主谓。后面是介词to加一个地点the bus stop（公交车站），也就是介词to引导的介词短语作地点状语。

2. Oh! My bus is arriving.（噢！我的公交车快到站了。）

注意，arrive是动词“到达”，这里的arriving，是arrive的进行时的写法。英语是“以形表意”的语言，动词形式的变化，可以告诉我们相应意思的变化。一般情况下，一个动词结尾如果加上了-ing，除了可以表示“动名词”以外，也可以表示“正在进行的动作”。不过因为arrive的尾字母e不发音，所以变成进行时的时候，就把尾字母e去掉了。那你说：老师，都是动词后面加-ing，我怎么判断这个动词是“动名词”还是“正在进行的动作”呢？其实很简单：

（1）进行时态前面一定有be（am，is，are等），作为助动词，辅助动词共同构成进行时态。注意，这里的be属于助动词，不是系动词“是”，仅仅是和动词的进行式一起构成进行时。对比：

a. I like swimming.（我喜欢游泳。）（动名词）

b. He is swimming.（他正在游泳。）（现在进行时）

（2）其实这个问题有点杞人忧天，因为一般情况下结合语境，我们都会知道彼此在说什么，而且有很多动词，比如arriving（正在到达），肯定是正在进行的动作，不可能是动名词（到达这件事），这也不符合逻辑。

这个时候，我们再来看看原文这句话：My bus is arriving. 是现在进行时，字面意思是：我的公交车正在到达。实际就是指公交车快到了。你也来试着造个句子吧？他马上就要走了。（He is leaving now.）

3. I run toward it.（我朝公交车跑去。）

toward是介词to加上一个表示方向的后缀-ward，表示“朝向”。类似的介词还有upward（向上），downward（向下），forward（向前）等等。同时，从写法上来说，toward和towards没有任何区别，只是美式英语和英式英语拼写习惯不同而已。

另外你可能会问，那to和toward都表示“朝向”，有什么区别吗？有。to的意思有很多，基本意思是“去”；但是toward是“朝向”的意思，只是指出一个方向。对比：

a. I drive to Beijing.（我开车去北京。）（一定是去北京）

b. I drive toward Beijing.（我朝北京的方向开去。）（不一定是去北京）

4. I have to catch it right now.（我得马上赶上它。）

这里有个很实用的句型，叫做：I have to…（我不得不/我得……。）比如说：I have to make a phone call.（我得打个电话。）我得十点前回家。（I have to go home before 10 p.m.）在表达时间概念的时候，a.m.就是上午（ante meridiem，中午之前），p.m.就是下午（post meridiem，中午之后）。你也来说一句吧：我得去看医生。（I have to go see a doctor.）

另外，catch的本意是“抓”，这里的catch it（抓住公交车），其实是一个很形象的说法，也就是“赶上公交车”的意思。

最后，right now的意思是“正好是现在、就是现在”，也就是“马上”的意思。

5. I get on the bus and pay with my phone.（我上了车，用手机付了钱。）

get on the bus，字面意思是“处于在公交车上的状态”，也就是“上公交车”。pay是动词“付钱”。用什么方式付钱呢？后面是with引导的介词短语作方式状语with my phone（用我的手机）。

6. Right on time.（正好准时。）

right在这里是个副词，表示“恰好、正好”，修饰后面的介词短语on time。之前我们学过，on表示“在上面并有接触”，on time指的是“和时间点接触、踩着时间点”，也就是“准时、按时”的意思。

7. I’m looking for an empty seat. （我想找个空位。）

for在生活里经常表示“为了”。I’m looking for…，字面意思是“我正在为了……而看”，有目的地看，其实就是“我正在找……”的意思。比如说：I'm looking for a gift for my girlfriend.（我正在给女朋友挑礼物。）你也来造个句子吧：我正在找一份新工作。（I’m looking for a new job.）

同时，这句话里的an empty seat（一个空座位），用到了an，而不是a。为什么呢？首先，英语里的“冠词”（像帽子一样加在后面对象身上的词）一共有三个，一个是“定冠词”the，表示“特定的那个”；还有两个是不定冠词a和an，表示“一个”，而不是“特定的那个”。

先说不定冠词a和an，具体选哪一个，主要是看后面单词开头的读音。如果单词开头读音的元素不是元音（元音音素），直接用a就可以了。比如说：a book（一本书），a tree（一棵树）等等。但如果单词开头的读音是元音音素，那就要选择an，因为这样读音会方便，可以连读。比如说：an apple（一个苹果），an umbrella（一把雨伞）。如果用a apple，a umbrella，读起来就很费力。

定冠词the读音也有两种，目的也是为了读音方便。the在非元音音素开头的单词前面读[ðə]。比如说：the man（那个人），the hospital（那家医院）。the在元音音素前面，读[ðiː]，可以连读。比如说：the elephant（那头大象），the egg（那枚鸡蛋），如果读成the [ðə] elephant，the [ðə] egg，就会觉得费力。

8. There is hardly any space in the back.（后面几乎一点儿地方都没有了。）

今天的第三个句型，叫做：There is… 有……。比如说：There is a bug in the software.（软件里有个故障。）你也来说一句：这里有个问题。（There is a problem here.）

另外，hardly作副词，表示“几乎没有”。hardly any space，就是“几乎没有任何空间”。最后是一个地点状语in the back（在后面），在语境里表示公交车的“后排”。

9. Excuse me! Can I get by?（不好意思！借过一下。）

Excuse作动词表示“原谅”。我们在可能会打扰到别人之前，可以说：Excuse me. 也就是“原谅我。”相当于汉语里的“不好意思”。

同时，Can I…？表示“我能……”吗？也是一个非常实用的句型。比如说：Can I help you?（我能帮你什么吗？）你也来造个句子：我可以和您换一下座位吗？（Can I change seats with you?）

另外，by的基本意思是“在旁边”。get by里的by，是辅助动词get，表示“从旁边到达”，也就是“通过、过去”。你来造个句子：不好意思。我过不去了。（Excuse me. I can't get by.）

在生活里，get by也可以表示“勉强过得去”，也就是“擦边到达”。比如说：How can you get by with so little money?（就这么一点儿钱，你怎么维持生计？）

10. The company shuttle bus is waiting at the next stop.（公司班车在下一站等着。）

这句话里有三个语言点：首先，The company shuttle bus指的是“公司班车”。其次，这句话又是一个现在进行时，waiting是wait（动词“等待”）的进行时的写法，表示“正在等待”。最后，at the next stop指的是“在下一站”。

11. I get off the bus and jump on the company shuttle bus.（我下了公交车，又跳上了班车。）

get off the bus，字面意思是“处于离开公交车的状态”，也就是“下公交车”。和get on the bus相对。同时，jump on表示“跳上”。

12. This is wasting too much time. Maybe I should buy a car.（太花时间了。也许我该买辆车。）

waste time是“浪费时间”。这里的wasting是waste的进行式，也就是“正在浪费”。你也可以直接记一个句型，叫做：This is wasting… 这是在浪费……。比如说：This is wasting time and money.（这是在浪费时间和金钱。）

1. arrive [əˈraɪv] vi. 到达

这个词前面的ar-是ad-的变体，表示“朝、去”，是个常见的前缀，而且这个前缀和at从读音上也来源一致（t和d是一对清浊辅音）。之所以写成了ar-，是因为和后面的字母r连起来的时候读音方便，不用读成adrive。arrive后面的rive从读音上和river（河）有关，指的是“河岸”。arrive这个词，最早指的是“到达河岸、靠岸”，因为古代交通不发达，公路不多，所以天然形成的河流、海洋是非常普遍的交通手段。现在arrive作动词，可以泛指一切“到达”。比如说：What time will your train arrive?（你坐的火车什么时候到？）或者说：She’ll arrive in New York tomorrow.（她将在明天抵达纽约。）

2. catch [kætʃ] vt. 赶上；抓住；感染

从单词的来源（词源）上来说，chase和catch是一对词。chase叫做“追”，catch叫做“抓到”，也就是“赶上”。比如说：If you chase the rabbit, you might catch it.（如果你追那只兔子，你可能可以抓住它。）或者说：I’m sorry. But I can’t talk to you now. I have to catch the train.（不好意思。但是我现在不能跟你聊。我得赶火车。）

catch作动词，还可以表示“感染某种病”。比如说：I caught a cold yesterday.（我昨天感冒了。）这里的caught是catch的过去式，用这种形式的变化来表达出动作发生在过去。catch a cold，就是“感冒”的意思。

3. right [raɪt] adj. 正确的；合适的，恰当的；健康的；正义的；右边的 adv. 正确地；正好，恰好；向右 n. 右边；正确；正义；权利；版权

很多同学经常问我，为什么right有那么多意思？比如“正确的”和“右边的”，有什么关系吗？首先，right的基本含义是“直的”，英语里还有个词叫做correct（形容词“正确的”），这个词里的-rect-从读音上就和right有关系。right表示“正确的”，指的是“没走弯路的”。比如说：You have the right answer.（你的答案是正确的。）right表示“右边的”，因为人一般觉得右手是“正确的”手。比如说：Most people write with their right hands.（大多数人写字用右手。）

生活里，right结合不同的语境，在汉语里可以翻译成“合适的、恰当的、健康的、正义的、符合道德的”等等很多意思，其实通通都是“正确”的延伸含义。比如说：He’s the right person for the job. 字面意思是：对于这份工作来说，他是正确的人选。也就是：他是做这个工作的合适人选。或者说：I don’t feel right. 字面意思是：我感觉不对。也就是说：我觉得不舒服。再比如说：It’s not right to talk about people behind their backs.（背后议论人是不正确的/不道德的。）

right也可以当副词，来辅助别的词来进行更精准的描述，但是意思也都差不多。比如说：Turn.（拐弯。）往哪儿拐呢？Turn right.（往右拐。）这里的right就是个副词作地点状语。或者说：We’re very busy right now.（我们现在特别忙。）这里的right就是个程度状语，表示不早不晚、恰好是现在。再比如说：I’ll be back.（我会回来的。）什么时候回来呢？I’ll be right back. 这句话的字面意思是：我直接就会回来、不会绕弯。也就是：我马上就回来。

right还可以作名词，除了有“正确、右边”这些意思之外，还可以表示“权利”或者“版权”，也就是“道德或者法律赋予人实现其利益的一种力量”。比如说：Everyone has a right to education.（人人都享有受教育的权利。）或者说：I have the right to the book.（我有这本书的版权。）

4. with [wɪð] prep. 和；用；有；关于

with作介词，核心含义是“伴随”。汉语里经常翻译成“和……、用……、有……、和……有关”这一类的意思。你需要结合语境具体去感受：

（1）I live with my parents.（我和我的父母一起住。）

（2）You can pay with your phone.（你可以用你的手机付钱。）

（3）a girl with yellow hair（一个（有）黄头发的女孩儿。

（4）I have nothing to do with this.（我和这件事情无关。）

5. for [fɔː(r)] prep. 为了；对于；关于；表示时间或距离

for的核心含义是“在前面”，这也是为什么for加上一个表示方向的后缀-ward，就成了forward（向前）。for表示“为了”，其实就是“针对眼前的目的”。比如说：What can I do for you? 字面意思是：为了你，我能做些什么？也就是说：我能为你做点什么吗？或者说：Let’s go for a walk. 字面意思是：为了散步，让我们出去走走吧。其实就是：让我们出去散个步吧。

for也可以表示“对于、关于”，就是“针对眼前的人或事”。比如说：This lesson is very good for me.（对于我来说，这节课很好。）

for后面还可以接时间或者距离，也就是“推算有多久或多远”。比如说：I’m going away for a few days. 字面意思是：接下来的几天，我要离开一下。或者说：I can run for 5 kilometers. 字面意思是：我可以跑五公里的距离。也就是说：我可以跑五公里。

for在实际使用里，结合不同的语境，还会有很多延伸的意思。你平时要注意多积累。

6. seat [siːt] n. 座位 vt. 给……安排座位；就座，落座

有的同学会分不清sit和seat这两个词。sit是动词“坐下”；seat是名词“座位”。比如说：Please have a seat.（请找个座位坐下。）相当于：Please sit down.（请坐下。）

不过seat也可以作动词，表示“给……安排座位、就座、落座”。我们在坐飞机的时候会经常听到：Please remain seated with your seatbelt fastened.（请保持坐好，并系好安全带。）这里的seated，就是seat这个动词的过去分词形式，作形容词表示“坐下的”。这类语法点我们在后期都会详细学到。

7. company [ˈkʌmpəni] n. 公司；陪伴；同伴

前缀com-表示“到一起、共同”，是个很常见的前缀。company中间的-pan-是food（食物）的意思；最后是一个名词后缀-y。这个词最早指的是“一起分面包吃的伙伴”，现在这个词可以表示“一帮人一起做事的团体”，也就是“公司”。比如说：I work in an internet company.（我在一家互联网公司工作。）

company也可以表示“陪伴”这个概念。比如说：Thanks for your company.（谢谢你的陪伴。）同时，陪伴你的“伴侣”，英语叫：

companion [kəmˈpænjən] n. 伴侣

比如说：You’re a good travel companion.（你是一个很好的旅伴。）

8. shuttle [ˈʃʌtl] n. 穿梭班机、公共汽车等 v. 往返穿梭

这个词前面的shut从读音上和shot（发射、开枪）有关；后面是一个辅音双写-t-引导的名词后缀-le。shuttle作名词，指的是“穿梭在两地之间的交通工具”，比如飞机、公交等等。同时，shuttle也可以作动词，表示“往返穿梭、往返运送”。比如说：The new trains shuttle passengers across the town.（一列列新火车往返穿梭市内运送旅客。）

9. wait [weɪt] vi. 等待，等候

wait作动词，表示“等”。比如说：He’s waiting outside.（他正在外面等。）在日常生活里，wait经常和介词for连用，后面跟一个具体的对象，表示“为了……而等待”。比如说：I will wait for you at the door. 字面意思是：我会为了你，在门口等。也就是：我会在门口等你。

10. at [æt] prep. 在（某处）；在（某时间或时刻）；向；朝；（用于速度、比率等）以，达

at作介词，后面接的对象，都是某个具体的点，比如小的地点：at the door（在门口），at the party（在聚会上）等等。或者在某个时间、速度等的点。比如：at 8:30（在八点三十分），at the beginning of the 21st century（在二十一世纪初）等等，或者说：He’s driving at 70 M.P.H.（他正在以每小时70英里的速度开车。）M.P.H.就是Miles Per Hour（英里/每小时）。

at作介词，还可以表示“朝向某个点、在某个方面”。比如说：Look at that man!（看看那个人！）或者说：I’m good at English.（我在英语这方面很好。/我的英语很好。）

at在实际使用里，结合不同的语境，还会有很多延伸的意思。你平时要注意多积累。

11. off [ɒf; ɔːf] prep. 离开

off的基本意思是“离开”。比如turn off the light，指的是“转一下开关，让电断开，这样灯就不会亮了”，其实就是“关灯”。对应的是turn on the light（转一下开关，让电接触，这样灯就亮了），也就是“开灯”。

在生活里，结合不同的语境，off还有很多非常鲜活的用法：

（1）Take off your coat.（把你的外套脱掉。）（外套离开身体）

（2）Take the top off the bottle.（打开瓶盖。）（瓶盖离开瓶子）

（3）He is off school/work today.（他今天没来上学/上班。）（离开学校/单位）

off在实际使用里还有很多延伸的意思。你平时要注意多积累。

12. waste [weɪst] v. 浪费；消耗 n. 浪费；滥用

waste可以作动词，表示“浪费”。比如说：Don’t waste your money on these things.（不要在这些东西上浪费你的钱。）

waste也可以作名词，表示“浪费、滥用”。比如说：This meeting is a waste of time. 字面意思是：这次会议是在时间方面的一种浪费。其实就是：这次会议是浪费时间。你也可以直接记住a waste of time，表示“浪费时间”。

13. maybe [ˈmeɪbi] adv. 可能；也许

这个词是由助动词may（可能）和动词原形be（是）构成的合成词，表示“可能、也许”，是个修饰其它词的副词。比如说：He is right.（他是正确的。）但是如果你说：Maybe he is right.（他可能是对的。）这句话的语气就没那么坚定了，所以maybe在这里是个程度副词。

首先看长元音 /ɜː/。发这个音时，双唇和舌头尽量放松。你来张嘴说一下：/ɜː/。

我们再来看短元音/ə/。相比长元音/ɜː/，/ə/短促有力。你来张嘴说一下：/ə/。

/ɜː/ first, work, birthday, Thursday, early

注意：发 /ɜː/ 的字母组合里都有字母r，在美式英语里，字母r要发音。如：

first, work, word, world, circle

/ə/ a, China, about, together, tonight

注意：在美式英语里，单词结尾的字母组合里有字母r时，/ə/ 会发成 /ər/。如：

ruler, worker, brother, sister, actor

urban vs. about

bird vs. banana

early bird（早起的鸟；早起者） /ˈɜːli/ /bɜːd/

a panda（一只熊猫） /ə/ /ˈpændə/

1. Thursday is my birthday.（周四是我生日。）

2. The more you learn, the more you earn.（学得越多，收获越多。）

3. How about eating out tonight?（今晚出去吃饭怎么样？）

4. China is an amazing country.（中国是一个了不起的国家。）

1. The early bird catches the worm.（早起的鸟儿有虫吃。）

2. Birds of a feather flock together.（物以类聚，人以群分。）

1. I come out of my apartment.（我出了家门。）

out of，意思是“从……出来”或者“不在……”。比如说：Can you get out of the room?（你能从屋子里出来吗？）或者说：He is out of the city.（他不在这所城市。）当然，你也可以说：He’s not in the city.（他不在这座城市里。）

out of还可以表示“不处于……状态”或者“缺乏……”。比如说：He is out of work right now. 字面意思是：他现在不处在工作的状态。但实际生活里，out of work指的是“没有工作、失业了”。或者说：We’re out of money. 字面意思是：我们不在有钱的状态。也就是说：我们没钱了。

你也来说两句吧：让我们离开这个地方吧。（Let’s get out of this place.）再来一句：我们现在没有喝的了。（We’re out of drinks right now.）

out of在实际生活里，结合不同的语境，还有更多的用法，等着你去发现。

2. It’s raining. No, it's pouring! （下雨了。不，下大雨了！）

这是两个现在进行时的句子。pour本身是动词“倒”。比如说：pour a cup of coffee（倒一杯咖啡）。pour作动词，还可以表示“倾泻、涌出”。用在下雨的时候，可以表示“倾盆大雨”，是个很形象的说法。

3. I forget to bring an umbrella.（我忘了带伞。）

这里有个句型，叫做：I forget to…，意思是“我忘了……”。比如说：I forget to bring my English book.（我忘了把英语书带来。）你也来说一句话吧：我忘了带我的手机了。（I forget to take my phone.）

另外，forget to do sth.，字面意思是“忘了去做某事”，也就是本该做，但是还没去做。还有一个结构，叫做forget doing sth.，这里的doing sth.是个动名词短语，属于名词的概念，所以forget doing sth.的字面意思，是“忘了某事”。比如说：I forget reading the book. 这句话的字面意思是：我忘了读这本书这件事。换句话说：读这本书这件事已经发生过了，但是我忘了。也就是说：我忘了我已经读过这本书了。你也来造个句子：我忘了吃过早饭了。（I forget having breakfast.）

4. I’d better take a taxi.（我最好打个车。）

taxi是“出租车”的意思，中国广东、港澳地区也叫做“的士”，属于粤语对于taxi这个英语单词的音译词。所谓的“音译词”，也就是按照读音直接翻译出来的词。take a taxi，就是“打车、打的”的意思。

5. I enter my destination on the ride-hailing app.（我在打车软件上输入目的地。）

这个句子可以分成两个部分，首先是主谓宾：I enter my destination（我输入我的目的地）；其次是一个on引导的介词短语作地点状语：on the ride-hailing app（在打车软件上。）连起来也就是说：我在打车软件上输入目的地。另外，ride-hailing也属于合成词，由ride（名词“车”）和hail（动词“招手”）的形容词形式hailing（招手的）构成，表示“招手找车的、打车的”，这种合成词，叫做“合成形容词”。类似的合成词还有很多，比如：good-looking（好看的），funny-sounding（听起来搞笑的）等等，你平时可以多积累。

另外，app是application（应用程序）的简称。我们平时看手机上的app store，就是“应用程序商店”。

6. I hope I can get a ride in time.（我希望能快点打到车。）

这句话有两个语言点：第一，是一个句型，叫做：I hope I can…（我希望我能……。）比如说：I hope I can see you again.（我希望我能再次见到你。）你也来造个句子：我希望我能找到一份很好的工作。（I hope I can find a great job.）

第二，in time的字面意思是“在时间范围内”，生活里表示“及时”，也就是“不超出某个时间范围”。比如说：我希望我们及时到达那里。（I hope we get there in time.）另外，我们之前学过on time，字面意思是“踩着点来”，也就是“准时、按时”，你不要和in time（及时、不迟到）搞混了。比如你跟一个朋友约了两点到，结果你一点五十八分到的，这叫：You arrived there in time；但是如果你正好两点到，这叫：You arrived there on time.

7. I usually choose the Premier type of car.（我通常选专车。）

I choose…表示“我选择……”，后面可以接名词，表示选择的对象。比如说：I choose the red one.（我选那个红色的。）也可以接to do，表示“选择去做”。比如说：I choose to do my job.（我选择做自己的工作。）你也来造个句子：我选择这个房间！（I choose this room!）

在原文里，I choose中间加了个词，叫usually，表示“通常”，是个频率副词。I usually choose…，就是“我通常选择……”。比如说：I usually choose the subway to work.（我通常选择坐地铁去上班。）

另外，premier本身是形容词“首要的、第一的”。不过在这款打车软件里，Premier指的是“首要的车、第一的车、专车”。注意，这里的首字母P大写，就是在用这种方式告诉我们这里的Premier是个专有的名词，代表一个专门的概念。原句里的Premier type of car，指的是“车里的专车类型”。

8. I prefer a comfortable ride.（我更喜欢一次舒适的旅程。）

I prefer…，表示“我更喜欢……”。比如说：I prefer coffee in the morning.（早上我更喜欢喝咖啡。）当然，你也可以记住一个句型，叫做：I prefer A to B，字面意思是：针对/相比B，我更喜欢A。这里的to B，就是“针对B来说”。比如说：I prefer coffee to tea.（比起茶来，我更喜欢咖啡。）你也来造个句子：相比足球，我更喜欢篮球。（I prefer basketball to football.）

另外，这里的a comfortable ride，指的是“一次舒适的旅行”。

9. I open the backdoor and get into the car.（我打开车的后门，上了车。）

这里有两个合成词。一个是backdoor，表示“后门”。还有一个是into，表示“朝里面去、往里去”。get into the car，字面意思是“处于往车里去的状态”，也就是“进入车里、上车”的意思。

在现实生活里，get into后面可以接一切可以进入的地点或者领域。比如说：I hope I can get into law school one day.（我希望有一天我能进法学院。）你也来说一句：别惹麻烦。（Don’t get into trouble.）

10. It isn't cheap. But it is money well spent.（专车不便宜，但是钱还是花得值的。）

这里有个表达，叫做money well spent，意思是“钱花得很好、很值”。

11. The driver speaks politely. He asks me to put on my seatbelt.（司机说话很礼貌。他让我系上安全带。）

这里有四个语言点：

第一，the driver指的是“那名司机”，属于第三人称单数，后面的动词speak（说话）写成了speaks，因为在英语里，第三人称单数后面的动词，一般情况下要在词尾加s，从形式上和第一、第二人称的动词区分开，让人更加清楚句子的主语是第三人称，达到“以形表意”的目的。后期我们还会专门总结这类表述的详细规则。

第二，politely是polite（形容词“礼貌的”）的副词形式，表示“礼貌地”。speak politely，就是“很有礼貌地讲话”。

第三，ask sb. to do sth.，意思是“要求某人做某事”。比如说：Don’t ask me to choose.（别让我选。）这也是选择恐惧症患者的口头禅。你也来说一句：我想请你帮我一个忙。（I want to ask you to do me a favor.）

第四，put on的字面意思是“放在……上”，在日常生活里结合不同的语境，可以表示“穿上、戴上、系上”等等很多意思。原句里的put on my seatbelt，指的是“系上我的安全带”。

12. I must do what he says to keep safe.（安全起见，我得按他说的做。）

今天我们要学的最后一个句型非常简单，叫做：I must…（我必须……）。比如说：I must wash the car tomorrow.（我明天必须洗车。）你也来造个句子吧：我必须马上走。（I must go right now.）

另外，在这句话里，I must do是“主语+助动词+动词”；what he says（他说的话）是宾语；to keep safe（去保持安全）是目的状语。按照汉语的表达习惯，也就是说：安全起见，我得按他说的做。

come [kʌm] vi. 来到；抵达；来，过来

come作动词，表示“过来、来到”。比如说：Come here.（过来这里。）come也可以表示“来到……”。后面可以接具体的某个地点，也可以接抽象的某个阶段。比如说：I’m waiting for you to come.（我正在等你来。）或者说：Lost days will never come again. 字面意思是：失去的日子再也不会来了。也就是：光阴一去不复返。

apartment [əˈpɑː(r)tmənt] n. 公寓

这个词中间的part，意思是“部分”；最后是一个名词后缀-ment。apartment这个词，字典意思是“一个分开的部分”，作名词专门指的是“公寓”。比如说：They live in an apartment nearby.（他们住在附近的一间公寓里。）

bring [brɪŋ] vt. 拿来，带来；带到

bring作动词，可以表示“把……带来、拿来”。比如说：Don’t forget to bring your books.（别忘了把你的书带来。）bring作动词，还可以表示“把……带到……”。比如说：I want to bring some food to school.（我想往学校带点吃的。）

enter [ˈentə(r)] v. 输入；登记；登录；进来；进去；进入 n. 回车键

这个词我们并不陌生，就是很多电脑键盘上的enter键，也就是“回车键、确定键”。点击enter，就会登录、进入下一个界面，所以enter作动词，可以表示“登录、输入”这类意思。比如说：You have to enter a password to use the computer.（你必须输入密码才能使用这台电脑。）password是个合成词，字面意思是“通过的词、通过的口令”，也就是“密码”。

不过enter作动词，基本意思是“进入”，“登录”只是它的延伸含义而已。比如说：Knock before you enter.（进来前先敲门。）

destination [ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn] n. 目的地；终点

这个词的前缀de-表示“向下”；中间的stin从读音上和stand（站）有关；后面是一个复合名词后缀-ation。所谓的“复合后缀”，简单来说，就是两个后缀合成了一个后缀。ation是动词后缀-ate和名词后缀-ion合成，因为-ate尾字母e不发音，所以去掉之后就变成了-ation。destination的字面意思，是“下一个落脚点”，作名词表示“目的地、终点”。比如说：We will arrive at our destination in two hours.（我们两小时之内就会到达目的地。）

premier [ˈpremiə(r); prɪˈmɪr] adj. 首要的；第一的 n.（尤用于新闻报道）总理，首相

这个词前面的pre-表示“在前面”，比如preschool，作形容词表示“入学前的”，作名词可以代表“幼儿园”，相当于kindergarten。premier中间的-m在这fanyi是形容词最高级后缀，我们后期在很多单词里也会见到；premier的最后是形容词后缀-ier。premier这个词，字面意思是“排在最前面的”，作形容词表示“首要的、第一的”。比如说：He's one of the country’s premier scientists.（他是该国最重要的科学家之一。）

另外，在新闻英语里，premier经常作为名词出现，表示“总理、首相”。所谓的“首相”，就是“首席宰相”的简称。

type [taɪp] n. 类型，品种 v. 打字

这个词的字面意思很抽象，是“用打击的方式留下印象”，类似于在一块白纸上用按压的方式留下印迹。type作名词，表示“类型、品种”，其实就是“不同的印记、形象”。比如说：What type of clothes do you like?（你喜欢什么类型的衣服？）或者如果你看到一件衣服不适合你，你就可以说：This is not my type.（这不是我的类型。）

type作动词，表示“打字”，指的就是用早期的打字机在纸上“留下印记、符号”。比如说：He can type very quickly.（他打字很快。）

cheap [tʃiːp] adj. 便宜的；小气的

cheap作形容词，表示“便宜的”。比如说：Food is very cheap here.（这里的食物很便宜。）

cheap作形容词，还可以表示“小气的、吝啬的”，其实就是“不想多花钱的”。比如说：Don’t be so cheap!（别这么小气！）

seatbelt [ˈsiːtbelt] n. 座椅安全带

这又是一个合成词，由seat（座位）和belt（皮带）组成，专门指代交通工具上的“安全带”。“系好某人的安全带”，英语就叫做put on one’ seatbelt或者fasten one’s seatbelt。

/eɪ/ 从 /e/ 滑向 /ɪ/。 口播：先发/e/，再发/ɪ/，从/e/滑向/ɪ/，连起来/eɪ/。对了，其实就是字母A的发音/eɪ/。你来张嘴说一下：/eɪ/

/aɪ/ 从/a/滑向/ɪ/。 口播：先发/a/，再发/ɪ/，从/a/滑向/ɪ/，连起来/aɪ/。对了，其实就是字母I的发音/aɪ/。你来张嘴说一下：/aɪ/。

/ɔɪ/ 从/ɔ/滑向/ɪ/。 口播：先发/ɔ/，再发/ɪ/，从/ɔ/滑向/ɪ/，连起来/ɔɪ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ɔɪ/。

/eɪ/ table, wait, great, rain, plane

/aɪ/ like, dry, high, night, buy

/ɔɪ/ boy, toy, enjoy, voice, point

bay vs. buy vs. boy

hey vs. hi vs. hoy

face to face（面对面）

/feɪs/ /tuː/ /feɪs/

bright smile（灿烂的微笑）

/braɪt/ /smaɪl/

spoil the boy（惯坏那个男孩儿）

/spɔɪl/ /ðə/ /bɔɪ/

1. I want to play the same game.（我想玩一样的游戏。）

2. My flight will arrive at five past nine tonight.（我的航班将在今晚9：05到达。）

3. He has a noisy voice.（他的声音很吵。）

1. No pain, no gain.（不劳无获。）

2. Great minds think alike.（英雄所见略同。）

3. Every coin has two sides.（凡事皆有两面性。）

1. I fasten my seatbelt and turn on the engine.（我系上安全带，启动了车。）

这句话的难点，其实就是两个单词。一个是：

fasten [ˈfɑːsn; ˈfæsn] v. 系牢；扣紧；扎好

我们之前讲过，fast这个词，最早的意思是“稳固的、牢固的”。fasten这个词，由fast和动词后缀-en组成，作动词的字面意思是“使牢固”。结合汉语的不同语境，可以翻译成“扣紧、系牢、扎好”等等好多意思。比如说：Fasten your seatbelts, please.（请系好安全带。）或者说：The dress fastens at the back.（这件连衣裙是在后背系扣的。）再比如说：The window wouldn't fasten.（这扇窗子关不严。）

另一个是：

engine [ˈendʒɪn] n. 发动机；引擎

engine是个音译词，汉语翻译成“引擎”，是“发动机”的核心部分，也是“发动机”的别名。“启动引擎”，你也可以简单地说start the engine。一般汽车的一键启动按钮上写的也是ENGINE START/STOP（点火/熄火）。

另外，engine这个词如果加上一个表示人的后缀-er，就变成了：

engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)] n. 工程师

这个词最早指的是“战争引擎的制造人”，后来泛指一切“工程师”，或者“工程（或机械）的设计人员”。比如说：He’s a software engineer.（他是一名软件工程师。）

2. It’s my first time driving to work.（这是我第一次开车去上班。）

这里有个句型，叫做：It’s my first time doing sth.，表示“这是我第一次做某事”。比如说：It’s my first time driving alone.（这是我第一次独自开车。）你也来说一句吧：这是我第一次去美国。（It’s my first time going to America.）

你也可以说：It’s my first time to drive to work. 或者说：It’s my first time to go to America. 在这类表达里，无论是doing，还是to do，意思也都是一样的。为什么呢？因为其实这个句型里的It（它），指的就是后面的doing sth.或者to do sth.这件事，只不过因为这件事的表述有点长，作主语有点麻烦，所以就用It来代替真正的主语，起到让大家更快听懂的目的。换句话说，这个句型里的It只是形式上的主语，所以也叫做“形式主语”。这个时候，你想想汉语的：这是我第一次……。其实这个句型里的“这”，指的也是后面那件事，和英语的表达习惯还是很类似的。

3. I reverse my car and drive away.（我倒车，然后开走了。）

reverse作动词，可以表示“倒车”。在现实生活里，大多数自动挡的私家车，有四个常见的档位，分别是：P档，R档，N档和D档。他们分别对应的单词是：Park（停车），Reverse（倒车），Neutral（空档），以及Drive（开车、前进）。另外，drive away就是“开车离开、开走”的意思。

4. It feels so good to drive.（开车感觉真棒。）

今天我们要学的第二个句型叫做：It feels so good to…（做……感觉真好。）比如说：It feels so good to be back.（回来的感觉真好。）你也来说一句：说英语的感觉真好。（It feels so good to speak English.）

5. I always let the pedestrians pass first.（我总是让行人先过。）

这里有个结构，叫做：let sb. do sth.，表示“让某人做某事”。比如说：Let me help you.（让我来帮你吧。）你也来造个句子：让我看看。（Let me see.）

另外，这里有两个副词，一个是always，表示“总是”，是个表示频率的副词；另一个是first（首先），是个表示顺序的副词。

6. I consider myself a polite driver.（我觉得我是个有素养的司机。）

这里有个结构，叫做：consider sb./sth. + n.，表示“认为某人/某物是什么”。比如说：We all consider this a good chance.（我们都认为这是一个好机会。）你也来说一句：我一直都觉得自己是一个幸运的人。（I always consider myself a lucky person.）

7. It’s important to obey the traffic rules.（遵守交通规则很重要。）

obey the rules，表示“遵守规则”。这里的obey the traffic rules，专指“遵守交通规则”。

8. No need to rush. Safety first.（不用着急。安全第一。）

今天我们要学的第三个句型，叫做：No need to…（没必要……。）比如说：No need to thank me. It’s my pleasure.（不必谢我，我乐意效劳。）该你了：不必担心。我能搞定。（No need to worry. I can do it.）

另外，Safety first表示“安全第一”。你也可以把这里的safety替换成任何一个你想突出的词，比如说：Lady first.（女士优先。）Money first.（金钱第一。）You first.（你先来。）等等。

9. I always keep a safe driving distance.（我总是保持安全驾驶距离。）

keep a distance，表示“保持一定的距离”，中间可以加上各类形容词，表示距离的类型。这里的safe driving distance，就是“安全驾驶距离”。再比如说：keep a certain distance（保持一个适当的距离）。下面该你了：保持一个舒适的距离（keep a comfortable distance）。

10. It helps to avoid tailgating.（这样有助于防止追尾。）

help作动词，除了可以表示“帮助”，也可以表示“起作用、改善、促进”。这里的It helps，意思是“有帮助、有改善”。后面的to avoid tailgating作为目的状语，表示“这么做对防止追尾有帮助”。

另外，avoid作动词，表示“避免、防止”，后面可以直接接名词，表示防止的对象。比如说：I should leave early to avoid the rush hour.（我应该早一点动身，这样可以避开交通高峰期。）avoid后面也可以接动名词词组doing sth.，表示“防止做某事”。比如说：You must avoid going out alone at night.（你晚上必须避免独自出门。）你也来造个句子：夏天你应该避免穿黑色衣服。（You should avoid wearing black in summer.）

11. I park my car and lock it.（我停车，锁车。）

park作名词，表示“公园”，指的是“围起来的一个地方”。park作动词，可以表示“把车停到一个特定的围起来的、划出来的地方”。现在park作动词，可以泛指“停车”。比如说：You can't park here.（这里不准停车。）该你了：我能把我的车停在这里吗？（Can I park my car here?）

12. I’m ready to work.（我要去工作了。）

今天的最后一个句型，叫做：I’m ready to…（我准备好……了。）比如说：我可以出发了。（I’m ready to go.）该你了：我准备好吃晚饭了。（I’m ready to have dinner.）

以上就是这节课里的所有语言点，希望你及时做好复习，每天进步一点点。

1. reverse [rɪˈvɜː(r)s] v. 倒车 vt.（使）反向；（使）倒转；反转

前缀re-表示“回来、再一次”，字母r的发音，本身就要舌头“往回卷”；中间的-vers-表示“转”，而且-vers-在美式发音里舌头也是往回“卷、转”的。reverse最后是一个不发音的尾字母-e。reverse这个词，字面意思是“转回来”，作动词表示“倒转”。生活里，reverse这个词最常出现的地方有两个，一是倒车的时候，档把上写着的大写字母R，就是reverse的首字母。二是描述各种“逆转、反转”的时候，好比某种形势、某个剧情等等。比如说：I hope our new boss can reverse everything in our company.（我希望我们的新老板能够扭转公司的一切。）

另外，英语里的很多单词，之所以在后面加一个不发音的尾字母e，有几个原因，其中一个就是为了避免让别人认为这个单词是个名词复数。比如reverse如果不加e，写成了revers，别人就可能会误以为有个名词叫rever，复数是revers。

2. pedestrian [pəˈdestriən] n. 行人；步行者

这个词前面的-ped-是foot（脚）的意思；pedester表示“用脚走”，也就是“步行”，只不过在这个词里省略了字母e； pedestrian最后是一个表示人的后缀-ian。pedestrian作名词，表示“步行的人”，也就是“行人”。

3. consider [kənˈsɪdə(r)] v. 仔细考虑，斟酌；认为；把……当作……

这个词的前缀con-和com-是一个意思，往往表示“到一起、共同”；后面的sider从读音上和star（星星）有关。consider这个词，字面意思是“把星星放在一起观察、观察星群”，属于占星术，是古罗马人通过星群推测吉凶的一种方法。后来，consider作动词变成了“仔细考虑”的意思。比如说：We’re considering selling the house.（我们正在考虑卖掉房子这件事。）或者说：You should consider other people before you act.（你在行动之前应当考虑到别人。）

consider由“仔细考虑”，又延伸出“认为”的意思，也就是“把……考虑成……、把……当作……”。比如说：I consider him my friend.（我把他当作我的朋友。）

4. rule [ruːl] n. 规则；法则；规章；条例 v. 统治；治理

rule这个词，作名词表示“规则”。生活里在各个地方，都要遵守特定的规则，英语就都可以说成obey the rules。

rule还可以作动词，表示“统治、治理”，其实就是“让人遵守规则”。比如说：Eighty million years ago, dinosaurs ruled the earth.（八千万年前，地球是恐龙的天下。）

rule这个词加上一个表示人或物的名词后缀-er，就是ruler，只不过两个字母e见面，就省掉了一个。ruler作名词，可以表示“统治者”，也可以表示“尺子”，但内在的关联都是“定规范的人或物”。

5. rush [rʌʃ] v.（使）急速行进；（使）赶紧；（使）仓促行事； n. 匆忙，赶紧；冲，奔

rush作动词，表示“急匆匆地走、匆匆地做”。比如说：You need to rush, or you’ll be late.（你得快点儿，要么你就迟到了。）或者说：I don’t have much time. I have to rush.（我没多少时间了。我得赶紧。）

rush作动词，也可以表示“催促别人”。比如说：Don’t rush me.（别催我。）

rush也可以作名词，表示“匆忙、赶紧”。我们之前学过一个词，叫做hurry，是rush的同义词。in a rush，或者in a hurry，都是“处于匆忙之中、着急”的意思。不过一般上下班的“高峰期”，英语叫做rush hour，不叫hurry hour，这一点你要记住。

6. distance [ˈdɪstəns] n. 距离

前缀dis-表示“相反”，比如like是“喜欢”，dislike是“喜欢的反面”，也就是“不喜欢”。distance后面的stance从读音上和stand（站立）有关。distance的字面意思，是“站在相反的地方”，作名词表示“距离”。比如说：Distance is no problem on the Internet.（在互联网上距离已不成为问题。）

7. tailgating [ˈteɪlɡeɪtɪŋ] n. 追尾

这个词来自：

tailgate [ˈteɪlɡeɪt] n. 车辆的后挡板；尾门，后车盖 v. 紧随前车行驶

tailgate是个合成词，tail是名词“尾巴”，gate是名词“门”。tailgate在生活里专门指的是汽车尾部的“后挡板、尾门”，作动词的时候，表示“紧随前车行驶”，是个美式英语的单词。tailgating是个动名词，在英语里指的是“后车撞上了前车尾部”，汉语翻译成“追尾”，这个时候你再看看tailgating这个词，是不是就很好记了？

/əʊ/ 从 /ə/ 滑向 /ʊ/。 口播：先发/ə/，再发/ʊ/，从/ə/滑向/ʊ/，连起来/əʊ/。对了，其实就是字母O的发音/əʊ/。你来张嘴说一下：/əʊ/。

/aʊ/ 从/a/滑向/ʊ/。 口播：先发/a/，再发/ʊ/，从/a/滑向/ʊ/，连起来/aʊ/。你来张嘴说一下：/aʊ/。

/əʊ/ no, home, show, boat, toe

/aʊ/ how, now, wow, mouth, loud

no vs. now

show vs. shower

go home（回家） /ɡəʊ/ /həʊm/

loud sound（声音大） /laʊd/ /saʊnd/

1. I hope you don't mind my smoking.（我希望你不介意我抽烟。）

2. The power will be out for about an hour.（停电大约一个小时。）

1. All roads lead to Rome.（条条大路通罗马。）

2. Out of sight, out of mind.（眼不见，心不烦。）

Lesson 1: It’s time to get up.（起床）

Lesson 3: I get an apple from the fridge.（拿）

Lesson 5: Riding a bike is a good way to get some exercise.（得到一些锻炼）

Lesson 5: I put on my helmet and get on my bike.【上（车）】

Lesson 6: I get on the bus and pay with my phone.【上（车）】

Lesson 6: Excuse me! Can I get by?（通过）

Lesson 6: I get off the bus and jump on the company shuttle.【下（车）】

Lesson 7: I hope I can get a ride in time.（搭车）

Lesson 7: I open the backdoor and get into the car.（进入）

知识补充：

关于get的各类用法，我们在前两个单元里已经见得非常多了，这里我们就不再延伸讲解了。

get [ɡet] vt. 得到 vi. 到达；达到；处于

如果你去查字典，会发现get在汉语里对应的翻译特别多。但是，get的基本意思可以简单概括成两个，一个是“具体得到”，一个是“抽象达到”。

①具体得到：

I’ll get a pen and paper.（我去拿笔和纸。）

Can you get a drink for me?（你能为我拿一杯喝的吗？）

②抽象达到（某地或某种状态）：

I will get home in 10 minutes.（我十分钟之内会到家。）

I will get sick if I drink cold water.（如果喝凉水，我会生病。）

在日常生活里，结合不同的语境，get还有更多用法，而且汉语翻译也会根据语境的变化而变化，你平时一定要多注意理解记忆，不要死记硬背。

Lesson 1: I make my bed.（整理我的床铺）

Lesson 3: I make breakfast.（做早饭）

知识补充：

这一单元的场景里出现的make两个用法，都是make+n.。下面我们来具体看一下make都可以怎么用：

1. make+名词

make+不同的名词，可以表示“制作”或者“加工”不同的东西，但是汉语怎么翻译，还要结合不同语境里汉语的使用习惯。比如：make movies（拍电影），make milk（挤牛奶），make clothes（做衣服）等等。

另外，在口语当中，无论做什么事情，我们在鼓励别人的时候，都可以说：You can make it.（你可以做到。）而如果你做到了一件事，你就可以说：I made it.（我做到了。）

当然，除了目前课文里提到的用法，make还有很多非常灵活的用法：

2. make sb./sth.+形容词（导致某人/某物怎么样）

make作动词，也可以表示“造成、导致”，后面可以加人或物，再跟一个形容词，表示“导致某人/某物怎么样”。比如说：This movie makes me cry.（这部电影让我看哭了。）或者说：Mr. Young makes learning English very easy.（杨亮老师让学英语这件事变得非常简单。）你也来造个句子吧：学英语能让我开心。（Learning English can make me happy.）

3. make sb. do sth.（强迫某人做某事）

因为make的意思是“制作”，表示按照自己的意愿去做事，所以如果你说make sb. do sth.，指的就是“按照自己的意愿让别人去做某事”，即使别人可能不开心，但也没有选择权。这个时候，make sb. do sth.，就有了“强迫某人做某事”的意味。比如说：I don’t want to do it. You made me do it.（我不想这么做。是你逼我这么做的。）你也来说一句吧：你不能逼他这么做。（You can’t make him do this.）

Lesson 2: I go to the bathroom.（去）

Lesson 2: I should go freshen up.（去梳洗一下）

Lesson 4: I go through my closet.（翻遍、仔细检查）

Lesson 4: I decide to go with a T-shirt and jeans.（伴随，与……相配）

Lesson 4: I open the door and go out.（出门）

知识补充：

我们把刚才课文里出现的go所有的用法总结一下，就是以下两点：

1. go+介词+名词：

go的基本意思是“走、去”，后面一般会加介词to，然后再说具体要去的地方。比如说：go to Paris（去巴黎），go to work（去上班）等等。

go后面也可以接各种其它介词，再跟名词，形成不同的搭配，这时候go的意思还是“走、去”。比如说：go down the road（沿着这条路走下去），go through the woods（穿过那片森林），go into the house（走到那座房子里）等等。你平时要多积累。

2. go do sth.（去做某事）：

在口语里，go后面也可以直接加动词，表示想去做什么。比如：If you hate this job so much, go get another one!（如果你这么讨厌这份工作，去找另一份啊！） 你也来说一句吧：让我们去吃点东西吧。（Let’s go get some food.）

当然，除了目前课文里提到的用法，go还有很多非常灵活的用法：

3. go doing（去做某事）：

go后面也可以直接加动名词，表示想去做的事情。比如说：go shopping（去购物），go swimming（去游泳），go fishing（去钓鱼）等等。

4. go+形容词：

go后面也可以加形容词，这个时候go的意思就不是“走、去”了，而是“走向……，变成……”。比如说：— If anything goes wrong, call me. — Relax. Nothing will go wrong.（——如果任何地方出错，就给我打电话。——放松。哪儿都不会错的。）或者说：Fruits go bad easily in summer.（夏天水果容易变坏。）你也来说一句吧：我爸爸的头发正在变灰白。（My father’s hair is going grey.）

5. go作动词的其它意思：

另外，在日常生活里，结合不同的语境，go也可以表示“机器运行、时间流逝、某件事情的进展”等等很多意思。我们来看一些例子：

（1）My watch won’t go. Maybe it’s dead.（我的手表不走了。可能坏了。）（运行）

（2）Time goes fast.（时间过得很快。）（流逝）

（3）How’s everything going?（一切进展还顺利吗？/一切还好吗？）（进展）

go作为百搭动词，在现实生活里用法非常鲜活，你平时一定要多运用、多积累。

Lesson 2: I don’t have much time.（有太多时间）

知识补充：

课文里的这句话，使用的是：

1. have+名词：

have作动词，基本意思是“有、拥有”，后面可以接各种具体或抽象的名词。比如说：They have a beautiful home.（他们有一个漂亮的家。）或者说：I have an idea.（我有一个主意。）

have作动词，也可以表示“吃、喝”。比如说：What do you want to have for lunch?（午饭你想吃什么？）你也来说一句吧：我能喝一杯茶吗？（Can I have a cup of tea?）

have作动词，还可以表示“做”，后面接各种事情。同时翻译的时候，要结合语境和汉语的表达特点，变成合适的汉语动词。我们来举几个例子：

（1）have a shower（洗一个澡）（相当于take a shower）

（2）have a walk（散步）（相当于take a walk）

（3）have a look（看一看）

（4）have a rest（休息一下）（相当于take a rest）

（5）Have a good time!（玩得开心！）

（6）Have a nice day!（过得愉快！）

在日常生活里，have还有两类常见的用法：

2. have sth./sb.+形容词（让某物/某人怎么样）

have后面也可以接sth.或者sb.，同时跟一个形容词，表示“让某事或某人有某种状态、让某物/某人怎么样”。比如说：I want to have my hair cut. 这句话的字面意思是：我想让我的头发处于被剪的状态。其实就是说：我想理发。你也来说一句吧：你必须在八点前把一切准备好。（You must have everything ready before 8 o’clock.）

3. have to（不得不）

因为have的基本意思是“有”，在日常生活里，我们经常用have to do sth.来表示我们“拥有职责或义务去做某事”，也就是“不得不做某事”。比如说：I have to leave now.（我现在得离开了。）你也来说一句：你不得不努力工作。（You have to work hard.）

Lesson 2: I take a shower.（洗淋浴）

Lesson 4: I take my laptop.（拿）

Lesson 5: It takes me another thirty minutes to get to the office.（花费）

Lesson 7: I'd better take a taxi.（打车）

知识补充：

关于take的各类用法，我们在前两个单元里已经见得非常多了，这里我们就不再延伸讲解。

take [teɪk] vt. 拿；接受；接纳；认为；把……看作；带（某人去某地）；带领，引领；搭乘（交通工具）；需要；花费（时间）；服用

和上节课我们学的get一样，take的用法也非常多，尤其是翻译成汉语的时候，汉语里不同场景的措辞更是五花八门。但在英语里，take的核心意思只有一个，那就是“伸手抓住、拿住”。这个时候，我们直接用英语一些句子去体会一下take的用法吧：

（1）Take your bag with you.【拿上/带上你的包（和你一起）。】（拿）

（2）I can’t take it anymore.（我再也受不了了。）（接受）

（3）You can take him as my brother.（你可以把他看作我的兄弟。）【把……看作（拿到、摆到……位置）】

（4）We will take the kids to the zoo on Sunday.（周日我们会带孩子们去动物园。）【带（某人去某地）（“拿着走”）】

（5）Let me take you to your room.（让我带你去你的房间吧。）【带来，引领】

（6）I always take the train to Beijing.（我经常乘火车去北京。）【凭借（拿……作为工具）】

（7）It will take me one hour to go home.（我回家需要一个小时。）【需要、花费（拿出时间）】

（8）Take this pill three times a day.（这种药每天吃三次。）【服用（拿到嘴里）】

在日常生活里，结合不同的语境，take还有更多用法，而且汉语翻译也会根据语境的变化而变化，你平时一定要多注意理解记忆，不要死记硬背。

Lesson 7: I come out of my apartment.（从……出来）

知识补充：

come的基本意思是“来”，指的是朝一个地方或一个人走来。生活里最常见的一些表达有：

（1）Come in!（进来！）

（2）Come here!（过来！）

（3）Come back!（回来！）

（4）Where do you come from?（你来自哪里？）

（5）come home（回家）

当然，come在日常生活里的用法非常灵活，你平时要多留心积累。

come [kʌm] vi. 来到；抵达；来，过来

come作动词，表示“过来、来到”。比如说：Come here.（过来这里。）come也可以表示“来到……”。后面可以接具体的某个地点，也可以接抽象的某个阶段。比如说：I’m waiting for you to come.（我正在等你来。）或者说：Lost days will never come again. 字面意思是：失去的日子再也不会来了。也就是：光阴一去不复返。

Lesson 7: I forget to bring an umbrella.（带）

知识补充：

课文里这句话，用到的是：

1. bring sth.（带来某物）

bring在生活里的各类用法比较类似，都是“带来”或者“把……带到……”的意思，后面可以接具体或者抽象的名词。比如说：Don’t forget to bring this book back tomorrow.（别忘了明天把这本书带回来。）或者说：He can bring happiness to you. （他能给你带来幸福。）该你了：我想带我的吉他去学校。（I want to bring my guitar to school.）

另外，作为“带”来讲，bring和take这两个词的区别你要区分好：take指的是“带走”，比如说：You can’t take my book with you.（你不能把我的书带走。）但是bring指的是“带来”，比如说：Don't forget to bring my book with you.（别忘了把我的书带来。）

生活里，bring还有一个很实用的用法，叫做：

2. bring sb. sth./bring sth. to sb.（给某人带来某物）

比如说：You can bring her some flowers./You can bring some flowers to her.（你可以给她带点花。）你也来说一句吧：我想给你带点苹果。（I want to bring you some apples./I want to bring some apples to you.）

Lesson 7: I must do what he says to keep safe.（做）

Lesson 2: I don't have much time.（do not，表示否定）

Lesson 4: Do I look good?（助动词，构成一般疑问句）

知识补充：

1. do作为动词：

do是个不折不扣的万能动词，基本意思是“做”。结合不同的语境，do在汉语里可以翻译成“做、进展、处理、从事……工作”等等很多意思。我们来看一些例子感受一下do的用法：

（1）What can I do for you?（我能为你做点什么？）（做）

（2）How are you doing?（你一切进展怎么样吗？=你还好吗？）（做→进展、开展）

（3）You can take a rest and let me do the talking.（你可以休息一下，让我来处理这次谈话。/我来说吧。）（做→处理、负责）

（4）do the dishes=wash the dishes（洗碗）（做→洗）

（5）She did a lot of acting when she was at college.（她在大学时演过很多戏。）（做→演）

生活里和do常见的一些搭配还有：

（1）do homework（做家庭作业）

（2）do housework（做家务；干家务活）

（3）do some exercises（做运动）（相当于get some exercises）

等等。关于do更多的用法，你接下来要在生活里多留意、多积累。

do的反义词，叫undo，字面意思是“不做”，生活里往往表示“打开、解开、拆开”，或者“取消、废除”这类意思。比如说：undo a button（解开一枚扣子），undo a zip（拉开一个拉链），undo a shirt（解开衬衫）；或者说：You can undo the changes on the computer if you like.（如果你喜欢的话，可以取消电脑里的这些更改。）

2. do作为助动词：

do除了可以作动词，也可以作助动词。在陈述句里，助动词放在动词前面，可以帮助动词加强语气。比如说：I do like this English class.（我确实很喜欢这堂英语课。）在疑问句里，助动词放在句首，可以起到发起疑问的作用，不过这里的助动词do，汉语不翻译。比如说：Do you need any help?（你需要任何帮助吗？）或者说：What do you want to do?（你想要做什么？）注意，这里的第一个do是个助动词，第二个是动词“做”，虽然长相一样，但是作用不一样。再比如说：What do you do for a living?这句话的字面意思是：为了谋生（for a living），你做什么？（What do you do?）其实就是在问：你是做什么工作（谋生）的？

Do I look good? 我看起来怎么样？这里有个很好的句型，叫做：Do I…?（我……？）do在英语里叫做“助动词”，也就是“辅助动词的词”。比如说：I like English.（我喜欢英语。）你也可以说：I do like English. 这个时候，助动词do就在辅助动词like，让动词的语气更强烈，所以这句话我们就可以翻译成：我确实喜欢英语。不过一般的陈述句里我们不会用助动词。

但像今天原文里的这种一般疑问句，要有助动词，并且助动词要提前，用这种形式的变化，来告诉对方，你是在提出问题。比如说：I like English.（我喜欢英语。）如果别人问你：你喜欢英语吗？就可以问：Do you like English?

So, who am I?（那么，我是谁呢？）

so的本意是in this way（这样、如此），在句首出现，一般用来就之前的事情引出提问，汉语翻译成“那么”

Who am I?（我是谁？）你要注意这种疑问句在英语里的表达语序。汉语里的“我是谁”和英语里的Who am I（谁是我），表达语序正好相反。换句话说，汉语是先突出“询问的对象”，而英语是先突出“询问的角度”。比如说：他在哪儿？（Where is he?）汉语先突出“他”，而英语是先突出Where（在哪儿）。你也来说几句吧：

这是什么？（What is this?）
你怎么样？（How are you?）
我们几点到那儿？（When will we arrive there?）

My name is Young.（我的名字叫Young。）

I’m 27 years old. 我今年27岁。

这两句话里，你要注意到两个不同的系动词。一个是is，一个是am（这里是缩写形式’m）。英语作为“以形表意”的语言，系动词am是第一人称单数的标志，也就是I am。is是第三人称单数标志，比如He is…; She is…; This is…等等。你来造两个句子吧：

我是一名上班族。（I am an office worker.）
那是我的办公室。（That is my office.）

I work for an international company.（我在一家国际公司上班。）

I work for…（我为……工作、效劳。）比如说：

I work for a big company.（我在一个大公司工作。）
我为我自己工作。（I work for myself.）

I am a project manager.（我是一名项目经理。）

project manager，字面意思是“项目的管理人”，汉语翻译成“项目经理”，简称PM

In other words, I'm responsible for everything in my project.（换句话说，我对我项目里的所有事情负责。）

In other words表示“换句话说”

I’m responsible for…（我对……负责。）

I'm responsible for everything I do
I'm responsible for what I say

My company is located in suburban Beijing.（我的公司位于北京郊区。）

be located in，表示“位于……、坐落于……”。比如说：

Germany is located in the heart of Europe
My new home is located in the north of the city.

It’s a 40-minute drive from my downtown apartment.（离我市中心的公寓是40分钟车程。）

这里的It，指的是“从我家到公司这段路”

英语里会把两个或更多的单词用连字符连起来，构成一个合成词，这里的40-minute就是一个合成形容词，表示“40分钟的”。你要和40 minutes（40分钟）这种名词短语区分开来。a 40-minute drive，就是“一段40分钟的车程”

from my downtown apartment介词短语作地点状语，具体说明这段车程的起点。终点是哪里呢？当然是公司。所以，如果把这句话说完整，也就是：It’s a 40-minute drive from my downtown apartment to my company. 也就是from…to…（从……到……）的表达结构。你也来说一句吧：

从我家到火车站是30分钟车程

The offices are bright and airy.（办公室又明亮又通风。）

这里的offices是复数，代表公司里的“很多办公室”，所以后面的be动词用了复数形式are。另外，在英语里，第二人称you后面也用are，而且you这个词，既可以代表“你”，也可以代表“你们”，后面都用are。比如说：

You are my best friend
You are all very clever

另外，airy这个词，是air（名词“空气”）加一个形容词后缀-y组成，字面意思是“空气的”，生活里指的是“有新鲜空气的、空气流通的、通风的”

The working environment is second to none.（工作环境首屈一指。）

这里有…is second to none.（……是首屈一指的。）second是“第二”的意思；none是“没有一个”。second to none，字面意思是“第二vs.没有”，也就是说“如果这是第二，那么就没有第一了”，也就是汉语里所说的“首屈一指、举世无双”。比如说：

His English is second to none in the class
This restaurant is second to none in the city

My colleagues are highly driven people.（我的同事们都非常上进。）

driven是drive（动词“开车、驱动”）的被动语态，作形容词表示“被驱动的、受到驱动的”。这里的highly driven，指的是“受到高度驱动的、有高度的上进心的”

They are prepared to go above and beyond.（他们做好了出类拔萃的准备。）

They are prepared to…（他们做好了……的准备。）：

I’m prepared to learn English well
They are prepared to finish this work in three days

叫做go above and beyond，字面意思是“向上走并且超越”，也就是汉语里说的“超越标准线、技高一筹、出类拔萃”。比如说：

You need to go above and beyond if you want to win
They always go above and beyond in their work

That’s why I love working here.（这就是为什么我喜欢在这儿工作。）

That's why…（这就是为什么……。）这个句型经常用来解释一件事情发生的原因。比如说：

Many people want to change their looks. That's why we have plastic surgery 整形手术
I don’t feel well. That’s why I’m late for work

We are a great team.（我们是一个很棒的团队。）

so [səʊ] adv. 如此，这样；很，非常 conj. 如此，这样；这么说；原来是，这就是；所以

so这个词，作副词的时候表示程度，汉语翻译成“如此、这么”，或者“太、非常”。比如说：

The house is so beautiful
Don’t be so stupid!

so作为“如此”来讲，还可以直接代替先前提到的信息，避免重复。比如说：

— Will it rain tomorrow?  — I hope so. It's too hot

— Do you think he can do this? — I think so

因为so的意思是“如此”，所以so也可以作连词，连接前后的因果关系，字面意思是“如此一来”，汉语翻译成“所以”。比如说：

My knee started hurting, so I stopped running.

在日常口语里，so也经常放在句首，一般用来就之前的事情引出提问，汉语翻译成“那么”。比如说：

So, what should we do now?
So, who do you think will win this game?

international [ˌɪntə(r)ˈnæʃnəl] adj. 国际的

这个词前面的inter-是in（在里面）的意思，做前缀表示“进入、相互”，所谓的“相互”，就是“进入了彼此的范围”。我们熟悉的Internet（互联网），也叫“英特网”，字面意思就是“相互关联的网”。international中间的nation是名词“民族、国家”；最后是一个形容词后缀-al。international这个词，字面意思是“国家与国家之间的、相互的”，也就是“国际的”。注意，汉语的“际”字，就是“交界处、彼此之间”的意思。“北京首都国际机场”，英语就叫做Beijing Capital International Airport

project [ˈprɒdʒekt; ˈprɑːdʒekt] n. 项目；方案；规划

这个词的前缀pro-表示“向前”；后面的-ject-表示“投掷、扔、射”。我们平时生病了，如果需要打针，“打针”的英语叫做injection，字面意思就是“注射到体内”。project这个词，字面意思是“投到前面、抛到前面”，指的是“摆到前面给人看的项目方案或者规划”。比如说：

This project will cost a lot of money.（这个项目会花很多钱。）

另外，如果在project后面加上一个表示物的名词后缀-or，就变成了projector。这个词的字面意思是“向前投射的东西”，作名词表示“投影仪”。

manager [ˈmænɪdʒə(r)] n. 经理

manage [ˈmænɪdʒ] v. 管理；经营；处理；设法做

这个词前面的-man-表示“手”，英语里有个词叫做manual，字面意思是“手的”，作形容词表示“手工的”。另外manual也可以作名词，表示“说明书、手册”，也是个生活里很常见的用法

另外，-man-在这里是一个词根。所谓的“词根”，就是“单词的根本”，词根构成了一个单词的基本意义。不过需要注意的是，词根的长相和单词不一定有关系，比如英语里man作单词来讲是“人”的意思，但-man-作词根表示“手”

manage后面是一个后缀-age，但是这个后缀-age和“年龄”那个单词age无关，你要区分开。manage这个词的字面意思是“用手去处理、掌控”，作动词表示“管理、处理、设法做”等意思。比如说：

He’s very good at managing people
I don’t have much time, but I’ll manage to finish on time

再来说个有趣的事。在英语里，-man-作词根表示“手”，而反过来，hand（手）这个单词，在很多时候也可以表示“人”。比如说：

We need more hands.

这句话的字面意思是“我们需要更多手”，其实就是“我们需要更多人手”的意思。这个时候你还会发现，汉语里的“人手”两个字，指的也都是“人”。英语里有句成语，叫做：

Many hands make light work.

这句话的字面意思是：很多双手造成了轻松的工作。其实就是汉语里对应的“众人拾柴火焰高”

manager作名词，指的是“管理的人、管理者、经理”，只不过表示人的后缀-er和manage的尾字母e重叠，所以就省略了一个字母e。这种类似的省略现象在英语构词里非常常见，我们以后遇到类似的情况，就不重复讲了

suburban [səˈbɜː(r)bən] adj. 郊区的，城郊的

这个词前面的sub-表示“在下面、在旁边”，也就是“隶属于主要部分的”，比如说subway，字面意思是“在下面的路”，指的是“地铁”。之前有同学问我：老师，“在下面的路”为什么不是“地狱”的意思？控制一下你野马一样的思路。记住：一个英语单词的意思，除了要看字面，还要结合造词背景赋予这个单词的使用语境，单纯靠构词法推测单词的字面意思并不靠谱。换句话说：构词法的作用不是让你根据一个单词的写法推测出它的意思，而是让你通过写法更好地理解这个词为什么是某个意思。

我们接着来看suburban（郊区的）这个单词，如果去掉sub-，后面的urban就是形容词“城区的”。也就是说，suburban这个词的字面意思，就是“城区边上的”。比如说：

He grew up in the urban environment but now he works in a suburban company

downtown [ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn] adj. 市中心的 adv. 在市中心 n. 市中心

这是个合成词，字面意思是“城镇下方”。在地图上，up和down分别对应的是北和南。在19世纪30年代，美国纽约的城区主要集中在曼哈顿岛南部。后来，downtown（城区南部）在英语里就成了“市中心”的意思。比如说：

downtown Los Angeles（洛杉矶市中心）
I work downtown, but I live in the suburbs.（我在城里上班，但住在郊区一带。）这里的suburb，就是suburban（形容词“郊区的”）这个词的名词形式

environment [ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] n. 环境

这个词的前缀en-和in-一样，都表示“在里面”；中间的-viron-是“转、卷”的意思，你读这个字母组合的时候舌头也会卷起来；最后是一个名词后缀-ment。environment的字面意思，是“围绕中心点转一圈、周围”，作名词专指的是我们周围的“环境”。注意，周围的“周”字，环境的“环”字，本身也都是“圈”的意思。

另外，像这种生活高频单词，或者在句型里出现的，如果你觉得目前阶段拆解难度比较大的单词，其实对于你来说可能没有拆解的必要，因为反而会让你背单词的步骤变复杂。所以背单词最好的方法还是在生活里多运用，其它方法只是辅助你更好地理解记忆而已

colleague [ˈkɒliːɡ; ˈkɑːliːɡ] n. 同事；同僚

这个词前面的col-和com-，con-都是一个意思，做前缀都表示“到一起”。之所以写成col-，是为了和后面的l连起来的时候读音方便；后面的league和collect（收集）里的-lect-从读音上有关，都是“收集、挑选”的意思。colleague这个词，字面意思是“挑选到一起、选择到一起”，作名词专指“一起工作的人”，也就是“同事”。比如说：

He speaks highly of his colleagues.（他对他的同事评价很高。）注意，speak highly of sb.，就是“对某人评价很高”的意思

/ɪə/ 从 /ɪ/ 滑向 /ə/。 口播：先发/ɪ/，再发/ə/，从/ɪ/滑向/ə/，连起来//ɪə/。你来张嘴说一下：/ɪə/。

/eə/ 从/e/滑向/ə/。 口播：先发/e/，再发/ə/，从/e/滑向/ə/，连起来/eə/。你来张嘴说一下：/eə/。

/ʊə/ 从/ʊ/滑向/ə/。 口播：先发/ʊ/，再发/ə/，从/ʊ/滑向/ə/，连起来/ʊə/。你来张嘴说一下：/ʊə/。

/ɪə/ ear, hear, clear, beer, here

注意：发 /ɪə/ 的字母组合里如果有字母r，在美式英语里，字母r要发音。如：beard, year, cheers, near, dear

/eə/ air, chair, hair, care, where

注意：发 /eə/ 的字母组合里如果有字母r，在美式英语里，字母r要发音。如：stair, wear, bear, care, dare

/ʊə/ sure, poor, tour, Europe, cure

注意：发 /ʊə/ 的字母组合里如果有字母r，在美式英语里，字母r要发音。如：sure, poor, tour, Europe, cure

peer vs. pair vs. poor

sheer vs. share vs. sure

make clear（搞清楚） /meɪk/ /klɪə(r)/

go upstairs（上楼） /ɡəʊ/ /ˌʌpˈsteə(r)z/

make sure（确定） /meɪk/ /ʃʊə(r)/

1. Did you hear me? Are you clear?（你听到我说话了吗？明白了吗？）

2. Be careful when you go upstairs.（上楼的时候小心点。）

3. I’m sure he’s poor.（我确定他很穷。）

1. Experience is the best teacher.（经验是最好的老师。）

2. Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成。）

3. What can't be cured must be endured.（无法改变，就要适应。）

I go to the employee lounge to get some coffee.（我去员工休息室弄杯咖啡。）

lounge这个词，从读音上和long（形容词“长的”）有关，作名词指的是“长时间逗留、休息的地方”，比如机场、俱乐部等里面的“休息室”。这里的employee lounge，指的是“员工休息室”或者“员工休息区”

get some coffee字面意思是“得到一些咖啡”，结合语境我们可以翻译成“接一杯、弄一杯咖啡”

I can't live without my morning coffee.（我的生活里不能没有早咖啡。）

I can’t live without…，字面意思是“没有……我不能活”，其实就是“……对我来说很重要，我的生活里不能没有……”的意思，是个很夸张，但是感情很到位的说法。比如说：

I can't live without the Internet
I can live without money, but I can’t live without you

I open my agenda to see today's work.（我打开日程表查看今天的工作。）

I open my agenda（我打开我的日程表）是主要信息。后面的to see today’s work是to do形式作目的状语，也就是“我打开日程表的目的，是为了看今天的工作安排”

另外，today’s里的’s，在英语里是表示后面的名词属于前面的名词，汉语翻译成“……的……”。用特殊的“格式”来表示名词对其它词的“所有关系”，叫做“名词所有格”。类似的表达有很多，比如说：my father’s car（我父亲的车），the man’s wife（那个男人的妻子）等等。但是还有三种常见的名词所有格的情况你要注意：

1. 如果一个“单数名词”本身就是以s结尾，所有格还是写成’s，但是这个时候所有格要读成[iz]，否则读音就分辨不出来所有格了。比如说：my boss’s office（我老板的办公室），Charles’s letter（查尔斯的信）

2. 如果一个“复数名词”是以s结尾（当然，大部分名词复数都是s结尾），那么后面不用加’s，直接加一个’就可以了。比如说：the students’ books（那些学生们的书），my friends’ holidays（我朋友们的假期）等等。 不过ts合在一起读作/ts/ ds合在一起读作 /dz/。

3. 如果一个“复数名词”不是以s结尾，还是直接加’s就可以了。比如说：Children’s Day（儿童节），Women’s Day（妇女节）

I don't like to start the day without a plan.（我不喜欢没有计划就开始新的一天。）

I don’t like to…（我不喜欢……。）这句话里的I don't like to start the day是主要信息，后面的without a plan是方式状语，表示“用没有计划的方式（开启新的一天）”

同时，这句话也是一个典型的否定句，在动词like前面加上一个助动词do和否定副词not，do not，简称don’t。比如说：

I don't like to borrow money from friends
I don't like to drink instant coffee
I don't like to make mistakes

like to do和like doing，虽然前者是“喜欢去做”，后者是“喜欢做某事”，但在现实生活里这两个表达在意思上没有实际区别

I hurry up to the project meeting.（我赶着去项目会议。）

这句话里的I hurry up是主要信息，后面的to the project meeting是地点状语，表示“去项目会议”。meeting这个词，是meet（动词“见面”）的动名词形式，表示“一起见面商量事情”，也就是“开会”

I mustn't be late.（我绝对不能迟到。）

I mustn’t…，表示“我绝对不能……”

I mustn’t eat too much chocolate
I mustn’t go to bed too late

During the meeting, I usually give a project update and get feedback.（开会时，我通常会同步项目的最新情况，并且得到反馈。）

首先，during作介词，表示“在……期间”。比如说：

I'm usually out during the day
He likes listening to music during exercise

其次，update是个合成词，由up（向上）和date（名词“日期”）组成，字面意思是“最上面的日期、最新日期”，生活里update作名词，表示“更新”。这里的project update（项目更新），也就是“项目的最新进展”

feedback也是个合成词，由feed（动词“喂食”）和back（副词“回来”）组成。而且feed从读音上和food（名词“食物”）类似，这两个词也是同源词。feedback的字面意思是“喂回来、反过来喂”，汉语里翻译成“反馈”。注意，反馈的“馈”字，最早指的就是“赠送粮食”。不过现在feedback（反馈）通常指的是“收到信息之后给出的意见”。比如说：

The teacher will give you feedback on the test
I need some feedback about our new project

Meetings are helpful to spot and solve problems.（开会对发现和解决问题是有帮助的。）

be helpful to do sth.，表示“对做某事有帮助”。比如说：

It’s (very) helpful to learn English well.（学好英语是很有帮助的。）
读书是很有用的。（It's helpful to read books.）

I often encourage my coworkers to speak up.（我常鼓励我的同事们大胆发言。）

often的意思是“经常”，作为频率副词，没有usually（通常）高。如果说always（总是）是100%的话，那么usually（通常）是80%，often（经常）是60%。我们来对比三句话：

I always go to work on foot.（我总是步行去上班。）（100%）
I usually go to work on foot.（我通常步行去上班。）（80%）
I often go to work on foot.（我经常步行去上班。）（60%）

encourage sb. to do sth.（鼓励某人去做某事）比如说：

My mother always encourages me to do what I love
My English teacher always encourages me to open my mouth and speak English

speak up的字面意思是“完全说出来”，也就是“大胆发言、无需保留地发言”的意思。

I never limit myself to just one point of view.（我从来不固守己见。）

I never limit myself to…（我从来不会在……限制我自己），这里的to是个介词，后面跟一个名词，具体表示“限制的方面”：

I never limit myself to what I can do.（我从来不会在我能做什么方面限制我自己。）也就是说：我绝不会把自己局限于我现在能做的事情上，而是要不断上进
I never limit myself to just one city

point of view，表示“观点”。

During lunch break, I get out for some fresh air.（午休时，我出去透会儿气。）

break作动词，本身是“打破、打碎”的意思。比如说：

Don’t break anything.（别打破任何东西。）

break还可以表示“打断、中断”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

He coughed and broke the silence in the room.（他咳嗽了一声，打破了屋子里的沉默。）

break也可以作名词，表示“中断、休息时间”。原文里的lunch break，指的是“午饭的休息时间”。

I get out是“我出去”，去干嘛呢？后面是for（为了）引导的一个介词短语作目的状语：for some fresh air（为了一些新鲜空气）。也就是说：我出去透透气。

An interview is scheduled for the afternoon.（下午安排了一场面试。）

be scheduled for…（为某个时间安排某事）。根据实际需要：

The meeting is scheduled for Friday afternoon
The game is scheduled for Saturday

At the end of the day, I write a short work report and a plan for tomorrow.（快下班时，我写一份简要的工作汇报和一个明天的工作计划。）

at the end of…（在……的结尾、……快结束的时候）：at the end of the war（战争快结束的时候），at the end of this week（在本周末）等等

work report表示“工作汇报”

Let’s call it a day.（今天就到这里吧。）

这句话的字面意思是：让我们叫它一天吧。听起来很别扭，其实就是“给今天画一个句号吧”。

routine [ruːˈtiːn] n. 常规，惯例 adj. 常规的，习惯性的

这个词前面的rout的意思是road（道路）；后面是一个名词后缀-ine。routine指的是“按照原有的老路一直走的”，也就是“常规、惯例”。比如说：

Make exercise a part of your daily routine.（让锻炼成为你日常生活的一部分。）

routine也能当形容词，表示“常规的、习惯性的”，所以在英语里，work routine（工作常规）和routine work（常规的工作）都能说得通

agenda [əˈdʒendə] n.（待办的）事项；议事日程；（会议的）议程

这个词前面的ag-从读音上和act（名词“行动”）有关。agenda的意思，是“需要行动的事情”，也就是“待办事项”。比如说：

The new project is at the top of my agenda. 新项目是我首先该做的事情

agenda也可以表示开会时候需要讨论的“议事日程”。比如说：

The next thing on the agenda is about our cost.（会议日程上的下一件事是关于我们的花费问题。）

helpful [ˈhelpfl] adj. 有帮助的

help是名词“帮助”；后面的-ful是full（形容词“充满的”）的简化形式，做后缀表示“充满……的”。helpful的字面意思是“充满帮助的”，作形容词汉语翻译成“有帮助的、有用的”。比如说：

This course is very helpful for my English.（这个课程对我的英语学习非常有帮助。）

英语里还有很多加后缀-ful变成形容词的单词。比如说：beautiful，字面意思是“full of beauty”（充满美），也就是“美丽的”；wonderful，字面意思是full of wonder（充满奇迹的），也就是“奇妙的、精彩的”；colorful，字面意思是“full of color”（充满色彩的），也就是“多彩的”

spot [spɒt; spɑːt] n. 斑点；地点 vt. 看出；注意到

spot作名词，本意是“斑点”。比如说：

Some animals have spots on their bodies.（有些动物的身上有斑点。）

spot作名词，也可以表示某个“具体的地点”。英语里有个表达，叫做on the spot，字面意思是“在现场”，指的是“当场”。比如说：

He answered the question on the spot.（他当场就回答了那个问题。）

spot也可以作动词，最初指的是在犯罪活动里“发现了疑点、嫌疑人”，现在spot可以泛指“看出、注意到”，尤其指的是“需要仔细观察才能看到的蛛丝马迹”。比如说：

The police spotted him driving a stolen car.（警察看到他开着一辆偷来的车。）
If you spot any mistakes in the article, mark them with a pen.（如果你看出文章里有错误，就用笔标出来。）

solve [sɒlv; sɑːlv] vt. 解决

solve作动词表示“解决、解答”，生活中最长见的用法就是solve problems（解决问题）

encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ; ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒ] vt. 鼓励；激励

这个词前面的en-和in-从读音上有关，都是“进入、注入”的意思；后面的courage是名词“勇气”。再往前推，courage前面的cour从读音上和heart（心）有关，后面是一个名词后缀-age。“勇气”来自“内心”，这也是courage这个词的字面意思。encourage的字面意思，是“注入勇气、给予勇气”，作动词表示“鼓励、激励”。比如说：

We should encourage people to help each other

coworker [ˈkəʊˌwɜː(r)kə(r)] n. 同事

这个词前面的co-和com-，con-，col-等等都一样，还是“共同”的意思，只是为了更好地在特定单词里读音，才写成了co-。coworker的字面意思，是“一起工作的人”，也就是“同事”，相当于我们之前学过的colleague。

limit [ˈlɪmɪt] vt. 限制；限定 n. 限制；界限

limit作动词，表示“限制”。比如说：

You need to limit your speech to 20 minutes.（你需要把你的演讲时间限制在20分钟。）

limit也可以作名词，表示“限制、界限”。比如说：

The time limit for this test is one hour.（这次测试的时间限制是一个小时。）

“杨亮讲英文”的口号，叫做：The limits of your language are the limits of your world. 这句话的字面意思是：你的语言的界限，就是你的世界的界限。也就是说：多掌握一门语言，看到的世界就会更大，你的人生观、世界观也会因此而变化。这就是为什么我们把这句话翻译成：语言观决定世界观

interview [ˈɪntə(r)vjuː] n. 面试 vt. 采访；对……进行面试

前缀inter-表示“相互”；后面的view表示“看”。interview的字面意思，是“相互看、互相看”，作名词表示“面试”。比如说：

I have a job interview on Monday.（我周一有个求职面试。）

“采访者”英语叫做interviewer；“被采访者”英语叫做interviewee

interview也可以作动词，表示“采访”，或者“对……进行面试”。比如说：

She will interview the writer tomorrow afternoon
We interviewed ten people for the job

schedule [ˈʃedjuːl; ˈskedʒuːl] n. 计划表；日程安排表 vt. 为……安排时间

n 时间表、计划表、日程安排表：

You’re behind schedule. 你在计划表后面，其实就是“你落后于计划表了、你工作没赶上进度”。

v “为……安排时间”：

The meeting is scheduled for Tuesday morning 会议被安排在周二上午

report [rɪˈpɔː(r)t] n. 报告；汇报 v. 报告；汇报；举报；报道；报到

前缀re-表示“回来”；后面的port表示“承载、携带”。port作名词有“港口”的意思，指的是“承载船只和货物的地方”或者“船只可以进入的地方”。report这个词，字面意思是“带回来”，指的是“把得到的消息带回来给别人”，作名词和动词都表示“报告、报道、汇报”之类的意思。比如说：

news report（新闻报道），weather report（天气预报）等等
Call me if you have anything to report.（如果你有任何事情要汇报，就给我打电话。）

“元音”和“辅音”在发音的时候是怎么区分的呢？换句话说：你怎么能听到一个声音，就知道这个发音是元音还是辅音呢？难道要靠背吗？其实很简单。

元音：所谓的“元”，指的是“根本、基本”。“元音”指的是“在发音过程中气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音”，比如a，e，i，o，u这些元音字母，或者/uː/，/æ/，/au/这种元音音标。

辅音：所谓的“辅”，指的是“辅助”。“辅音”指的是发音时气流受到发音器官的各种阻碍，声带不一定振动发出的音。比如/p/，气流受到了双唇的阻碍，声带不震动，发音“清脆”，叫做“清辅音”。但是/b/，气流还是受到了双唇的阻碍，声带振动，发音“浑浊”，叫做“浊辅音”。

顺便讲一句：任何一门语言，比如英语。光有元音是没法讲话的，只有靠着辅音的辅助，才能连贯发出多样的音。我们很难想象一门只有元音的语言是怎么讲话的：a-e-i-o-u-o-i…。我们也很难想象一门只有辅音的语言是怎么讲话的：p-t-k-m-n-ʃ…

所谓爆破音，是指发音器官中的气流受到阻碍，突破阻碍后发出的辅音

/p/ 口播：双唇紧闭，阻塞气流。然后张开，释放气流：/p/。你来张嘴说一下：/p/。

/b/ 口播：双唇紧闭，阻塞气流。然后张开，释放气流，同时声带振动：/b/。你来张嘴说一下：/b/。

也就是说：除了声带震动，/p/和/b/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/p/ pen, paper, push, pull, map

/b/ bag, big, best, black, business

pig vs. big

push vs. bush

pen and paper（笔和纸） /pen/ /ænd/ /ˈpeɪpə(r)/

big business（大买卖） /bɪɡ/ /ˈbɪznəs/

1. Paul wants a piece of paper.（保罗想要一张纸。）

2. Ben can bake bread.（本会烤面包。）

3. I have a big problem.（我有一个大问题。）

4. Pack your bag and bring your passport.（收拾好行李并且带上护照。）

1. God helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者。）

2. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.（一鸟在手胜过两鸟在林。）

My boss is talking to my colleague.（我的老板正在跟我的同事说话。）

这句话里的is talking表示“现在正在说话”，在语法上叫做“现在进行时”。英语里的进行时态，都是“be+动词的-ing形式”组成。但是，有两个容易混淆的概念，你要注意：

第一，进行时态里的be，并不是“系动词”，而是“辅助后面的动词构成进行时态”的“助动词”，虽然和系动词里的be动词（am，is，are等）长得一样，但是意义并不一样。对比：

（1）He is my brother.（他是我的兄弟。）这句话里的is，就是“系动词”，意思是“是”。

（2）He is having lunch.（他正在吃午饭。）这句话里的is，是辅助动词have的-ing形式，一起构成进行时态，属于助动词，汉语翻译成“正在”。

第二，进行时态里的动词-ing形式仍然是动词，而不是动名词。虽然单词的写法一样，但是结合语境我们就能分清楚了。比如说：

（1）I like reading.（我喜欢阅读。）这句话里的reading，指的是“阅读这件事”，属于动名词。

（2）He is reading.（他正在阅读。）这里的is reading，就是be+动词-ing，表示“现在进行时”。而且动词的进行时态，前面一定有助动词be，而动名词前面就不一定有了。

现在你来区分一下，以下两句话里的be，哪个是系动词，哪个是助动词呢？

（1）I am a student.（我是一名学生。）（给出两个选项，正确答案为“系动词”）

（2）I am learning English.（我正在学英语。）（给出两个选项，正确答案为“助动词”）

非常棒。再来看一下，下面两句话里的动词-ing形式，哪个是动名词，哪个是动词的进行时呢？

（1）I enjoy cooking.（我享受做饭这件事。）（给出两个选项，正确答案为“动名词”）

（2）He is cooking.（他正在做饭。）（给出两个选项，正确答案为“进行时”）

He is probably leaving his job.（他有可能要离职。）

这句话的基本意思是：He is leaving his job.（他正在离开他的工作。）也就是“他正要离职”。其中的leaving是leave（动词“离开”）的-ing形式。因为尾字母e不发音，加-ing的时候就省略了e。不过这句话中间还加了一个probably（副词“很可能”），也就是“他很可能正要离职”。probably是个很实用的副词，生活里如果你觉得某件事发生的可能性很大，就可以用到。你也来用probably造个句子吧：

你很可能是对的。（You're probably right.）

I’m trying to avoid eye contact with my boss.（我在努力不和老板有目光接触。）

I’m trying to… 我在试着……

Can you turn down the music? I’m trying to sleep!
Quiet! I’m trying to work!

eye contact，表示“目光接触、眼神交流”。

Please don't pass his work to me.（拜托别把他的工作丢给我。）

Please don’t…

Please don't talk to me when I’m working
Please don’t worry. I can do it

pass sth. to sb 把某物传递给某人：

Pass the book to me, please / Pass me the book, please
Pass the ball to me / Pass me the ball

Unfortunately, it is not my call.（可惜，我说了不算。）

It’s not my call.（我说了不算。）call除了可以作动词，表示“呼叫、称呼”，也可以作名词，表示“决定”，也就是“发号施令”。It’s one’s call，字面意思是“一件事由某人发号施令”，也就是“某人决定”。比如说：

— Where shall we go on Sunday?（周末我们应该去哪儿？） — It’s your call.（你来定。）
— What shall we have for lunch?（中午我们该吃什么？） — It’s your call.

I have no idea about this new project. Can I say no?（我对这个新项目一无所知。我能拒绝吗？）

I have no idea about…（我对……一无所知。）：

I have no idea about how to learn English well
I have no idea about cooking

生活里，你也可以直接用I have no idea来表示“我不知道怎么回事”。比如说：

— What’s going on?（发生什么了？） — I’ve no idea.（我不知道。）

Not a chance. The boss is setting a deadline for me.（没门。老板正在给我定方案截止日期。）

这句话里有两个很好的表达。一个是：Not a chance. 字面意思是“没有一个机会”。生活里经常用来表示“一点儿机会都没有、没戏”。下面我来问你来答：

— Can you be my girlfriend?（你能做我女朋友吗？） — Not a chance.（没门儿。）

set a deadline（设置一个最后期限）。这里用到的是现在进行时is setting a deadline，表示老板“正在设置一个最后期限”

I guess I have to bite the bullet.（我猜我只能迎难而上了。）

I guess…（我猜……/我想……。）：

I guess you're right
I guess you can do it

bite the bullet（咬子弹）。说到这个表达，还有点心酸。因为早期在军队里，由于物资匮乏，有的士兵在动手术的时候没有麻醉剂，就经常会用咬子弹的方式来缓解疼痛。后来，bite the bullet就变成了“咬紧牙关、忍受困难做某事”的意思。比如说：

Sometimes we all have to bite the bullet and carry on.（有时候我们每个人都不得不咬紧牙关继续前进）

I’m struggling to come up with a new solution.（我在绞尽脑汁想一个新的解决方案。）

I'm struggling to…（我正在努力去……），因为struggle作动词表示“挣扎”，所以这个句型尤其指的是“遇到非常大的困难，挣扎着去做”，你要和I’m trying to（我在试着做……）区分开。比如说：

She’s struggling to get through these bad days.（她正在努力度过这段苦日子。）
I’m struggling to finish my work in 3 hours

come up with sth.，字面意思是“带着某事走出来”，指的是“想出某事”。比如说：

He can always come up with great ideas

I should call everyone on our team and start brainstorming.（我应该把组员都叫来，开始头脑风暴。）

这里有个搭配，叫做on our team，表示“在我们的团队里”。当然，你也可以说in our team，意思也是一样的。这两个搭配的区别就是介词on和in的区别。on表示“在上面并且有接触”，如果你说on our team，这个时候的你，就是“团队名单上的一员”。相比之下，如果你说in the team，这个时候的你，就是“团队内部的一员”，虽然两者说的都是一回事，但日常生活里on the team更常用一些

另外，brainstorm是个合成词，字面意思是“头脑风暴”，作动词表示“小组动脑讨论问题、集思广益”。比如说：

If you don’t know what to do, you can brainstorm with your classmates.

brainstorm也可以作名词，表示“突发奇想、妙招”。比如说：

I had a brainstorm when I was walking in the park

I’m racing against time.（我正在争分夺秒地赶工。）

这里有个很好的表达，叫做race against time。race作动词，表示“和……比赛”；against和again（重来、再一次）有关，作介词表示“与……相反、相对”，其实就是“来回”的关系。race against time，字面意思是“和时间赛跑”，指的是“跑在时间前面、争分夺秒”。比如说：

We have to race against time to put out the fire
You have to race against time to finish your work

I’m not giving up.（我不会放弃的。）

give up的字面意思是“完全给”，指的是“撒手不要、放弃”。I’m not giving up. 字面意思是“我没有正在放弃”，也就是“我不会放弃”。这是一种现在进行时表将来的用法，简单来说，就是“用进行时态来说明接下来的安排”。同时，因为是进行时态，所以在表达上很生动，给人一种期待感。比如说：

I’m leaving now.（我马上要走了。）
They are flying to New York tomorrow morning.（他们明早要飞到纽约。）

I’m checking every detail before handing in the plan.（交方案前，我正在仔细检查每一个细节。）

这句话的主要信息是：I’m checking every detail（我正在检查每一个细节）。后面是一个before引导的介词短语作时间状语：before handing in the plan（在提交这个计划之前）。

另外，hand除了可以作名词表示“手”，也可以作动词，表示“传递”，其实就是“用手给”。hand in，指的是“传递到某个地方”，汉语翻译成“上交、提交”，后面接你提交的具体对象。比如说：

Time's up. Stop writing and hand in your papers
When will you hand in your homework?

I’m not the best but I'm trying my best.（我不是最好，但我一直全力以赴。）

try one’s best，字面意思是“努力做到某人的最好”，也就是“全力以赴”的意思

contact [ˈkɒntækt; ˈkɑːntækt] n. 联系，接触 vt. 联系，联络

前缀con-表示“共同、一起”；后面的-tact-是touch（接触）的意思。contact的字面意思，是“一起接触”，作名词表示“联系、接触”。比如说：

I’m still in contact with her. 这句话的in contact with sb.，字面意思是“和某人处于联系状态里”，也就是说：我仍然和她有联系
He hates physical contact with strangers.（他不喜欢和陌生人有肢体接触。）

如果你的手机是英语系统，你就会发现，“通讯录”的英语，就叫Contacts。

contact也可以作动词，表示“联系”。比如说：

You can contact me on this number.（你可以通过这个号码联系到我。）

unfortunately [ʌnˈfɔː(r)tʃənətli] adv. 不幸地

通过unfortunately这个词，我们可以认识好几个词。这个词去掉否定前缀un-，就变成了fortunately（副词“幸运地”）；去掉副词后缀-ly，就变成了fortunate（形容词“幸运的”），相对的是unfortunate（形容词“不幸的”）；再去掉形容词后缀-ate，把原本不发音的尾字母e加上，就变成了fortune（名词“命运、运气”，也可以表示运气所带来的“财富”）。比如说：

Fortune smiled on me. 字面意思是：命运在我身上微笑了。其实就是说：我交好运了
This car costs a fortune.（这辆车要花一大笔钱。）

汉语里有“算命先生”，英语里也有“告知别人命运的人”，叫做fortune teller。

set [set] v. 放置；设置；使处于；建立，创造；固定，确定；布置

set这个词，从读音上和sit（动词“坐”）有关，作动词的基本意思是“放置、设置、使……处于某种状态”。比如说：

Could you set the table for dinner?（你能把餐桌摆好准备吃晚饭吗？）
Don't forget to set the alarm clock.（别忘了设置/定闹钟。）

在生活里，结合不同的语境，set作动词还有很多用法，汉语可以翻译成“建立、创造、固定、确定、布置”等等，但核心意思还是“设置”。我们来举几个例子：

He has set a new world record.（他创造了一项新的世界纪录。）
We need to set a time for the meeting.（我们需要确定一下开会时间。）
My English teacher always sets a lot of homework.（我的英语老师总是布置很多作业。）

deadline [ˈdedlaɪn] n. 最后期限；截止日期

这是一个合成词，也是一个很形象的词，字面意思是“死亡之线”，最早指的是美国的军事监狱里划出的一个圆圈，任何越过圆圈边界线的囚犯，就有被射杀的危险。现在deadline作名词，通常指的是做一件事情的“最后期限”。比如说：

We must finish our work before the deadline

bite [baɪt] v. 咬

bite作动词表示“咬”，英语里有个单词叫bit，指的是“咬下来的一小口”。我们平时说的a little bit，字面意思就是“一小块、一点点”的意思。bite除了可以表示“咬”以外，在英语里，蚊虫“叮咬”、鱼饵“上钩”，都可以用bite来形容。我们来看几个例子：

Don’t worry. My dog doesn’t bite.（别担心。我的狗不咬人。）
Be careful of mosquitoes. They will bite you.（小心蚊子。它们会叮你。）
I’m waiting for the fish to bite.（我正在等着鱼上钩。）

另外，在口语里，如果一个外国人，尤其是美国人跟你说：Let’s go grab a bite. 字面意思是“让我们去抓个东西咬咬”，其实就是“让我们去吃点儿东西”的意思

bullet [ˈbʊlɪt] n. 子弹

这个词前面的bull从读音上和ball（名词“球”）有关；后面的-et是个小词后缀。bullet的字面意思，是“小球”，指的就是最初的子弹的形状。比如说：

The bullet missed him by two inches.（子弹只差两英寸就击中他了。）

solution[səˈluːʃn] n. 解决方案；解决办法

这个词的动词形式就是我们之前学过的solve（解决），前面的solu和solve（动词“解决”）从写法上也有关系，因为英语里的u，v，w属于“三胞胎”。从读音上来说，w读作double u（两个u），而从写法上看，w又是两个v。这个时候，你再看看solve和solution的关系，就更好理解了。

solution作名词表示“解决方案、解决办法”。比如说：

There’s no easy solution to this problem.（这个问题没有容易的解决办法。）

race [reɪs] v. 参加比赛；和……竞赛 n. 赛跑；速度比赛

race是rush（动词“迅速移动、急促”）的意思，作名词表示“速度比赛”，作动词表示“参加比赛”或者“和……竞赛”。比如说：

I believe he can win the race.（我相信他能赢这次比赛。）
She will race against Lucy in the next round.（下一轮比赛她会和露西对抗。）

另外，英语里还有个单词，也叫做race，作名词表示“人种、种族”，比如human race指的就是“人类”。但是这个race和race（比赛）没有关系，只是碰巧长得一样而已。这种来源不同但形式相同的词，也叫“异源同形词”

check [tʃek] v. 检查；核对

check作动词，表示“检查、核对”。比如说：

Always check your papers before handing them in.（在交卷前都要检查一下。）

生活里我们如果外出住酒店，要办理入住，英语叫做check in，也就是“核对信息进入”。临走的时候要退房，英语叫做check out，也就是“核对信息外出”。

detail [ˈdiːteɪl] n. 细节

前缀de-表示“向下”或者“彻底”，也就是“不能再往下了”；后面的-tail-作词根是“切”的意思，我们后期还会见到很多和-tail-相关的单词。detail的字面意思，是“彻底切开、完全切开”，作名词表示“细枝末节、细节”。比如说：

I don’t know the details of the story.（我不知道这个故事的细节。）

/t/ 口播：舌尖抵住上齿龈，阻塞气流。然后舌尖下移，释放气流：/t/。你来张嘴说一下：/t/。

/d/ 口播：舌尖抵住上齿龈，阻塞气流。然后舌尖下移，释放气流，同时声带振动：/d/。你来张嘴说一下：/d/。

也就是说：除了声带震动，/t/和/d/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/t/ eat, eight, suit, better, bottle

注意：在美式发音里，单词或者句子中间部分的/t/经常会发成/d/。比如： better, butter, bottle, letter, Italy

/d/ good, head, food, add, middle

foot vs. food

Ted vs. dead

hot tea（热茶） /hɒt; hɑːt/ /tiː/

old dog（老狗） /əʊld/ /dɒɡ; dɔːɡ/

1. Betty bought a bit of butter.（贝蒂买了一点黄油。）

2. I feel a little bit better today.（我今天感觉稍微好一点。）

3. The dog is barking at the door.（那条狗正在门口叫。）

4. I don’t know what to do.（我不知道该怎么办了。）

1. Time and tide wait for no man.（岁月不待人。）

2. Every dog has his day.（人人皆有得意时。）

I’ve got a headache because of work stress.（因为工作压力大，我头疼。）

I’ve got…（我有……。）这个句型的完整形式是I have got，不过这里的have不是动词“有”，而是助动词，帮助后面的动词一起形成英语的完成体，表示“已经有……”。我们后期还会详细学习。当然，在口语当中，I’ve got就相当于I have，都表示“我有”，二者没有什么区别。比如说：

I’ve got a lot of work to do.（我有很多的工作要做。）其实就是：I have a lot of work to do.

I’ve got to go now. 其实就是：I have to go now.（我现在得走了。）这里的have got to就是have to，都表示“不得不”

英语的很多语法规则，随着时代的变化，也都在不断演变。比如现在很多英国人就会把I’ve got称作一般现在时，和I have一样，都表示“我有”。你也来用I’ve got表示“我有”造个句子吧：今晚我有很多作业：

I’ve got a lot of homework tonight

原文这句话里还有个结构，叫做because of，后面接的是名词或者相当于名词成分的词，表示“原因所在”，因为of（属于……）后面本身接的就是“归属”。比如说：

I’m here because of you.（因为你，我才来这里。）

如果单纯用because，后面就要接一个原因状语从句，而不仅仅是一个名词了。比如说：

I’m here because I want to see you.（我来这里是因为我想见你。）

这个区别希望你能分清。那你来造两个句子吧：

因为我的家庭，我才非常努力工作。（I work very hard because of my family.）
因为我有一个家庭，所以我才非常努力地工作。（I work very hard because I have a family.）

I’m not myself today.（我今天不在状态。）

在口语里，如果一个人说：I’m not myself. 或者说：He’s not himself. 往往并不是字面意思，而是“我不是平时的我”，或者“他不是平时的他”，也就是“我/他不在状态、不舒服”的意思。你也来造个句子吧：

我今天不在状态，因为我的狗死了。（I’m not myself today because my dog is dead.）

I check my work emails as usual.（我像往常一样查看工作邮件。）

这里有个表达，叫做as usual，表示“像往常一样、照例”。usual作形容词，表示“通常的”，比如说：

I will go to bed at my usual time.（我会和平时一样到点上床睡觉。）
他像往常一样迟到了。（He’s late as usual.）

I’ve got an email from our boss. How strange!（我收到了一封老板的邮件。太奇怪了！）

How strange里的，how是个副词，表示“多么”，是一个感叹句开头经常用到的词。How strange! 字面意思是“多么奇怪啊！” 也就是“太奇怪了！”。当然，这其实是个省略的感叹句，还原完整应该是：How strange it is !

你也可以在How后面加上任何一个你想表达的形容词或者副词，表示“太……了！” 比如说：

How beautiful she is!（她好美啊！）
How quickly things change!（事情的变化真快啊！）

这个结构，就是我们中学课本上学过的：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！同时在不影响理解句意的情况下，主语和谓语可以省略。下面你来翻译两句话：

你真好啊！（How nice you are!）
那匹马跑得可真快啊！（How fast the horse runs!）

It turns out that I've got a promotion.（原来是我升职了！）

turn作动词，本身是“转动”的意思；turn out，字面意思是“转出来”，指的是“经历曲折以后，结果是……”，往往表示的是“意想不到的结果”

It turns out (that)…（结果……；原来是……。）：

He didn’t come to work today, and it turns out that he was sick
It turns out that today is his birthday

I nailed it!（我做到了！）

nail作名词，本身是“指甲”的意思，比如fingernail（手指甲），toenail（脚指甲）。nail早期也可以表示“爪子”，后来延伸出了“钉子”的意思，作动词的时候，表示“把……钉牢、固定好”，再后来就延伸出了“搞定”的意思。原文里的nailed，是动词nail的过去式，表示“搞定了”

I nailed it!（我搞定了！我做到了！）相当于I made it! 只不过用nail更加口语化

My boss and my teammates shake my hand to congratulate me.（我的老板和组员纷纷与我握手以表祝贺。）

这句话的主要成分是：My boss and my teammates shake my hand（我的老板和组员纷纷与我握手）。后面的to congratulate me（去祝贺我）是目的状语，表示“握手的目的是什么、为什么握手”

I can't tell you how happy I am!（我没法告诉你我有多开心！）

其实就是“语言无法表达我的快乐”

I can’t tell you how sad I am!
I can't tell you how excited I am!

It looks like I've got the chance to expand my team.（看来我有机会扩大我的团队了。）

It looks like…（看起来……。）这里的It指的是“当下的情形”，后面接句子，表示你根据当下情形的推断。比如说：

It looks like he is too tired to walk on.（看起来他已经累得走不动了。）
看起来你需要一些帮助。（It looks like you need some help.）

当然，It looks like里的it，本身也可以指代具体的事物，这个时候，It looks like的字面意思就成了“某个东西看起来像……”。比如说：

Look at that cloud! It looks like a cat.（看那朵云！它看起来像只猫。）

你可能会问：老师，like不是“喜欢”的意思吗？怎么还会有“像”的意思？其实like本来就是“像”的意思，“喜欢”是它的延伸含义，因为你喜欢的人或物，一定跟你有“相像之处”

I’ve got several marketing people, but I haven't got any content creators.（我有几个市场专员，但我没有内容制作人。）

这里出现了I’ve got的否定形式，叫做I haven’t got…，表示“我还没有……”。因为这里的have是个助动词，所以否定直接在后面加not，和do not类似。比如说：

I haven't got anywhere to live.（我还没有任何落脚的地方/我还没有任何可以住的地方。）
我一直想去法国，但是我还没有机会。（I always want to go to France, but I haven’t got the chance.）

另外，原文这句话里出现了两个职位，一个是marketing people（市场专员），另一个是content creators（内容制作人）。

I decide to start with talent mapping.（我决定从人才规划开始。）

start with…，表示“从……开始”。比如说：

You should start with simple steps.（你应该从简单的步骤开始。）
每一件伟大的事情，都起源于一个想法。（Every great thing starts with an idea.）

talent mapping，指的是“人才规划”。map除了作名词表示“地图”，也可以作动词，表示“绘制地图、计划”。这里的mapping是动词map的动名词形式

I hope to find the right people as soon as possible.（我希望能尽快找到合适的人。）

I hope to…（我希望去……。）后面接动词原形，表示希望去“做”什么。比如说：

I hope to see you again.（我希望再次见到你。）
我希望再看一次那部电影。（I hope to watch that film again.）

as soon as possible，表示“尽可能早一些、尽快”，简称ASAP。比如说：

I'll let you know as soon as possible.（我会尽快告诉您的。）
你应该尽快找份工作。（You should get a job as soon as possible.）

It's my first time clocking out so early.（这是我第一次这么早打卡下班。）

这个句子里的It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语clocking out so early（这么早打卡下班）

clock除了可以作名词表示“钟表”，也可以作动词，表示“达到某个时间”

这里的clock out，指的是“达到了出去的时间、到了下班的时间”，专门指的是“打卡下班”。相对的是clock in（打卡上班）

I’ve got great plans for tonight. I'm gonna celebrate!（我今晚要出去嗨。我要去好好庆祝一下！）

I'm gonna…（我将要……。）。这里的gonna，是going to的口语说法。I’m going的字面意思是“我正在去”，去做什么呢？后面的to do就是将要“去做”什么。换句话说，其实I’m gonna也是“现在进行时表将来”的用法。比如说：

I’m gonna get married / I’m getting married
I’m too hungry. I’m gonna have two hamburgers !

celebrate作动词，表示“庆祝”，可以单独用，也可以在后面接名词，表示“庆祝的事”。比如说：

We celebrate Christmas every year.（我们每年都庆祝圣诞节）

headache [ˈhedeɪk] n. 头痛

这是个合成词，由head（名词“头”）和ache（名词“疼痛”）组成。类似的合成词还有很多，比如：

toothache（牙疼），heartache（心痛、伤心），stomachache（肚子疼、胃疼）等等

另外，ache本身也可以作动词，表示“疼”。比如说：

I'm aching all over.（我浑身疼。）

stress [stres] n. 精神压力；心理负担；紧张

这个词从读音上和strict（形容词“严厉的”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“拉紧、紧绷”有关。strict指的是“严格遵守规则、毫不松懈”。比如说：

My English teacher is very strict.（我的英语老师非常严厉。）

stress作名词，表示“精神压力、心理负担”，也就是“内心紧绷、没办法放松下来”。比如说：

Headaches may be a sign of stress.（头痛可能是紧张的迹象。）
He’s under great stress at the moment.（他现在处于巨大的压力之下。）

promotion [prəˈməʊʃn] n. 提升；晋升；促销活动；推广；促进

promote [prəˈməʊt] vt. 促进；提升；推销；发扬

前缀pro-表示“向前”；后面的-mot(e)-从读音上和move（动词“移动”）有关。promote的字面意思，是“向前动”，作动词表示“促进”。比如说：

Exercise can promote good health.（锻炼能够促进身体健康。）

生活里，promote作动词，还有两个常见的意思。一个叫做“晋升”，也就是“向前迈步、在职场上更上一层楼”。比如说：

She worked hard and was soon promoted.（她工作勤奋，不久就得到了岗位晋升。）

另一个叫做“推广、促销”，也就是“推动理念的传播，或者产品的销售”。比如说：

The writer is promoting his new books.（那个作家正在推广他的新书。）

promotion作名词，除了可以表示“推广、促进、岗位晋升”，也是我们平时在超市里经常可以见到的一个单词，表示“促销”。你见过吗？

congratulate [kənˈɡrætʃuleɪt] vt. 祝贺；恭喜；庆贺

congratulate作动词表示“恭喜、祝贺”，后面可以直接接祝贺的对象。比如说：

I’m gonna congratulate him tomorrow.（明天我要去祝贺他。）

生活里，我们也经常会用这个词的名词复数形式“Congratulations!”作为祝贺的常用语。比如说：

I heard you just got promoted. Congratulations!（我听说你刚刚升职了。祝贺你！）

expand [ɪkˈspænd] v. 扩大；增加；扩张

这个词的前缀ex-表示“向外”，我们熟悉的EXIT（安全出口），字面意思就是“走出去”。后面的pand从读音上和pass（通过）有关，再往前推，这两个部分都和“迈步”有关。pass（通过）指的是“迈步跨过去”，expand作动词，字面意思是“迈步走出去”，作动词表示“扩张、扩大”。比如说：

Children’s vocabulary can expand through reading.（孩子的词汇量可以通过阅读得到扩大。）
There is no plan to expand the airport.（他们没有扩建机场的计划。）

marketing [ˈmɑː(r)kɪtɪŋ] n. 促销，营销；市场营销

market [ˈmɑː(r)kɪt] vt. 推销；营销 n. 市场

market作为名词其实我们并不陌生，生活里我们说的“超市”，英语叫supermarket，也就是“超级市场”。market作动词，表示“营销”，比如通过广告的方式让人们去买你的产品。比如说：

We need another way to market our new product.（我们需要另一种方式来营销我们的新产品。）

content [ˈkɒntent; ˈkɑːntent] n. 内容；目录 [kənˈtent] adj. 满足的；知足的

content这个词，从读音上和contain（动词“包含”）有关。比如说：

This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.（这种饮料不含任何酒精。）

content作名词，指的是“包含之物”，也就是“内容”。比如说：

This movie has very beautiful scenes, but its content is not very good.（这部电影的拍摄场景很漂亮，但是内容不好。）

content作名词，还可以表示“目录”，也就是“提前告诉你都有什么内容”

另外，content也可以作形容词，但是读音会变成[kənˈtent]，表示“满足的、知足的”，也就是“想要的都包括了”，也是个生活里很实用的词。比如说：

He is very content with his life.（他对自己的生活非常满足。）

creator [kriˈeɪtə(r)] n. 创造者

create [kriˈeɪt] vt. 创造；创作

这个词前面的-cre-意思是grow（生长、发展）；后面是一个动词后缀-ate。create作动词，表示“创造、创作”。比如说：

If you want to practice your English, you need to create an English environment around you.（如果你想练英语，你需要在身边创造一套英语环境。）

creator作名词，表示“创造的人、创造者”。

talent [ˈtælənt] n. 天资；天赋；人才，有才能的人

talent作名词，可以表示“天资、天赋”。比如说：

I don’t have any talent for music.（我没有任何音乐天赋。）

talent作名词，也可以表示“人才、有才能的人”。比如说：

He is a great talent.（他是个了不起的人才。）

/k/ 口播：舌后部抵住口腔顶部，阻塞气流。然后舌头移开，释放气流：/k/。你来张嘴说一下：/k/。

/g/ 口播：舌后部抵住口腔顶部，阻塞气流。然后舌头移开，释放气流，同时声带振动：/g/。你来张嘴说一下：/g/。

也就是说：除了声带震动，/k/和/g/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/k/ car, keep, kind, back, stomach

/g/ girl, go, leg, egg, bag

caught vs. got

back vs. bag

keep going（继续走） /kiːp/ /ˈɡəʊɪŋ/

black bag（黑包） /blæk/ /bæɡ/

1. How many cookies could a good cook cook if a good cook could cook cookies?（如果一个好厨师能做饼干，那么这个好厨师能做多少饼干呢？）

2. Keep your keys in your pocket.（把你的钥匙放在你的口袋里。）

3. The government is making great progress to keep the city green.（政府在保持城市绿化方面正在取得很大进展。）

4. Are you going jogging with the girl?（你要跟那个女孩去慢跑吗？）

1. An old dog cannot learn new tricks.（老狗学不了新把戏。）

2. A fox may grow gray, but never good.（江山易改本性难移。）

在英语里，一般现在时主要出现在三种情况里：

1.一般现在时可以表示“此时此刻的情况”。我们来回顾几个：

Lesson 1: I wake up in the morning.

Lesson 1: I am so sleepy.

Lesson 2: I go to the bathroom.

Lesson 2: The water is cold!

Lesson 5: I unlock my new bike.

Lesson 6: I walk to the bus stop.

在以上这些例子里，都是用一般现在时来表示说话人说话时的情况。

2. 一般现在时可以表示“习惯性的动作或喜好，通常和always/often/usually/sometimes等频度副词连用。我们来回顾几个：

Lesson 3: I enjoy cooking.

Lesson 3: I hate washing dishes.

Lesson 7: I usually choose the Premier type of car.

Lesson 8: I always let the pedestrians pass first.

Lesson 8: I always keep a safe driving distance.

Lesson 10: During the meeting, I usually give a project update and get feedback.

3. 一般现在时还可以表示“客观事实或者真理”。我们来回顾几个：

Lesson 5: It's important to ride safely.

Lesson 8: It's important to obey the traffic rules.

Lesson 9: I work for an international company.

Lesson 9: My company is located in suburban Beijing.

简单来说，一般现在时是最容易学的一个时态，因为句子里的动词不涉及到太复杂的动词变位，直接用动词原形就可以了。但是，如果在一般现在时里，主语是第三人称单数，动词就要在形式上有所区分，用“以形表意”的方式来告诉我们主语是第三人称个体。为什么要特殊指出第三人称单数呢？实际上英语这门语言不断演变到现在，基本只有第三人称单数的变化留下来了。我们来回顾几个这种类型的句子：

Lesson 5: It takes me another thirty minutes to get to the office.

Lesson 7: The driver speaks politely. He asks me to put on my seatbelt.

Lesson 8: It feels so good to drive.

Lesson 8: It helps to avoid tailgating.

Lesson 12: It turns out that I've got a promotion.

Lesson 12: It looks like I've got the chance to expand my team.

这个时候我们就会发现，在一般现在时里，如果第三人称单数作主语，比如It，the driver等等，后面的谓语动词直接加-s就可以了，比如takes，asks, feels等。

第三人称单数动词的词尾变化，除了直接加-s，还有两种常见的情况：

以ch，sh，s，x，o结尾的动词，词尾加-es。比如：teach-teaches，wash-washes，guess-guesses，fix-fixes，do-does等等。为什么要这么写呢？主要有两个原因：

第一，如果直接在这类动词后面加-s，读音会很不方便。你可以自己读一下：teachs，washs，guesss，fixs。

第二，以-o结尾的动词，比如do，go，如果直接在后面加-s，按照英语的读音习惯，会产生读音混淆，读成dos /dɒs/，gos /ɡʌs/。

以辅音字母+-y结尾的动词，-y变-i，再加-es。比如：cry-cries，fly-flies，study-studies等等。之所以这么变化，也是为了让读音和写法统一，否则直接在-y后面加s，这几个单词就可能读成crys /krɪz/，flys /flɪz/，studys /ˈstʌdɪz/（短音/ɪ/。特别需要指出一点，studies的正确读法应该是 /‘stʌdiz/，i在这里发音更像长元音/iː/，而不是短元音/ɪ/。

简单来说，英语动词第三人称单数的不规则写法，往往都是和这门语言本身的读音有关。关于更多第三人称单数动词的写法和读音问题，我们在后期的课程里也会不断遇到。

现在进行时主要出现在以下几种情况里：

1. 现在进行时可以表示“此刻正在进行的动作”。我们来回顾一些例子：

Lesson 6: Oh! My bus is arriving.

Lesson 6: I'm looking for an empty seat.

Lesson 6: The company shuttle bus is waiting at the next stop.

Lesson 6: This is wasting too much time.

Lesson 7: It's raining. No, it's pouring!

Lesson 11: My boss is talking to my colleague.

Lesson 11: I'm trying to avoid eye contact with my boss.

Lesson 11: I'm struggling to come up with a new solution.

Lesson 11: I'm racing against time.

Lesson 11: I'm checking every detail before handing in the plan.

2. 现在进行时可以表示“现阶段正在发生的事情，但不一定是此刻正在进行的具体动作”。比如说：

（1）I’m writing a new book lately.（最近我在写一本新书。）

（2）She’s working in a bank now.（她现在在一家银行工作。）

3. 现在进行时也可以表示“经常性的动作”，经常和always，forever这类副词连用，表示各种情绪。比如说：

（1）You’re always working all the time.（你老是工作/你就知道工作。）（抱怨）

（2）She’s forever complaining about something.（她永远在抱怨着什么。）（抱怨）

（3）He’s always helping others.（他总是乐于助人。）（赞美）

4. 在口语里，现在进行时也可以表示“将来的动作”，往往指的是已经安排好的事情。我们在前三个单元里也见过这类用法，一起来回顾一下吧：

Lesson 11: I'm not giving up.

Lesson 12: I'm gonna celebrate!

动词进行时的写法变化：

（1）一般直接在动词原形后面加-ing就可以。比如：look-looking，wait-waiting，talk-talking等等。

（2）以不发音的尾字母-e结尾的动词，去掉-e再加-ing。比如：waste-wasting，struggle-struggling，race-racing等等。

（3）以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，这个音节又重读，单词末尾字母要双写（x除外），再加-ing。比如：swim-swimming，begin-beginning，plan-planning等等。之所以末尾字母双写，也是为了避免读音混淆。比如说，如果把plan的进行时态写成planing，别人有可能误解这是动词plane（名词“飞机”，动词“用刨子刨平”）的进行时。

（4）还有一些以-ie结尾的单词，在进行时态里要先把-ie变成-y，再加-ing。比如：die-dying，lie-lying等等。这么做的目的，还是为了避免读音混淆。

另外，在现实生活里，还有少数动词的-ing形式也会因为地区习惯不同而导致写法不同，比如英国人把travel（旅行）的进行时写成travelling，但是美国人会直接写成traveling，不会双写字母l。这类词很少，我们遇到的时候不要觉得有什么对错就好了。

在第三单元里，还出现了一些包含现在完成时的句子，不过到目前为止我们只是把这类句子统一当成了一个句型来处理，叫做I’ve got…（我有……）。现在就让我们来一起回顾一下这些句子吧：

Lesson 12: I've got a headache because of work stress.

Lesson 12: I've got an email from our boss.

Lesson 12: It turns out that I've got a promotion.

Lesson 12: I've got several marketing people, but I haven't got any content creators.

Lesson 12: I've got great plans for tonight.

作为在日常生活里非常高频的一类时态，现在完成时的用法我们会在下一个单元里更深入地学习，目前为止你只需要对这个时态有个初步的认识就可以了。

I’ve made a reservation for two in the restaurant.（我在餐厅订了两个人的位子。）

make a reservation，字面意思是“做一个预订”，汉语直接翻译成“预订”。这里的I’ve made是I have made的简写，have是助动词，跟后面动词的“过去分词形式”made一起构成“现在完成时态”，表示“现在已经……”，也就是：have+done（done是do的过去分词）。这里就有个问题：什么叫“过去分词”？

其实很简单。在英语里，一个动词的变化主要有四种“形式”：现在式、过去式（过去时态）、现在分词（进行时态）和过去分词（完成时态）。所谓的“分词”，就是“分别担任动词和形容词两种词性的词”。换句话说，英语的大多数分词除了可以当动词，也可以当形容词。我们分别来举两个例子：

现在分词：

He is eating now.（他现在正在吃东西。）（进行时“正在吃”）
He has a great eating habit.（他有一个很好的饮食习惯。）（形容词“饮食的”）

过去分词：

I have finished my homework.（我把我的作业做完了。）（完成时“结束、做完”）
I’m not finished.（我还没结束呢。）（形容词“结束的、完成的”）

同时，英语动词的完成时态，大多数也是直接在动词原形后面加-ed，我们可以通过前面有没有助动词have来判断动作是过去时还是完成时。不过目前阶段我们还不需要对这些语法有更深入的了解，简单知道个框架就够了。

我们再来看一下原文这句话：I’ve made a reservation for two in the restaurant. 这里的for two，指的是“为了两个人”。简单来说：make a reservation for+具体的人数，指的就是“做了多少人的预订”。你也来造个类似的句子吧？我在餐厅定了一个三人桌：

I’ve made a reservation for three in the restaurant

I was hoping to treat my friend tonight.（我想今晚请我朋友吃饭。）

I was hoping to…我（本来）希望……

I was hoping to give you a surprise
I was hoping to get there not too late, but it was already after midnight
I was hoping to see you today
I was hoping to go with you, but I can’t go now

The waiter showed me to my table.（服务生带我来到了我的座位。）

这里有两个单词我们要注意：首先，waiter由wait（动词“等候”）加一个表示人的名词后缀-er组成，字面意思是“等候者”，指的是“在餐桌旁边等候服务别人的人”，也就是“服务员”。其次，show作名词可以表示“表演”，也就是“秀”。作动词，可以表示“给……看”，延伸含义是“给……带路”。原文里的showed me to my table，指的就是“带我到我订的餐桌前”。另外一个例子：

The nurse showed us to the waiting room

My friend hasn't arrived yet.（我的朋友还没到。）

这里的hasn’t arrived指的是has not arrived，是个现在完成时的否定句，表示“没有到达”。后面的yet是作副词，表示“尚未发生的事情”，汉语可以翻译成“还”。也就是说：我朋友还没到。另外一个例子：

I haven't finished today's work yet

I’ve been waiting for her for ten minutes.（我已经等了十分钟了。）

I’ve been…，全称叫I have been…，后面经常接动词的现在分词形式doing，表示“我一直在……”。比如说：

I've been travelling all day
I’ve been yawning all day

这句话里有个很常见的搭配，叫做wait for…，字面意思是“为了……等待”，其实就是“等待……”。比如说：

I've been waiting for your call
I've been waiting for the right time 时机

这句话里的for ten minutes表示“持续了10分钟”。for作介词，除了可以表示“为了”，也可以接时间或距离，表示“持续了……”。比如说：

I'm going away for a few days.（我要离开几天。）
We walked for miles.（我们走了好几英里。）

I wonder if she's got my message.（我在想她有没有收到我的信息。）

I wonder if…（我想知道是否……）比如说：

I wonder if you can help me
I wonder if she’s waiting for me now

After a while, she finally showed up.（过了一会儿，她终于出现了。）

after a while表示“过了一会儿”

show up表示“露面”同时

finally作副词表示“最终、终于”，这里是作时间状语：

After three hours, he finally showed up

I guess she was stuck in traffic.（我猜她之前是堵在路上了。）

stuck作形容词表示“被卡住的、被困住的”。be stuck in traffic，字面意思是“被困在了交通里”，也就是“被堵在路上了”：

I’m sorry I’m late. I was stuck in traffic

The waiter brought us a menu.（服务生给我们拿来了菜单。）

brought是bring（带来）的过去式。这里有个结构，叫做bring sb. sth.（给某人带来某物）。比如说：

Bring me my book / Bring my book to me
Can you bring me some water?/Can you bring some water to me?

Let’s see what they have got here.（让我们来看看他们这儿都有什么。）

Let’s see…（让我们看看……）

Let’s see what he will do next
Let’s see who will be right
Let's see who will win the game

We ordered their signature dishes.（我们点了他们的招牌菜。）

signature作名词是“签名”的意思。signature dish指的是一个厨师或者一家餐厅的“招牌菜”。同时，dish这类名词变复数加-es，也是为了让读音更方便。

They should be great.（它们应该不错。）

We have finished everything.（我们全吃光了。）

The food here is out of this world.（这里的菜真是世间少有。）

这里有个很好的表达，叫做out of this world，字面意思是“在这个世界以外”，也就是“世间少有、举世无双”的意思。

I paid the bill with a credit card and signed the receipt.（我用信用卡结了账，签了收据。）

paid是pay（动词“付钱”）的过去式。像这类不规则动词的变化，我们后期会专门总结。

What a wonderful dinner!（真是一顿美好的晚餐！）

What a…!（多么……的一个……啊！）

What a wonderful dinner (it is)!
What a beautiful girl (she is)!
What an interesting book it is !
What an exciting game!
What a nice dog!

What引导的感叹句，和我们之前学过的How引导的感叹句有什么区别？区别就在于强调的词性不一样，What（什么）强调的是“形容词+名词”，比如

What a beautiful girl she is!
What an interesting book it is!

How（多么）强调的是“形容词或者副词”，比如

How beautiful she is!
How quickly things change!

reservation [ˌrezə(r)ˈveɪʃn] n.预约，预订

reserve [rɪˈzɜː(r)v] vt.预约，预订（座位、席位、房间等）

前缀re-表示“回来”；中间的-serv-表示“保留、看管”，我们熟悉的serve（动词“服务”），其实字面意思就是“在旁边看护好”。reserve的字面意思，“保留回来、保留下来、不再给别人”，作动词专门指的是“预约、预订、座位、房间等”。比如说：

I reserved a double room at the hotel.（我在那个酒店预订了一个双人房。）

reserve作动词，也可以表示“保留、把……留给……”，也就是“看管好、不再作它用”的意思。比如说：

These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies.（这些座位是专留给老人和抱小孩的妇女的。）

reservation作名词，表示“预约、预订”。一般我们会用make a reservation来表示“预订座位、房间”等

reservation作名词，也可以表示“保留”，我们平时说的“毫无保留”，就叫做:

without any reservation / without reservation

treat [triːt] vt.对待；请客，款待；治疗，医治

treat作动词，表示“对待”。比如说：My parents still treat me like a child.（我的父母仍然把我当成孩子对待。）

treat作动词，也可以表示“请客、款待”。比如说：Do you have time? I want to treat you to dinner.（你有空吗？我想请你去吃晚饭。）

treat作动词，还可以表示是“治疗、医治”，也就是“医生对待病人”。比如说：No one knows how to treat this disease.（没人知道怎么治疗这种病。）

wonder [ˈwʌndə(r)] vi.疑惑，想知道；感到惊讶，觉得惊奇n.惊讶；惊叹

wonder作名词，表示“惊叹、奇迹”，其实我们并不算陌生，因为我们熟悉的wonderful（奇妙的、精彩的），字面意思就是full of wonders（充满惊叹的、充满奇迹的）。生活里现实存在的很多伟大的人类巨作，比如中国的长城（the Great Wall），埃及的金字塔（pyramid）等等，都叫做wonders of the world（世界奇迹）

wonder也可以作动词，表示“感到惊讶、觉得惊奇、想知道为什么”，所以我们也把wonder翻译成“疑惑、想知道”。比如说：

I wonder if we can have dinner tonight.（我想知道今晚我们能不能一起吃饭。）

反过来，英语里经常用no wonder表示“不足为奇”，结合语境汉语往往翻译成“难怪”。比如说：

You’ve already had lunch, no wonder you’re not hungry.（你已经吃过午饭了，难怪你不饿。）

menu [ˈmenjuː] n.菜单

这个词从读音上和-mini-（词根“小、迷你”）有关，指的是“有琐碎小细节的清单”，现在专指“菜单”。比如说：

Let’s see what is on the menu today.（让我们看看今天的菜单上有些什么菜。）

order [ˈɔ(r)ːdə(r)] v.点菜；命令；订货n.顺序，次序；秩序；命令；点菜；订货

order作名词，本意是“顺序、次序”。比如说：

Can you put everything in order?（你能把所有东西按顺序放好吗？）这里的in order，字面意思是“处于顺序里”，也就是“按顺序”。

平时，我们说的“公共秩序”，英语叫做public order，指的就是“一切井然有序”

order由“顺序”的意思，延伸出了“按顺序进行”，比如“点菜、命令、订货”等等，都是“收到指令后按顺序做”。可以作名词，也可以作动词。比如说：

The officer ordered them to fire
Have you ordered yet?

sign [saɪn] n.符号，标志，迹象v.签署，签名

sign作名词，表示“符号、标志、迹象”。比如说：

Headaches may be a sign of stress.（头疼可能是紧张的迹象。）

我们在马路上看到的各种“路标”，英语就叫做road signs。

sign作动词，表示“写下标记”，生活里往往指的是“签署、签名”。比如说：

Sign your name here, please.（请在这里签名。）

另外，今天的课文里还出现了一个词，叫做：signature [ˈsɪɡnətʃə(r)] n.签名；署名

就是动词sign加上一个名词后缀-ature组成的词。比如说：

Can I have your signature?（能给我签个名吗？）

同时，一家餐厅的“招牌菜”，英语叫做signature dish；一个运动员的“招牌动作”，英语叫做signature move，指的都是“含有自身特点的标志”

receipt [rɪˈsiːt] n.收据；收条

这个词从读音上和receive（动词“收到”）有关，指的是“用书面形式告诉别人你收到了”，专门指的是“收条、收据”。比如说：

I wrote her a receipt for the money.（我为那笔钱给她开了张收据。）

今天我们开始我们来学习英语的“摩擦音”。所谓的“摩擦音”，指的是“发音器官造成的缝隙使气流产生摩擦而发出的声音”。今天我们学的一对摩擦音，分别是 /f/ 和 /v/。

/f/ 口播：上牙齿轻轻咬住下嘴唇，气流通过上齿和下唇间的缝隙出来：/f/。你来张嘴说一下：/f/。

/v/ 口播：舌上牙齿轻轻咬住下嘴唇，气流通过上齿和下唇间的缝隙出来，同时声带振动：/v/。你来张嘴说一下：/v/。

也就是说：除了声带震动，/f/和/v/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/f/ feel, first, coffee, phone, laugh

/v/ very, travel, every, have, leave

leaf vs. leave

off vs. of

fifty-five（五十五） /ˈfɪfti/ /faɪv/

have fun（玩得开心）/hæv/ /fʌn/

1. I want to fly to France and visit my friend.（我想飞去法国拜访我的朋友。）

2. My friends are all very friendly.（我的朋友们都很友好。）

3. I will leave at five past seven.（我七点零五分走。）

4. Steve lives in a far village.（史蒂夫住在一个很远的村庄。）

1. Forbidden fruit is sweet.（禁果最甜。）

2. Everything is good when new, but friends when old.（凡事都是新的好，朋友却是老的好。）

今天的文本，一共16句话，分别是8个动作和对应的8个想法。因为所有的动作都已经发生过了，讲话人是站在现在的角度描述过去的动作，所以8个动作的动词都是一般过去时。而每个动作对应的想法，都是当时做相应动作那一刻脑子里的所思所想，所以8个想法的动词都是一般现在时。

A lot of new movies came out last weekend.（上周有很多新电影上映了。）

a lot表示“许多”，许多什么呢？后面的of表示从属关系，表示“……当中的许多”，比如a lot of people（人当中的许多），也就是“许多人”的意思。

came是come的过去式。come out字面意思是“走出来”。比如说：

I can't come out tonight. I have to prepare for my exam.

生活里结合不同的语境，除了字面意思以外，come out还可以翻译成“书籍发布、电影上映”等等很多延伸含义：

When will your new book come out?

I’d like to go to the cinema tonight.（我今晚想去看电影。）

I’d like to…，全称是I would like to…，字面意思是“我会喜欢去……”，用来描述自己接下来的打算，汉语翻译成“我想要去……”。相比I want to…，I would like to…显得更委婉、也更礼貌一些。I’d like to…，也是一个非常高频的口语句型。比如说：

I'd like to learn a new language
I’d like to invite you to dinner tonight.

I wanted to book a ticket online.（我当时想在网上订票。）

book除了当名词表示“书”，也可以作动词，表示“记录在书内、把名字写下来”，汉语翻译成“预约，预订”。book a ticket，就是“订一张票”的意思。再比如说：

I’d like to book a table for two at 8 o'clock tonight
I'd like to make a reservation for two at 8 o'clock tonight.

online是个合成词，由on（介词“在上面”）和line（名词“线、线路”）组成。online的字面意思就是我们所说的“在线、线上”，也就是“在网上”

Should I go for an action movie or a comedy?（我应该选动作片还是喜剧片？）

go for的字面意思是“为了……而去”。比如说：

Let's go for a drink
Let’s go for a walk.
Should I go for this car or that car? 选这辆还是那辆

电影的类型有很多，按剧情来分，除了action movie（动作片），comedy（喜剧片），常见的还有drama（剧情片），horror（恐怖片），thriller（惊悚片），science fiction（科幻片，简称sci-fi），epic（史诗片），romance（爱情片），documentary（纪录片）等等

The tickets were selling out quickly.（票当时卖得还真是快。）

sell out表示“卖出去”，这里是用过去进行时were selling out来表示票“当时正在不断往外卖”，也就是“很多人都在同一时间买票”，进行时的表达很有画面感。

I have trouble making decisions.（我迟迟拿不定主意。）

I have trouble doing sth.（我做某事有困难。）

I have trouble understanding the words
I have trouble remembering names

decision是decide（动词“决定”）的名词形式。make a decision表示“做决定”。

I got to the cinema before the rush hour.（我在晚高峰前赶到了电影院。）

这里的got是get的过去式。got to the cinema是对过去动作的描述，表示说话人说话时，“到电影院”这个动作已经发生过了。

Wow, the theater is already full of people.（哇，电影院已经人山人海了。）

already作副词，表示“已经”。比如说：

He has already left
I’ve already finished my work

I printed out my ticket and had it checked.（我把票打了出来，检了票。）

have sth. + done，表示“让某事被做、让别人做某事”。这里的had it checked表示“让票处于被检查过的状态”，也就是“检了票”。我们再来举个例子，比如说：

I want to have my hair cut. 字面意思是：我想让我的头发被剪掉。其实就是“我想理发”的意思
我需要找人修我的自行车。（I need to have my bike repaired.）

I can't wait to watch the movie. （我等不及看电影了。）

I can’t wait to…（我等不及去……了）。你也可以理解成：我迫不及待要去……了。后面接动词原形，表示要去做什么。比如说：

I can't wait to see you!
I can’t wait to go home

People were checking their phones all the time.（当时总是有人一直在看手机。）

这里用过去进行时表示一种抱怨的情绪。另外，check their phones，字面意思是“检查他们的手机”，其实就是“查看手机、打开手机看”的意思。你也来造个句子吧：

You’re always eating all the time  你总是吃个不停。/你就知道吃吃吃

Is it so difficult to put your phone down for two hours?!（把手机放下两小时就那么难吗？！）

简单来说，这句话就是一个疑问句：Is it so difficult?（这件事就这么难吗？）其中，这里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to put your phone down for two hours（把你的手机放下两个小时）

The movie failed to tell a good story.（这电影没能讲好一个故事。）

fail to do sth.，表示“失败做某事”，也就是“没能做好某事”。比如说：

He failed to keep his promise.（他没能遵守他的诺言。）
我没能通过考试。（I failed to pass the exam.）

I feel disappointed.（我感到很失望。）

disappointed这个词，由disappoint（动词“使失望”）和一个后缀-ed组成，表示“失望的”。

顺便说一下，英语里的很多动词，词尾加上-ing和-ed之后，都会有形容词的词性。其中，动词的-ing形式叫“现在分词”，动词的-ed形式叫“过去分词”。而所谓的“分词”，指的就是“分别具有动词和形容词两种词性的词”

I left early.（我提前离场了。）

left是leave（动词“离开”）的过去式。

It’s a total waste of time and money.（真是浪费时间和金钱。）

It’s a total waste of…（这完全是对于……的浪费。）你也可以直接理解成：这完全是浪费……。比如说：

这完全是浪费感情。（It’s a total waste of emotion.）
这完全是浪费精力。（It’s a total waste of energy.）

action [ˈækʃn] n. 行动

act [ækt] v. 做事，行动；举止，表现；扮演 n. 行为，所做之事；一段表演

act作动词，可以表示“做事、行动”。比如说：She acted without thinking.（她不加思索就采取了行动。）

act作动词，也可以表示“举止、表现”。比如说：You’re acting like a child!（你现在的举止就像个孩子！）

act作动词，还经常用来表示“扮演”。比如说：He is acting the bad guy in the movie.（他将在这部电影里出演大反派。）

act本身也可以作名词，表示“行为、一段表演”等等各种意思。比如说：

a kind act（善举），a selfish act（自私的行为）。或者说：a very good act（一段很好的表演）。

action作名词，专门指的是“各类行动”，但是不能表示“行为举止、表演”等意思。我们一般说“采取行动”，叫做take action，但是不能说take ac

在电影行业，action movie专门指的是“动作片”。

trouble [ˈtrʌbl] n. 麻烦 v. 使烦恼

trouble可以作名词表示“麻烦”，也可以作动词表示“使烦恼”。英语里有个很有趣的谚语，叫做：

Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you.（麻烦不找你，别去惹麻烦。）

print [prɪnt] v. 印刷；打印 n. 印刷体；印刷品

print这个词，从读音上和press（动词“压、按”）有关。我们熟悉的pressure（压力），就来自press。print作动词，最早指的就是“压出来的印迹”，专指“印刷”。比如说：

They printed 30,000 copies of the book.（这本书他们印了3万册。）

现在print作动词，还可以表示“打印、刊登、发表”等等，都是“印刷”的延伸含义。比如说：

Can you print this card for me?（你能帮我打印一下这张卡片吗？）
They printed his letter in the newspaper.（他们在报纸上刊载了他的信。）

另外，print也可以作名词，表示“印刷体、印刷品”等等，也都是延伸含义。

tell [tel] v. 告诉；讲述；辨别

现在我们来总结一下英语里常见的和“说话”相关的单词。最常见的有四个，分别是：speak，say，talk，tell。不过这四个词的侧重点都不一样：

speak侧重“会说话”，或者“会说某种语言”。比如说：

Animals cannot speak human languages.（动物不会说人类的语言。）
Can you speak French?（你会说法语吗？）

speak也可以表示“发表讲话、演讲”。比如说：

He will speak at the meeting.（他将在会上讲话。）

say侧重“说什么内容、说了什么话”。比如说：

She said goodbye to all her friends and left.（她跟所有的朋友道别后就离开了。）

我们平时没听清楚别人说的话，经常会问：Can you say that again?（你能再说一遍吗？）强调的也是“说话的内容”。

talk侧重的是“谈话、聊天”，后面要跟to/with接谈话的对象，或者跟about接谈话的内容。比如说：

Can I talk to/with you for a minute?（我能跟你谈一会儿吗？）
What are you talking about?（你在说什么？）

tell侧重“告诉、讲述”。比如说：

Tell me if you need my help.（如果你需要帮忙就告诉我。）
Can you tell a story to me?（你能给我讲个故事吗？）

如果两样事物你讲不出区别，可以说：I can’t tell the difference. 所以汉语也会把tell翻译成“辨别”

disappointed [ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd] adj. 失望的

disappoint [ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt] vt. 使失望

再往前推，这个词的前缀dis-表示“相反”；中间的ap-是ad-的变体，也是个很常见的前缀，从读音上和at相关，表示“朝、去”。之所以写成ap-，是为了和后面的字母p连起来的时候读音方便；最后的point是名词“点”。disappoint的字面意思，是“违背了一个点、没能去一个点”，指的是“没能达到双方指定的目标”，作动词表示“使失望”。比如说：

I'm sorry to disappoint you.（很抱歉让你失望了。）

disappointed作形容词，表示“失望的”。比如说：

I’m very disappointed with the result.（我对结果表示非常失望。）

/s/ 口播：在舌尖和上齿龈之间留下一点缝隙，让气流出来，声带不振动：/s/。你来张嘴说一下：/s/。

/z/ 口播：在舌尖和上齿龈之间留下一点缝隙，让气流出来，声带振动：/z/。你来张嘴说一下：/z/。

也就是说：除了声带振动，/s/和/z/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/s/ sit, class, place, police, science

/z/ easy, husband, zoo, scissors, jazz

police vs. please

sip vs. zip

first visit（首次拜访） /fɜː(r)st/ /ˈvɪzɪt/

some businessmen（一些商人） /sʌm/ /'bɪznɪsmen/

1. Have you seen my glasses?（你见到我的眼镜了吗？）

2. See you in the same place on Saturday.（周六在老地方见。）

3. My favorite music is jazz.（我最喜欢的音乐是爵士乐。）

4. What time does the zoo close?（动物园几点关门？）

1. Business is business.（公事公办。）

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.（黑暗中总有一线光明。）

I’ve been working for ten hours.（我已经连续工作了十个小时。）

我们之前学过I’ve been doing…这个句型，表示“我一直在做……”。进一步来讲，been是be动词的过去分词。I’ve been doing这个句型，描述的是“边完成边持续进行的动作”，在语法上也叫“现在完成进行时”

It’s time to take a break and go to the gym.（该休息一下，去健身房了。）

take a break（休息一下），go to the gym（去健身房）

The first thing is to warm up.（首先是热身。）

The first thing is to…（首先要做的是去……。）比如说：

If you want to learn English well, the first thing is to choose a good course.
When I get home, the first thing is to take a shower.

同时，这句话里还有个搭配，叫做warm up，字面意思是“热起来”，指的是“给身体预热、热身”的意思

It’s vital to start slow.（开始要慢一点，这点至关重要。）

It's vital to…，后面接动词原形，表示“做……是至关重要的。”比如说：

It’s vital to make the right decision
It’s vital to keep a clear head

I ran on the treadmill for 15 minutes.（我在跑步机上跑了十五分钟。）

ran是run（动词“跑”）的过去式。后面的on the treadmill是地点状语，表示“在跑步机上跑”；for 15 minutes是时间状语，表示“持续了15分钟”。同时，treadmill是个合成词，由tread（动词“踩”）和mill（名词“磨坊”）组成。“磨坊”最早指的是“通过不断走路来磨东西的屋子”，而treadmill指的是“通过不断走路或跑步来紧跟转速的机器”，专门指的是“跑步机”

I’ve already sweated a lot.（我已经出了很多汗了。）

这是一个典型的现在完成时的句子。其中I’ve already sweated（我已经出汗了）是主要信息；后面的a lot（很多）是表程度的副词短语，表示“出了很多汗”

I’ve done three sets of push-ups and pull-ups.（我做了三组俯卧撑和三组引体向上。）

这里的set是“一组、一套”的意思。a set of push-up，就是“一组俯卧撑”；three sets of push-ups，就是“三组俯卧撑”

push-up是个合成词，由push（动词“推”）和up（副词“向上”）组成。push-up的字面意思是“向上推”，专门指的是“俯卧撑”

pull-up也是个合成词，由pull（动词“拉”）和up（副词“向上”）组成。pull-up的字面意思是“向上拉”，专门指的是“引体向上”

你也来造个句子吧：我每天做五组俯卧撑，三组引体向上：

I do five sets of push-ups and three sets of pull-ups every day

It helps to build my strength.（这有助于我增加力量。）

build my strength，字面意思是“建立我的力量”，其实就是“增加力量”的意思

I’ve done some barbell exercises to build muscle.（我做了几组杠铃练习来增肌。）

barbell也是个合成词，由bar（长条）和bell（铃铛）组成，指的是“带长杆的、两头有重量的、需要双手使用的举重器械”，汉语叫做“杠铃”

健身房还有一种常见的器械，叫做dumbbell，由dumb（形容词“哑的”）和bell（名词“铃铛”）组成，指的是“带短杆的、两头有重量、一般单手使用的健身器械”，汉语叫做“哑铃”

build muscle，字面意思是“建立肌肉”，其实就是“增肌”的意思：

I do dumbbell exercises every day to build muscle

Come on! You got this!（加油！你可以的！）

Come on! 是个非常实用的口语表达，而且在不同的语境下，意思也略有不同。我来给你举一些例子：

安慰：比如你看到朋友的心情不好，遇到烦心事了，然后你说：Come on! Everything will be fine soon.（振作起来！一切很快都会好的。）

催促：比如你朋友做事比较磨叽，你等得有点着急，然后你说：Come on! We don’t have much time!（快点儿！我们时间不多了！）

鼓励：比如你朋友在参加比赛，你在赛场上给他加油，就可以说：Come on! You’re the best!（加油！你是最棒的！）

怀疑：你朋友跟你说了一件事，你不相信，然后你说：Oh, come on! That can’t be true!（得了吧！那不可能是真的！）

你也来说几个句子吧？比如：

你和朋友参加一个聚会快迟到了，你说：快点！我们要迟到了！（Come on! We’re gonna be late!）

你朋友跟你说了一件你不相信的事，你说：得了吧！那不可能！（Come on! That’s impossible!）

You got this! 字面意思是“你达到这件事了”，指的是“你行的！/你可以的！”也是鼓励自己或别人时常说的话。该你了：加油！你可以的！

I finished my training with stretching.（我做了拉伸动作来结束锻炼。）

这句话的主要信息是I finished my training（我结束了我的锻炼）；后面的with stretching（用拉伸的方式）是方式状语。也就是说：我用了拉伸的方式结束了锻炼

We finished the party with singing

Cooling down is a must.（缓和运动是必须的。）

...is a must.（……是必须的。）

When other people help you, saying “Thank you” is a must
For Spring Festival, dumpling is a must

I’ve tried really hard to overcome my laziness.（我非常努力地想克服懒惰。）

I've tried really hard to…（我非常努力地去……。）比如说：

I've tried really hard to build strength
I've tried really hard to build muscle

It’s all about not giving up.（一切重在不要放弃。）

It's all about…，字面上是“这一切都有关……”，后面接名词或者相当于名词的词。汉语也可以理解成：一切重在……。比如说：

一切重在你的态度。（It’s all about your attitude.）
一切重在你的感觉。（It’s all about your feeling.）

I took a shower and changed my clothes.（我冲了个澡，换了衣服。）

I feel great after the workout.（锻炼之后我感觉很棒。）

workout也是个合成词，字面意思是“干活（把体能消耗）出来”，专门指的是“锻炼”

I feel great after school

vital [ˈvaɪtl] adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的

这个词前面的vita-是词根“活、生存”，英语里有个词叫做vitamin（维他命），指的是“维持生命的元素”，也就是“维生素”

vital后面是一个形容词后缀-(a)l。vital的字面意思，是“生命的、生死攸关的”，延伸含义是“至关重要的”。比如说：

She’s always vital and full of energy.（她总是生气勃勃、活力四射。）
It’s vital to help him as soon as possible.（尽早帮助他是至关重要的。）

build [bɪld] v. 建立；建造 n. 身材，体形

build作动词表示“建造、修建”。比如说：

They're building new houses by the river.（他们正在河边建新房子。）

build作动词，也可以抽象地表示“建立、创建”。比如说：

We want to build a better future for our children.（我们想为孩子创造更美好的未来。）

build后面加上-ing就是名词building“建筑物”的意思

build本身也可以当名词，表示一个人的“身材、体形”。比如说：

She is of medium build.（她中等身材。）

strength [streŋθ] n. 力量；体力；力气

这个词的形容词形式我们并不陌生，就是strong（强壮的、强大的）

strength作名词，表示“力量、力气”。比如说：

He pushed the door with all his strength.（他用尽全力去推那扇门。）
He was surprised at her strength.（他为那个女孩的力气感到惊讶）

muscle [ˈmʌsl] n. 肌肉

这个词从读音上和mouse（老鼠）有关。因为人身上的肌肉动起来，很像来回乱窜的小老鼠，所以肌肉才叫muscle。比如说：

I really want to lose some of this belly fat and turn it into muscle.（我真的想减掉一些腹部脂肪，把它变成肌肉。）

hard [hɑː(r)d] adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的 adv. 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；猛烈地；牢固地

hard这个词，基本意思是“坚固的、硬的”。英语里有个表达，叫做a hard nut to crack，字面意思是“一枚很难打破的坚果”，指的是“一个很棘手的、很难攻克的问题”。比如说：

This problem is a hard nut to crack.（这个问题很棘手。）

hard由“坚固”的意思，又慢慢延伸成了形容词“困难的”（difficult），指的也是“坚固的、难攻克的”。比如说：

This question is very hard to answer.（这个问题很难回答。）

hard作形容词，也可以表示“辛苦的”，指的是“费力的、不容易的”。比如说：

This is very hard work.（这是很辛苦的工作。）

hard作形容词，还可以表示“猛烈的、冷酷无情的”一系列的意思，指的也都是“难对付的”。比如说：

My father is a hard man.（我父亲是个很严厉的人。）
It has been a hard winter.（今年冬天非常冷。）

另外，hard也可以作副词，表示“努力地、辛苦地、猛烈地”等等这些意思。比如说：

Work hard and play hard.（努力工作，痛快玩。）
It has been raining very hard all day.（一整天雨下得都很猛烈。）

overcome [ˌəʊvə(r)ˈkʌm] v. 克服；攻克

overcome是个合成词，由over（从一头到另一头）和come（来）组成，字面意思是“从一头走到另一头”，作动词表示“克服、攻克”，也就是“从困难的一头走到胜利的一头”。比如说：

A good attitude can help you overcome many difficulties.（好的态度能帮你克服很多困难。）

laziness [ˈleɪzinəs] n. 懒惰

lazy [ˈleɪzi] adj. 懒惰的：He's too lazy to walk to work.（他很懒，不愿走路上班。）

laziness是lazy的名词形式，表示“懒惰”：Laziness is the mother of poverty.（懒惰是贫穷之母。）

/θ/ 口播：舌尖放在上下牙齿之间，不要用力咬，气流从舌尖和牙齿中间流出，声带不振动：/θ/。你来张嘴说一下：/θ/。

/ð/口播：舌尖放在上下牙齿之间，不要用力咬，气流从舌尖和牙齿中间流出，同时声带振动：/ð/。你来张嘴说一下：/ð/。

也就是说：除了声带振动，/θ/和/ð/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/θ/ thank, theater, thirsty, mouth, month

/ð/ this, that, these, those, they

注意：英语单词里出现的字母组合th，基本都是“咬舌音”，但是偶尔会发/t/，比如Thailand（泰国），Thomas（托马斯）等等。

breath / breθ / vs. breathe / briːð / （“呼吸”的名词和动词形式）

author vs. other

thirty-three（三十三） /ˈθɜː(r)ti/ /θriː/

they themselves（他们自己） /ðeɪ/ /ðəmˈselvz/

1. Thursday is my brother’s birthday.（周四是我兄弟的生日。）

2. Thank you for thinking of my birthday.（谢谢你还记得我的生日。）

3. My mother and father don't like this weather.（我的父母不喜欢这个天气。）

4. Let's get together when the weather gets better.（等天气好转了，我们一起聚聚吧。）

1. Health is better than wealth.（健康大于财富。）

2. God helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者。）

It’s been ages since last time I cooked.（我已经很久没有下厨了。）

age作名词，除了可以表示“年龄”，还可以表示“很长时间”

since作连词，表示“自从……以来”

It’s been ages since…，指的是“自从……以来，已经很长时间了”，是一个很实用的句型。比如说：

It's been ages since we met last time
It's been ages since we had dinner last time

I need to buy some groceries on my way home.（我回家路上得去买点食品杂货。）

on one’s way home，指的是“在某人回家的路上”。这句话里的on my way home是地点状语，表示“在回家的路上买点食品杂货”

I made a shopping list and headed to the nearest store.（我列了个购物清单，前往最近的一个超市。）

shopping list指的是“购物清单”

head这个词，除了可以作名词表示“头”，也可以作动词表示“朝……前进”，指的就是“头朝……走”。head to后面加地点，就表示“朝某地走去”。比如说：

He said goodbye to us and headed to the company
I’m heading to the gym

英语里经常用“the+形容词最高级+名词”，表示“最……的……”。原文里的nearest，就是near（形容词“附近的”）的最高级，表示“最近的”。the nearest store，指的就是“最近的那家商店”，因为“最”只有一个，所以形容词最高级前面往往有定冠词the，表示特指

With the list, I'm less likely to double back.（有了清单，我就不太可能（因为忘买东西）再折返回来了。）

I’m likely to…（我可能去做……。） / I'm less likely to…（我不太可能去做……。）

I’m likely to travel to many countries if I can learn English well.（如果我能学好英语，我可能会去很多国家旅游。）

I’m less likely to believe what he said.（我不大可能会相信他说的话。）

I’m likely to go to Beijing on Sunday
I’m less likely to go out tomorrow

double back，字面意思是“二次回来”，指的是“沿原路返回”，往往是因为忘了做某件事，重新回去做。比如说：

I forgot to bring my keys and had to double back

I grabbed a shopping cart.（我取了一辆购物车。）

cart这个词，从读音上很像car（汽车），生活里往往指的是“手推小车”。原文里的shopping cart，就是“购物车”的意思。

Let’s get rolling.（让我们出发吧。）

roll作动词是“旋转”的意思。在口语里，get rolling指的是“开始运转”。Let’s get rolling. 字面意思是“让我们开始运转吧”，在生活里指的是“让我们动身吧、出发吧”。比如说：

Let's get rolling. We need to be at the airport by 7:30.（出发吧。我们需要在7：30前赶到机场。）

英语里还有个表达，叫做get sth. rolling，表示“让某事开始”。比如说：

Everyone is here. Let’s get the meeting rolling.（大家都到齐了。让我们开始开会吧。）

你也可以直接用get the ball rolling来表示“开始任何活动”：

We don’t have much time. Let’s get the ball rolling!

First is the produce section.（先是农产品区。）

produce除了可以作动词表示“生产”，也可以作名词，表示“产品”，尤其指的是“农产品”。这里的produce section，指的是“农产品区”。

Vegetables are packed with vitamins and help us stay healthy and strong.（蔬菜富含维他命，帮我们保持身强体壮。）

be packed with，表示“塞满……的、充满……的”，相当于be full of…，是个很形象的说法。Vegetables are packed with vitamins. 也就是说：蔬菜富含维他命。

help sb. do sth.，表示“帮助某人做某事”。原文里的help us stay healthy and strong，指的就是“帮助我们保持健康和强壮”。你也来造个句子吧：你能帮我打开这个盒子吗？

Can you help me open the box?

stay作动词表示“待着、保持”，后面接形容词，表示“保持某种状态”。比如说

stay calm（保持冷静）
stay away from him（和他保持距离、远离他）

Then comes the meat and dairy section.（然后是肉类和乳制品区。）

也就是说：Then the meat and dairy section comes.（然后肉类和乳制品区来了。）这种主谓颠倒的句子在语法上叫做“倒装句”。类似的表达比如说：

Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）

Don’t forget cheese and milk.（别忘了奶酪和牛奶。）

Don’t forget…（别忘了……。）

Don’t forget your jacket
Don’t forget to do sth
Don’t forget to bring your jacket
Don’t forget your coat
Don’t forget to take medicine

Next is the bakery and then the deli.（下一个是烘焙区，然后是熟食区。）

通过刚才的活动轨迹，我们可以捋出来一个描述顺序的常见套路。那就是：First… Then… Next…（首先……然后……接下来……）

Wow, I'm lucky to get a bargain.（哇，我真幸运，捡了个便宜。）

I'm lucky to…（我很幸运去……。）后面接动词原形，表示去做的事情。比如说：

I'm lucky to have a friend like you.（我真幸运，有像你这样的朋友。）
我很幸运在这里碰到你。（I’m lucky to meet you here.）

get a bargain，就是“得到便宜、捡了便宜”的意思。

I've been checking the things off my list.（我一直在清单上打勾。）

这里有个很形象的表达，叫做check the things off，字面意思是“检查物品使其离开”，其实就是“把物品名字勾掉”的意思。也就是说，买了什么东西，就在这个名字旁边做个标记，表示买完了。你也来造个类似结构的句子吧：

他在清单上他们的名字旁打了钩。（He checked off their names on the list.）

Keeping track is the key to shopping quickly.（做好记录是快速购物的关键所在。）

Keep track表示“保持线路、保持追踪”，这里的Keeping track是动名词短语作主语

…is the key to…（……是通向……的关键。）

Practice is the key to good English
Hard work is the key to success.

I’ve been waiting at the checkout counter for 10 minutes.（我已经在收银台等了10分钟。）

这句话里的I’ve been waiting（我一直在等）是主要信息；后面的at the checkout counter（在收银台）是地点状语；最后的for 10 minutes（持续了10分钟）是时间状语。

Finally it's my turn.（终于轮到我了。）

Finally作副词，表示“最后”。你可以和刚才的First，Then，Next等连起来，形成一个从头到尾的表达顺序的结构。另外，It’s one’s turn，字面意思是“转到某人这里了”，也就是“轮到某人了”。

grocery [ˈɡrəʊsəri] n. 食品杂货店（groceries 食品杂货）

grocer [ˈɡrəʊsə(r)] n. 食品杂货商

再往前推，grocer来自gross（形容词“总的、毛的”），我们经常说的GDP，全称叫做Gross Domestic Product，也就是“国内生产总值”。grocer作名词，指的是“各种货物的批发商”。grocer后面加上一个名词后缀-y，就得到了另外一个名词grocery，专指“食品杂货店”。grocery的复数形式groceries，专指“食品杂货”。我们来造个句子把这几个词串起来：

He is a grocer and he sells groceries in his grocery.（他是一个食品杂货商，他在他的食品杂货店里卖食品杂货。）

list [lɪst] n. 列表；清单 vt. 将……列成单子，把……列入名单

list可以作名词，表示“列表、清单”。比如说：a shopping list（一份购物单），a price list（一张价目表）等等。

list也可以作动词，表示“将……列成单子、把……列入名单”。比如说：

I will list everyone at the party and give it to you.（我会把每一个参加派对的人列入名单然后给你。）

double [ˈdʌbl] adj. 两倍的；双份的 v. 翻番，加倍

这个词前面的dou从读音上和two（二）有关；后面的-ble从读音上和fold（动词“折叠”）有关。double的字面意思是two-fold（双重的、两折的），作形容词表示“两倍的、双份的”，我们平时订酒店要定“两人间、标准间”，英语就叫做double room。

double也可以作动词，表示“翻番、加倍”。比如说：

She wants to double her income.（她想让自己的工资翻倍。）

grab [ɡræb] vt. 突然抓住

grab作动词，表示“突然抓住”或者“匆忙抓住”，这也是个口语高频单词。比如说：

She grabbed the child's hand and ran.（她抓住孩子的手就跑。）

生活里，如果有一个难得的机会到来，我们要形容“抓住这次机会”，就经常会说grab the opportunity。比如说：

If you don't grab this opportunity, you might not get another one.（如果你不抓住这次机会，可能就没有第二次了。）

口语里如果想表达“随便吃点东西、先找点东西垫垫肚子”，经常会说：Let’s go grab a bite，字面意思是“让我们去抓个可以啃的东西吧”，是个很形象的说法

因为grab表示“突然抓住”，所以有时候也可以表示“抢夺”。比如说：

A man grabbed her bag and ran away.（一个男人夺走了她的包，然后跑掉了。）

packed [pækt] adj. 充满…的，塞满了…的

pack [pæk] v.（把……）打包；塞满，挤入 n. 一批，一套，一组，一副

pack从读音上很像bag（名词“包”），作动词表示“打包”或者“把……打包”。比如说：

He packed a few things into a bag.（他把几样东西装进了包里。）

pack作动词，也可以表示“塞满、挤入”。比如说：

We all packed together into one car.（我们都挤进了一辆汽车里。）

pack也可以作名词，表示“一批、一套、一副”等等，其实都是“包裹在一起、堆积在一起”的意思。比如

a pack of cigarettes（一包烟）
a pack of cards（一副牌）等等

packed作形容词，表示“充满……的、塞满……的”。比如说：

The book is packed with information.（这本书信息量非常大。）

bakery [ˈbeɪkəri] n. 面包店

这个词的动词形式叫做：

bake [beɪk] v. 烘，烤，焙

I'm baking a cake for myself.（我在为我自己烤蛋糕。）

bakery作名词，指的是“烤面包的地方”，也就是“面包房、面包店”。

deli [ˈdeli] n. 熟食店；熟食品

这个词从读音上和delicious（形容词“好吃的”）相关，作名词指的是“好吃的食物”，专门指的是“熟食品”或者“熟食店”。比如说：

He went to the deli to buy some food.（他进了熟食店买吃的。）

track [træk] n. 足迹，踪迹；轨迹 v. 追踪

这个词从读音上和drag（动词“拉、拽”）有关。track作名词，指的是“拉出来的一条印迹”，表示“足迹、踪迹”。比如说：

We followed the bear's tracks in the snow.（我们跟着熊在雪地上留下的足迹走。）

track作名词，也可以表示铁路等的“轨道”，或者比赛的“跑道”，同时，早期的一些唱片、CD等等的“曲目”，也叫track，因为它们的声音就是刻录在“轨道”里

checkout [ˈtʃekaʊt] n. 付款台，付款处

checkout是个合成词，字面意思是“检查然后出去”，专门指的是在商店、超市等地方“核对商品付完钱以后才能外出的地方”，也就是“付款台、收银台”，也叫做checkout counter。

counter [ˈkaʊntə(r)] n. 柜台

这个词前面的count是动词“数数”；后面是一个名词后缀-er。counter作名词，字面意思是“数钱的地方”，不过生活里往往指的是银行、商店等的“柜台”，也就是“办理业务的地方”。比如说：

She is serving behind the counter.（她正在柜台后面服务。）

finally [ˈfaɪnəli] adv. 最后；终于

final [ˈfaɪnl] adj. 最终的

再往前推，这两个词都和finish（动词“结束”）有关，这也是为什么final作形容词表示“最后的”。我们平时说的“期末考试”，英语就叫做final exam。

finally作副词，表示“最后、终于”。比如说：

Finally, he made it.（最终，他做到了。）

turn [tɜː(r)n] v. 转动；转身，扭，转弯；翻转；转变成 n.（依次轮到的）机会；轮流；转弯

turn作动词，基本意思是“转动”，我们发这个音的时候，尤其是美音，也能明显感觉到舌头“卷起来”。比如说：

He turned the key in the lock.（他转动钥匙开锁。）
Can you turn down the music?（你能把音乐声音关小点吗？）

turn作动词，可以表示“转身、扭、转弯”。比如说：

She turned to look at me.（她转过头来看着我。）
She turned her head away.（她把头扭到了一边。）
I turned the car into the car park.（我转弯把汽车开进了停车场。）

turn作动词，可以表示“翻转、翻过来”。比如英语老师讲课的时候经常会说的类似的话：

Turn to page 23 and look at the picture.（把书翻到23页，看那这张图。）

turn作动词，还可以表示“转变成”。比如说：

The weather has turned cold.（天气变冷了。）

turn也可以作名词，意思也都和“转”有关。比如说：

When you see the school sign, make a right turn.（当你看到学校标志的时候，右转弯。）

turn作名词，还可以表示“转到、轮到的机会”。比如说：

I’m waiting for my turn.（我在等着轮到我。）

/ʃ/ 口播：舌尖靠近上齿龈，舌身抵住上颚，气流从舌尖和上颚的缝隙里流出，嘴唇稍微收圆：/ʃ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ʃ/。

/ʒ/ 口播：舌尖靠近上齿龈，舌身抵住上颚，气流从舌尖和上颚的缝隙里流出，嘴唇稍微收圆，同时声带振动：/ʒ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ʒ/。

也就是说：除了声带震动，/ʃ/ 和 /ʒ/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/ʃ/ shop, machine, delicious, sugar, Russia, international

/ʒ/ Asia, television, usual, casual, treasure

pressure vs pleasure

mention vs measure

shoe shop（鞋店） /ʃuː/ /ʃɒp; ʃɑːp/

special occasion（特别的场合） /ˈspeʃl/ /əˈkeɪʒn/

1. She sells seashells on the seashore.（她在海边卖海贝壳。）

2. Tonight is a special occasion.（今晚是一个特别的场合。）

3. He is watching television in the shop.（他正在那个商店里看电视。）

4. He usually wears casual dress.（他经常穿休闲装。）

1. The shoemaker always wears the worst shoes.（鞋匠总是穿最破的鞋。）

2. There is no pleasure without pain.（没有苦就没有乐。）

在第四单元里，主要出现了英语的一般过去时、现在完成时，以及少量的过去进行时和现在完成进行时。今天我们就来一起集中回顾、总结一下这些时态。

首先，在总结之前，我们先来了解一些基本概念：

在英语里，一个动词的变化主要有四种“形式”：现在式、过去式、进行式（动词的-ing形式，也叫“现在分词”）和完成式（一般为动词的-ed形式，也叫“过去分词”）。所谓的“分词”，指的是“分别担任动词和形容词两种词性的词”。换句话说，英语的大多数分词除了可以当动词，也可以当形容词。我们分别来举两个例子：

现在分词：

He is eating now.（他现在正在吃东西。）（eating是eat的“进行式”；is eating是现在进行时；is是助动词）
He has a great eating habit.（他有一个很好的饮食习惯。）（形容词“饮食的”）

过去分词：

I have finished my homework.（我把我的作业做完了。）（finished是finish的“完成式”；have finished是现在完成时）
I’m not finished.（我还没结束呢。）（形容词“结束的、完成的”）

另外，英语动词的过去分词形式，还可以和助动词be一起构成“被动语态”（be+done），表示“被……了”。比如说：I have eaten the cake.（我已经把蛋糕吃了。）这里的eaten是eat的“完成式”，也是“过去分词”；have eaten是现在完成时，表示“已经吃了”；而如果你说：The cake is eaten.（蛋糕被吃了。）这里的is eaten，就是被动语态，表示“被吃了”。

几乎每个动作都有过去式，表示过去发生的事情。一般过去时都是由动词的过去式来表示。我们先通过之前的一些视频片段，来复习一些最常见的一般过去时：

Lesson 13: The waiter showed me to my table.

Lesson 13: After a while, she finally showed up.

Lesson 13: We ordered their signature dishes.

Lesson 14: I wanted to book a ticket online.

Lesson 14: The movie failed to tell a good story.

Lesson 15: I finished my training with stretching.

Lesson 16: I grabbed a shopping cart.

在上面这些句子里的动词，都是词尾加-ed构成过去式。这类动词属于规则动词。但是还有一些动词的过去式并不规则，我们在第四单元里也见过这些例子，下面就让我们来一起回顾一下：

Lesson 13: I guess she was stuck in traffic.

Lesson 13: The waiter brought us a menu.

Lesson 14: A lot of new movies came out last weekend.

Lesson 14: I got to the cinema before the rush hour.

Lesson 14: I left early.

Lesson 15: I ran on the treadmill for 15 minutes.

Lesson 13: I paid the bill with a credit card and signed the receipt.

在第四单元里，我们还见过一些and连接的并列句，其中包括了规则动词和不规则动词。我们一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 14: I printed out my ticket and had it checked.

Lesson 15: I took a shower and changed my clothes.

Lesson 16: I made a shopping list and headed to the nearest store.

当然，相比之下，英语里还是规则动词多，不规则动词属于少数。一会儿我们会集中总结。

现在完成时，由助动词“have+动词的过去分词”构成，助动词have可以简写为’ve。如果是主语是第三人称单数，那么现在完成时的助动词have要变成has，简写为’s。而且，动词的过去分词，通常和过去式的写法一样，区别就在于动词前面是否有助动词have。我们来看一些第四单元里现在完成时的例子：

Lesson 13: My friend hasn't arrived yet.

Lesson 13: We have finished everything.

Lesson 15: I've already sweated a lot.

Lesson 15: I've tried really hard to overcome my laziness.

还有一些动词的过去分词并不规则，我们一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 13: I've made a reservation for two in the restaurant.

Lesson 13: I wonder if she's got my message.

Lesson 15: I've done three sets of pushups and pullups.

Lesson 15: I've done some barbell exercises to build muscle.

Lesson 16: It's been ages since last time I cooked.

下面，我们一起来总结一下英语动词的过去式和过去分词的写法规则：

大部分动词都是直接在词尾加-ed或-d，构成过去式和过去分词。比如：work-worked-worked，move-moved-moved等等。

辅音字母+y结尾，y变i再加-ed。比如：try-tried-tried，study-studied-studied等等。之所以这么写，主要是为了避免读音混淆，否则try直接加-ed写成tryed，可能会读成/trjed/；study直接加-ed写成studyed，可能会读成/stʌdjed/。

以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，这个音节又重读，单词末尾字母要双写（x除外），再加-ed。比如：stop-stopped-stopped，drop-dropped-dropped等等。之所以这么做，主要也是为了避免读音混淆，以免把stoped读成/stəʊpt/，把droped读成/drəʊpt/。

不规则动词：英语里所谓的“不规则”的词，很多都是古英语的残留。比如take-took-taken，have-had-had，feel-felt-felt等等

之前我们学过，在英语里，进行时态都是由“助动词be+动词的-ing形式（现在分词）”组成的。如果我们要表明一个进行时的具体时间，就可以把助动词be换成相应的词来体现。比如把be换成了was（am和is的过去式）或者是were（are的过去式），这个时候的was doing或者were doing，表示“过去正在进行的动作”，也就是“过去进行时”。在第四单元里，出现了少量过去进行时的句子。我们一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 13: I was hoping to treat my friend tonight.

Lesson 14: The tickets were selling out quickly.

Lesson 14: People were checking their phones all the time.

在讲这个时态之前，我们先来看两个句子：

（1）他正在吃早饭。（He is having breakfast.）（现在进行时）

（2）他已经吃过早饭了。（He has had breakfast.）（现在完成时）

但在现实生活里，还有很多事情，可能步骤很多、时间很久，需要一点一点持续不断地完成。比如修路、盖楼等等，不可能一下子完成，而是一种“边完成边进行”的状态。这个时候，就要用到英语的“完成进行时”（have been doing）。这里的have是助动词，been是助动词be（是）的过去分词，后面接动词的现在分词，表示“正在做的动作”。换句话说，“完成进行时”，其实就是“完成时和进行时的合并”。比如说：他一直吃了一个小时的早饭。英语就叫做：He’s been having breakfast for an hour.

在第四单元里，也出现了几个现在完成进行时的句子。下面我们就一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 13: I've been waiting for her for ten minutes.

Lesson 15: I've been working for ten hours.

Lesson 16: I've been checking the things off my list.

Lesson 16: I've been waiting at the checkout counter for 10 minutes.

今天的标题叫做：Introducing oneself（介绍自己），也就是“自我介绍”。这里的introducing是动名词，来自introduce（动词“介绍”），前缀intro-和inter-一样，都表示“相互”；后面的-duc(e)-表示“引导”。introduce的字面意思，是“相互引导、相互引荐”，专指“介绍”。比如说：

Let me introduce you to my friend

introduce的名词，叫做introduction，表示“介绍”。所以自我介绍也可以说成：self-introduction。比如说：

Let me make a short self-introduction.

Young: Excuse me. You dropped your work card.（杨：不好意思。你的工牌掉了。）

excuse作名词，表示“借口”，指的是“免于被指责”。比如说：

Do not make any excuses.（别找任何借口。）

excuse作动词，表示“原谅”，其实指的还是“免于被指责”。Excuse me. 字面意思是“原谅我。”汉语里一般翻译成“不好意思、打扰一下”等等，是跟陌生人说话的常用措辞。我记得有一次在国外的一个餐厅，想从两个打台球的外国人中间过去，就跟其中一个人说：Excuse me. 结合语境就是“不好意思借过一下”的意思。结果他特别客气地躲到一边，嘴里还说：You’re excused. 我当时就有点懵，不知道是什么意思。因为我的意识里一直把excuse me（不好意思）当成一个整体来用，所以第一反应对方说的意思是“你是不好意思”，以为他是在埋怨我。后来我才知道，人家的意思是“你被原谅了”，结合语境也就是“没什么”的意思。所以通过这件事，我希望你能感觉到对单词透彻理解的重要性，而不是只会说话，不懂得变通

Excuse me. Can I get by?

如果你跟一个人吵架，对方突然冲你说了一句侮辱性特别强的话，你也可以说：Excuse me? 意思是“你敢再说一遍吗？”

work card 工作卡、工牌

Doris: Oh, thank you so much. I'm such a klutz.（多莉丝：噢，太感谢你了。我太笨了。）

Thank you/Thanks. 表示“谢谢（你）。”后面可以接各种状语，来表示感谢程度。比如：

Thank you very much
Thank you so much
Thanks a million.（谢你一百万次/万分感谢）
Thank you from the bottom of my heart

I’m such a klutz.  这里的such是个限定词，表示“如此、这样”。我真是个笨蛋。

所谓的“限定词”，指的是“限定名词范围的词”，往往表示“特指或数量”，比如a/an，the，this，that，his，every，each等等。

另外，klutz是个口语词汇，字面意思是“大块头、泥块”，在口语里表示“笨手笨脚的人”

Young: I don't think we've met. You must be new.（杨：我觉得我们没见过。你一定是新来的。）

met是meet的过去式和过去分词，这里的I don't think we’ve met里面有现在完成时，指的是“我不认为我们以前见过”

You must be…往往表示有把握的推测

You must be David
You must be tired
You must be kidding
You must be a good teacher
You must be crazy

Doris: Yes. I just joined the company. I'm Doris.（多莉丝：是的。我刚刚入职。我叫多莉丝。）

join作动词，表示“加入、参加、成为一份子”。比如说：

I want to join your club
Would you like to join us for a drink?

Young: My name is Young.（杨：我叫Young。）

Doris: Have you worked here long?（多莉丝：你在这里工作很长时间了吗？）

Have you…?（你已经……了吗？）

Have you seen today’s news?
Have you brushed your teeth?
Have you finished your work?

Young: I have worked here for 2 years as a manager in the IT department. Where did you work before?（杨：我在这里的信息技术部做了两年的经理。你之前在哪里工作？）

Young回答了两句话。第一句话比较长：I have worked here for 2 years as a manager in the IT department.（我在这里的信息技术部做了两年的经理。）这句话的主要信息是I have worked here for 2 years（我在这里工作了两年）；后面的as a manager（作为一名经理）是方式状语；紧接着的in the IT department是地点状语。IT，全称叫Information Technology（信息技术）。IT department也就是“信息技术部”

第二句：Where did you work before?（你之前在哪里工作？）这里有两个你要注意的语言点：第一，对过去提问，时态只需要在助动词do上体现出来就可以了，把do要变成did，而后面的动词直接用动词原形即可。比如：

Where did you go ?
What did you do?
How did you do that?
Where did you go to school?
What did you say?
How did you get here?

I have worked here for five years
I have been working here for five years

Doris: I worked at an education company. I was responsible for designing classes.（多莉丝：我之前在一家教育公司工作。主要负责课程设计。）

首先Doris说：I worked at an education company.（我之前在一家教育公司工作。）注意，我们通过英语的worked这个过去式，就知道是“之前工作”了，但是汉语要把“之前”这个时间状语说出来。

was responsible for指的是“为……负责、对……负责”，后面要跟名词。原文里的designing classes（设计课程）是个动名词短语，相当于名词成分。简单来说，介词后面跟的都是名词或者相当于名词成分的词。你也来说两句吧：

I worked in a supermarket. I was responsible for selling groceries

Young: It's really nice to meet you. Can I add your WeChat?（杨：认识你真的很高兴。我可以加你的微信吗？）

It’s nice to meet you.（见到你很高兴。）这句话里的It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to meet you（见到你）。当然，口语里一般会直接省略掉It is，说成：Nice to meet you. 简单来说，如果把这句话还原成正常语序，应该是：To meet you is nice. 同时，原文这句话里还加了一个程度副词really，表示“真的、事实的”

除了说nice，你可以替换成各种你想说的形容词，来表达你见到对方的心情，比如

Happy to meet you.
Pleased to meet you
It’s a pleasure to meet you
It’s an honor to meet you

Doris: Sure. Here is my QR Code.（当然可以。这是我的二维码。）

QR Code，全称Quick Response Code（快速反应码）条形码 barcode

Young: I sent you a friend request.（杨：我给你发了好友申请。）

friend request，指的是“好友申请”

Doris: I like your profile picture.（多莉丝：我喜欢你的头像。）

profile作名词，可以表示“简介”。这里的profile picture，字面意思指的是“简介照片

Your WeChat profile picture is so beautiful.）

Young: Thank you. Oh no! Is that the time already?! I need to dash.（杨：谢谢。不会吧！已经到点了吗？！我得赶紧走了。）

already作副词，是all+ready（全都准备好）的简写，表示“已经”。Is that the time already?! 字面意思是“已经到那个时间了吗？”指的是到了Young有事情的时间。后面的I need to dash. 字面意思是“我要猛冲了”，其实指的就是“我得赶紧走了”，是个很形象的说法

Oh no! It’s already 10 o’clock. I need to dash

Doris: Don't let me hold you up.（多莉丝：别让我耽误你时间。）

Don't let me…

Don't let me hear the name again!
Don't let me down. 字面意思是“别让我下来”，其实指的是“别让我的情绪低落、不高兴”，也就是“别让我失望”的意思
Don't let me fall

hold sb. up。hold作动词，除了表示“握住”，也可以表示“使保持某种状态”，up在这里作副词表示“完全”。hold sb. up的字面意思，是“保持住某人、拖住某人”，在生活里指的是“阻碍某人、耽误某人”。比如说：

I’m sorry for holding you up, but I have a question
I know you’re very busy, so I won’t hold you up.

Young: Let's keep in touch on WeChat. Would you like to have lunch together later?（杨：我们在微信上保持联系吧。等会儿你想一起吃个午饭吗？）

keep in touch，表示“保持在一种接触、联系当中”，其实就是“保持联系”

Let’s keep in touch on WeChat.

Would you like to…?

Would you like to stay and have dinner?
Would you like to be an English teacher?

Doris: That sounds good. I'm looking forward to it.（多莉丝：听起来不错。我很期待一起吃午饭。）

sound除了可以作名词表示“声音”，也可以作动词，表示“听起来”。That sounds good. 就是“听起来很好”的意思。你也可以在sounds后面加其它形容词来表达你的感情。比如

That sounds funny.（听起来很搞笑。）
That sounds great.（听起来很棒。）
That sounds terrible.（听起来很糟糕。）
That sounds interesting

I'm looking forward to…（我期待着……）。look forward，字面意思是“向前看”，延伸含义叫做“期望”，是个很形象的修辞用法；后面的介词to表示“朝向”，也就是“朝哪里看”；to后面接一个名词，或者相当于名词成分的词，来表示“希望前方看到什么、期望什么”。原文里的I’m looking forward to…，也就是“我在期望着……、我盼着……”的意思。比如说：

I'm looking forward to the weekend
I'm looking forward to working with you
I’m looking forward to my holiday
I’m looking forward to reading your new book

just [dʒʌst] adv. 正好；恰好；刚刚；刚才；仅仅，只不过 adj. 公平的；公正的

just这个词，本身是形容词“公平的、公正的”，指的是“不偏不倚、两边同等对待”，最早源于罗马宗教组织的措辞，罗马神话里的正义女神，就叫做Justitia，她一手提着一杆秤，用来主持公平，一手拿着一把剑，用来制裁违背公平原则的人。

不过在日常生活里，just更多是以副词的形式出现，表示“正好、恰好”，其实指的就是“两者同等或同时”。比如说：

This is just what I want

just作副词，也可以表示“刚才、刚刚”，突出的就是“两者时间差不多、几乎同时”。比如说：

I just came home when you called me

just作副词，还可以表示“只不过是、仅仅”，突出的也是“不多不少、不过如此”。比如说：

He’s just a kid

department [dɪˈpɑː(r)tmənt] n. 部门

前缀de-表示“向下、脱离”，depart指的是“脱离、成为一部分”。department作名词，意思是“部门”，指的是“一个组织里分开的一部分”。比如说

sales department（销售部）
marketing department（市场部）
IT department（信息技术部）等等

“百货公司、百货商店”，英语叫做department store，指的就是“一家囊括了各种小商店的大商店”

另外，我们之前还学过一个词，叫做apartment（公寓），指的是“分开的一间一间的地方”。这两个词你要注意区分

education [ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn] n. 教育

educate [ˈedʒukeɪt] vt. 教育

前缀e-是ex-的简写，表示“向外”；中间的-duc-表示“引导”；后面是一个动词后缀-ate。educate的字面意思，是“引导人走出来”，专指“教育”。比如说：

She was educated in the US.（她是在美国受的教育。）

education作名词，表示“教育”。比如说：I've always worked in education.（我一直从事教育工作。）

design [dɪˈzaɪn] v. 设计 n. 设计

前缀de-表示“向下、脱离出来”；后面的sign我们之前学过，作动词表示“写下标记”，signature指的就是一个人的“签名”。design作名词，字面意思是“标记下来、划出、制定”，作动词和名词，都表示“设计”。比如说：

She designed her dress by herself
I like the design of your dress.

request [rɪˈkwest] n.（礼貌、正式的）请求；要求 vt. 请求；要求

前缀re-表示“再一次”；后面的quest表示“寻求”，我们熟悉的question（问题），字面意思就是“寻求答案”。request的字面意思是“再次寻求”，现在作名词或者动词，表示“请求、要求”，是个正式的礼貌的措辞。比如说：

He made a request for more help
He requested to join the meeting

profile [ˈprəʊfaɪl] n. 简介；侧面轮廓

前缀pro-表示“向前”，我们平时说的progress（进步），字面意思就是“向前走”；profile后面的file有“线条”的意思，file现在作名词表示“文件”，早期指的也是“用线穿起来的纸”。profile的字面意思，是“（摆在前面给人看的）线性轮廓”，作名词在生活里经常用来表示“轮廓、简介”。比如说：

This is my personal profile.（这是我的个人简介。）

profile作名词，也可以表示“侧面轮廓”。比如说：

This is a picture of the president in profile.（这是一张总统的侧面画像。）

dash [dæʃ] v. 猛冲；急驰

dash是个拟声词，模仿的是快速、猛烈运动发出的声音，作动词表示“猛冲”，生活里经常用来表示“赶紧走”。比如说：

I must dash. I'm late.（我得赶紧走。来不及了。）

hold [həʊld] v. 持有；拥有

hold作动词，基本意思是“抓着（不放）”，延伸含义有很多，比如“容纳，保持住，守住、坚持住”等，但核心含义都是“掌握住、掌控住”。我们来结合一些语境，感受一下hold的灵活用法：

（1）He is holding a gun.（他手里拿着一把枪。）（抓着）

（2）Can you hold my hand?（你能拉着我的手吗？）（抓着）

（3）Computers can hold a lot of information.（电脑能装下很多信息。）（掌握→容纳）

（4）She bought too many things. One bag can’t hold them all.（她买的东西太多了。一个包装不下。）（掌握→容纳）

（5）He holds two world records.（他保持着两项世界纪录。）（掌握→保持）

touch [tʌtʃ] v. 接触 n. 触碰

touch作动词，基本意思是“接触、触碰”。比如说：

Don’t touch the water. It’s very hot.（别碰水。很烫。）
The paint is wet. Don’t touch it.（油漆还没干，别去摸。）

生活里，touch作动词，还有“触动、感动”的意思。比如说：

Her story touched us deeply.（她的故事深深触动了我们。）

touch的现在分词touching，作形容词表示“感人的、令人感动的”。比如说：

This is a very touching movie.（这是一部非常感人的电影。）

touch的过去分词touched，作形容词表示“受到感动的、被感动的”。比如说：

I’m very touched by the movie.（我被这部电影感动了。）

同时，你慢慢就会发现，英语里的现在分词作形容词，往往表示的都是“主动”；而过去分词作形容词，往往表示的都是“被动”，这也是最简单、最直观的一种区分方法。比如

interesting（有趣的），interested（感兴趣的）；
exciting（振奋人心的）, excited（感到激动的）；
boring（无聊的）,，bored（感到无聊的）

/h/ 口播：嘴巴张开，舌头自然放平，轻轻呵出一口气，声带不振动：/h/。你来张嘴说一下：/h/。

/r/ 口播：舌尖向上卷起，靠近上齿龈后部，气流经过舌尖和上齿龈之间的缝隙摩擦发声，同时声带振动：/r/。你来张嘴说一下：/r/。

也就是说：/h/ 是清辅音，而 /r/ 是浊辅音

/h/ help, hot, hat, who, whole 注意：/h/ 在一些单词开头不发音。比如：hour, honor, honest

/r/ ready, right, sorry, write, wrong

half an hour（半个小时） /hɑːf; hæf/ /ən; æn/ /ˈaʊə(r)/

right or wrong（对还是错） /raɪt/ /ɔː(r)/ /rɒŋ; rɔːŋ/

1. It’s hot in here.（这里真热。）

2. Can you help me for an hour?（你能帮我一个小时的忙吗？）

3. I don't know if I'm right or wrong.（我不知道我是对还是错。）

4. I’m really sorry to be wrong.（非常抱歉我做错了。）

1. Hit the nail on the head.（一针见血。）

2. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.（入乡随俗。）

Young: Hi, Doris.（杨：你好，多莉丝。）

hi，汉语翻译成“嗨”，是个打招呼非常常见的感叹词。

英语里还有个感叹词，和hi很像，你可能没有注意过，叫做hey。这个词也可以表示打招呼，但是hey还可以表示“生气、认为不重要”等等这类语气。比如说：

Hey! Leave my things alone!（喂！别碰我的东西！）这个时候的Hey表示的就是“生气”

She has made the stupid mistake again — but hey! — who cares?（她又犯了那个愚蠢的错误。不过有谁在乎呢？）同时这句话里的hey，就是“不在意、认为一件事不重要”的语气词

Hey! Don’t touch my car! 喂！别碰我的车！（）

Doris: Hello again, Young. This is my teammate, Leo.（多莉丝：你好，又见面了，杨。这是我的组员，里奥。）

Hello again，是短时间内第二次见到同一个人的时候可以说的话，汉语翻译成“又见面了”

紧接着后面的This is…（这是……），是介绍他人最常见的方式。当然，如果你想措辞隆重一点，你也可以说：Let me introduce … to you.（让我介绍……给你认识。）比如说：

Let me introduce my friends to you
Let me introduce you to my friends

This is my friend, Mary.
Let me introduce you to my boss.

Young: It's lovely to meet you. I'm Young.（杨：很开心认识你，我是杨。）

lovely来自love（爱），作形容词表示“可爱的、令人愉快的”。It's lovely to meet you. 也就是说：To meet you is lovely

Leo: Pleased to meet you.（里奥：很高兴认识你。）

please除了可以作感叹词表示“请”，也可以作动词表示“取悦”，也就是“让人高兴”。比如说：

You can't please everybody.（你没法取悦每个人。/你没法让每个人都高兴。）

please之所以有“请”的意思，其实也是为了“让对方高兴”。这里的pleased是过去分词，也是形容词，表示“被取悦的、高兴的”，其实这句话是省略了主语和系动词，还原完整就是：

I’m pleased to meet you.（认识你使我感到高兴。）

Doris: Leo works in my team. He is an English teacher from the UK.（多莉丝：里奥在我的团队里工作。他是一位来自英国的英语老师。）

UK，全称叫做United Kingdom（联合王国），指的是“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）。

另外，我们平时说英国，也会说England（英格兰）。不过UK指的是“英国这个国家”，是个地理范围的概念；而England（英格兰）指的是英国的主要部分。English指的是“英格兰人”，或者“英格兰人使用的语言”，也就是“英语”。

Young: Oh, really? That's so cool. Do you like working here?（杨：真的吗？太棒了。你喜欢在这里工作吗？）

Oh, really?（真的吗？）是个很实用的句子。我们平时在不确定对方说的话是否属实，或者表示难以置信的时候，都可以用到这句话。紧接着后面的That’s so cool.（真酷！）表达了Young对Leo职业的钦佩。同时，口语对话里讲求“对话策略”（conversation strategy），要求讲话尽量不冷场，能够“让对话进行下去”（Keep the conversation going）。所以Young才接着说：Do you like working here?（你喜欢在这里工作吗？）给Leo一个继续说话的机会，让彼此的关系更进一步。换句话说，对话策略的大忌，就是无论别人说什么，你都只会说：Yes./No. 这个时候就很容易冷场

Leo: Yes, I enjoy working here. My team is nice and friendly, and Doris is great to work with.（里奥：对，我很享受在这里工作。我的团队很好、很亲切，和多莉丝一起共事也非常棒。）

friendly这个词，来自friend（朋友），作形容词表示“友好的”。另外，这段话的主要难点在最后：Doris is great to work with.（和Doris一起共事非常棒。）也就是说：To work with Doris is great. 这里把Doris is great提前，目的是为了突出Doris这个人。你也来说一句：

和我的老师一起共事非常棒。（My teacher is great to work with.）

Doris: I like working with you, too. Young is a manager. He is in charge of the IT department.（多莉丝：我也喜欢和你一起工作。杨是一位经理，他负责信息技术部。）

... is in charge of … ……负责……

I’m gonna be in charge of everything here from next month
He is in charge of the sales department in this company

Leo: Wow! You must be a busy bee.（里奥：哇！你一定是个大忙人。）

a busy bee，字面意思是“一只忙碌的小蜜蜂”，在口语里经常用来形容“大忙人”，是个很形象的说法。

Young: Yes. You have no idea how busy I am!（杨：是的，你一定想不到我有多忙！）

You have no idea how ... I am!（你一定想不到我有多……！）

You have no idea how excited I was when I heard the news!
You have no idea how beautiful she is!
You have no idea how happy I was yesterday!

Doris: Well, it's time for lunch now. Are you ready to go, Young?（多莉丝：好啦，到吃午饭的点了。你准备好去吃了吗，杨？）

well作为感叹词，作为过渡词汇衔接讲话之间的停顿，或者引出下一个话题，汉语可以翻译成：额、啊、那么，这类语气词。

It's time for… 是……的时候了

It’s time for a rest.
It’s time for English class!

Are you ready to…?

Are you ready to leave?
Are you ready to order?

Young: I sure am.（杨：当然好啦。）

也就是说，Young也准备好吃午饭了。原文是个省略句，还原完整应该是：I sure am ready.（我当然准备好啦。）因为有语境，所以就把之前的ready省掉了。sure在这里是个副词，表示“当然、的确”。你也来造个类似的句子吧：

你准备好去上班了吗？（Are you ready to go to work?）当然好啦。（I sure am.）

除此之外，sure还可以作形容词，表示“确信的、确定的”。比如说：

I’m sure you’re right.（我确定你是对的。）

sure也可以作感叹词，表示“当然”。比如说：— Do you want to come with me?（你想跟我一起去吗？）— Sure.（当然。）

Leo: I'm really hungry. Do you mind if I join you guys?（里奥：我很饿，你们介意我加入你们吗？）

Do you mind…?

Do you mind waiting for ten minutes?
Do you mind if I smoke here? Do you mind my smoking here?
Do you mind driving? I’m too tired.
Do you mind if I open the window?

另外，原文里的guy这个词，作名词表示“男人，家伙”，但在口语里，you guys就是“你们”的意思，不分男女

Doris: Of course not.（多莉丝：当然不介意。）

Of course也表示“当然”，是个很高频的口语短句，否定形式就叫做Of course not（当然不）：

Do you want to learn English well?（你想学好英语吗？）Of course!（当然！）
Do you want to travel around the world?（你想环游世界吗？）Of course!（当然！）
Are you lazy?（你懒吗？）Of course not!（当然不懒！）
Do you want to be a troublemaker?（你想做个惹麻烦的人吗？）Of course not!（当然不想！）

Young: The more, the merrier!（杨：人越多越有意思！）

这是一个典型的比较级的句型：The +比较级…, the 比较级…，表示“越……越……”

merrier这个词，是merry（形容词“高兴的”）的比较级形式，这个词在生活里最常出现在圣诞节的时候，很多人在这一天彼此都会说：Merry Christmas! （圣诞快乐！）相当于：Happy Christmas!

teammate [ˈtiːmmeɪt] n. 队友，同队队友

这是一个合成词。team表示“团队”；mate表示“朋友、伙伴”。teammate指的是“队友、同组伙伴”。类似的合成词还有：

classmate（班级伙伴、同学），roommate（房间伙伴、室友），workmate（工作伙伴、工友）等等。

charge [tʃɑː(r)dʒ] v. 要价；控告；充电；赋予职责 n. 费用；指控；电荷；责任

这个词的意思特别多，核心含义都是“装载、承载”。charge作动词，可以表示“要价”，指的是“使往里充钱、收费”。比如说：

How much do you charge for a haircut?（你这里理发需要多少钱？）

charge作动词，可以表示“控告”，其实就是“加罪在某人身上”。比如说：

She is charged with murder.（她被指控犯了谋杀罪。）

charge作动词，也可以表示“充电”。比如说：

I need to charge my phone. It’s out of power.（我需要给我的手机充电。我的手机没电了。）

这也是为什么charge加上一个名词后缀-(e)r，变成charger，就是“充电器”的意思。

同时，charge作动词还可以表示“负责”，其实指的就是“承担责任”，比如说：

He was charged with the work here.（他负责这个区域的工作。）

生活当中，charge除了可以作动词，也经常用作名词，表示“费用、指控、电荷、责任”等等，和动词含义都是一一匹配的。比如说：

The lunch here is free of charge.（这里的午餐是免费的。）
He’s in charge of the marketing department.（他负责市场部的工作。）

busy [ˈbɪzi] adj. 忙碌的

busy作形容词表示“忙碌的”，是个很简单的单词。同时，business（名词“生意”），就衍生自busy的变体busi+名词后缀-ness，指的是“让一个人忙碌的事情”，可以表示“事务”，也可以表示“生意”。英语里有个常见的句子，叫做：

Mind your own business.（管好你自己的事吧。）这句话通常用在你觉得别人多管闲事的时候

同时，英语里有句谚语，叫做：

Business is business.（生意归生意。）也就是汉语里所说的“公事公办”的意思。

idea [aɪˈdɪə] n. 想法；主意；了解，概念

idea作名词，虽然在汉语的翻译里对idea的翻译很多，但在日常生活里只有两个最常见的意思。一个是“想法、主意”，比如说：

This is a great idea.（这是一个很棒的主意。）

另一个是对某件事的“了解、概念”。比如说：

I have no idea what he looks like.（他长什么样我一点也不知道。）

mind [maɪnd] n. 头脑 v. 介意

mind这个词，本意是“思考”。作名词可以表示“大脑、头脑”，指的是“思考的载体”。英语里有句谚语，叫做：

Great minds think alike. 字面意思是：伟大的头脑想法都很像。也就是汉语里所说的“英雄所见略同”。

mind也可以作动词，表示“介意、在意、留意”等等，也都是大脑的活动。我们来举几个例子：

Would you mind turning your radio down a little?（你介意把收音机的声音调小一点吗？）
I don’t mind what we have for lunch.（我不在意我们午饭吃什么。）
Mind your head!（留意你的头！/小心碰头！）

 join [dʒɔɪn] v. 参加，加入

join作动词，生活里最常见的意思，就是“加入、参加、成为其中一份子”。比如说：

I don't have time for a drink now, but I'll join you later.（我现在没有时间，稍后会和你们一起喝上一杯。）
It's a great club. Why don't you join it?（这家俱乐部很棒。你为什么不加入呢？）

所谓的“破擦音”，指的是“爆破音和摩擦音组成的音”。比如 /tʃ/，就是由爆破音 /t/ 和摩擦音 /ʃ/ 组成的音；/dʒ/，就是由爆破音 /d/ 和摩擦音 /ʒ/ 组成的音。

/tʃ/ 口播：舌尖靠近上齿龈，做出发 /t/ 音的舌位，让气流完全阻碍，然后让气流冲破阻碍，立刻发出摩擦音 /ʃ/：/tʃ/。你来张嘴说一下：/tʃ/。

/dʒ/ 口播：舌尖靠近上齿龈，做出发 /d/ 音的舌位，让气流完全阻碍，然后让气流冲破阻碍，立刻发出摩擦音 /ʒ/，同时声带振动：/dʒ/。你来张嘴说一下：/dʒ/。

也就是说：除了声带振动，/tʃ/ 和 /dʒ/的发音方法完全一致，所以它们是一对清浊辅音。

/tʃ/ teach, March, watch, future, question

/dʒ/ jacket, jeans, age, large, fridge

chip vs jeep

choose vs juice

Chinese chess（中国象棋） /ˌtʃaɪˈniːz/ /tʃes/

orange juice（橙汁） /ˈɒrɪndʒ/ /dʒuːs/

1. Keep in touch.（保持联系。）

2. I like the picture in the kitchen. （我喜欢厨房里的那副画。）

3. There's some orange juice in the fridge.（冰箱里有一些橙汁。）

4. He's the general manager of a large company.（他是一家大公司的总经理。）

1. Change your attitude, change your life.（改变你的态度，改变你的生活。）

2. Every advantage has its disadvantage.（每个优势都有不足之处。）

课文标题：Asking about recent situations（询问近况）

ask about表示“询问关于……的消息”。后面的recent situations意思是“最近的状况”。Asking about recent situations是动名词短语，表示“询问近况”。

Young: What are you doing, Doris?（杨：你在干什么，多莉丝？）

What are you doing?

What are you thinking about?
What are you trying to say?
What are you waiting for?

Doris: I'm struggling to find my lunch card.（多莉丝：我在努力地找我的午饭卡。）

I’m struggling to…（我在努力去……。）

lunch card

Young: Did you go to the Lost and Found?（杨：你去过失物招领处吗？）

Did you…?（你做过……了吗？）

Did you buy that dress?
Did you get his phone number?
Did you go to the party?

Lost and Found 失物招领处

Doris: I did, but it wasn't there. It has been a bad morning.（多莉丝：我去过了，但是那里没有。今天早上真倒霉。）

用助动词直接来回答对方的提问，是一种非常高效的表达方式。提问和回答，前后助动词的时态要保持一致。比如说：

— Do you like travelling? — Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
— Did you see him?— Yes, I did./No, I didn’t
— Do you have any pets? — Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
— Did you bring your camera?— Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.（是的，我带了。/不，我没带。）

Young: Why? What happened?（杨：为什么？发生什么事了？）

What happened?（发生什么了？）

You look angry. What happened?

Doris: I left my laptop at home.（多莉丝：我把我的笔记本电脑落在家里了。）

Young: Oh no. What did you do?（杨：不会吧。后来呢？）

What did you do?（你当时做什么了？）

What did you say?（你当时说了什么？）
What did you dream about?（你当时梦到了什么？）
Your turn: 你当时买了什么？（What did you buy?）

Doris: I went home and picked it up.

pick作动词表示“捡”。这里的picked it up就是“当时捡起了它”，其实就是“拿起了笔记本电脑”。另外，pick up还可以表示“拿起电话、接电话、接人”等等，都是很形象的说法。比如说：

The phone rang, but nobody picked it up.（电话响了，但是没人接。）
Can you come and pick me up?（你能过来接我吗？）
你能下午五点来接我吗？（Can you pick me up at five in the afternoon?）

Doris: But that wasn't the end of my bad morning.（但那并不是我糟糕早上的结束。）

tthe end of sth.就是“某事的结束”：

It's nearly the end of the term
We can meet near the end of the month

Doris: On the way back to the company,I was riding a bike, and it started to rain. It rained cats and dogs.

rain cats and dogs字面意思是“天上下猫和狗”，生活里指的是“倾盆大雨”。为什么呢？因为在英国的维多利亚时代，也就是1837至1901年，英国维多利亚女王（Alexandrina Victoria）统治的时期，当时的街道排水系统非常差，导致留街上的流浪猫和狗会在暴雨里溺死。暴雨结束以后，街上随处可见死猫和死狗，就好像是天上掉下来的一样，所以人们才用rain cats and dogs来形容“倾盆大雨”

Young: It sounds terrible.（杨：这听起来太糟了。）

Doris: Wait. You haven't heard the worst part.（多莉丝：等会儿，你还没有听到最坏的部分。）

Doris: At lunch, many people were waiting in line.（午饭的时候，有很多人在排队。）

line作名词是“线”的意思，也可以表示“排、列”。wait in line，字面意思是“在一排里等待”，其实就是“排队等待”的意思

Doris: When I got to the front of the line,

the front of，指的是“……的前面”。the front of the line，意思是“队伍最前面”，也就是说：当排到我的时候。

Doris: I realized my lunch card was missing.（我发现我的午饭卡不见了。）

I realized…（我意识到了……。）

I realized my mistake
I realized my phone was lost
I realized my problem
I realized why he was angry

Young: Well, let me help you find it. Oh, look. What's this?!（杨：让我帮你找吧。噢，你看，这是什么？！）

Let me help you…（让我帮你……。）后面通常接动词原形，表示要帮别人做的事情。比如说：

Let me help you move the desk
Let me help you get a drink

Doris: Where was it?（多莉丝：它刚才在哪儿？）

注意这里的be动词的时态是过去式was，指的是“刚才在哪儿”。

Young: It was right under your nose.（杨：就在你的眼前。）

这里的right是副词，表示“恰好、刚好”。这里的right under your nose，字面意思是“刚好就在你的鼻子下面”，其实就是“就在你眼前”的意思

Doris: Thanks a lot! Now I can finally go for lunch.（多莉丝：太谢谢你了！现在我终于可以去吃午饭了。）

find [faɪnd] vt. 发现；找到；找回

find这个词，过去式和过去分词都叫做found。在生活里常见的意思有两个，一个是“发现”。比如说：

I just found 100 yuan in my pocket.（我刚在口袋里发现100块钱。）

还有一个就是“找到、找回”，也就是“原来丢了、现在重新找到了”。比如说：

Finally, the police found his car in the mountains.（最终，警察在山里找到了他的车。）

当然，如果你查英汉词典，还会发现find会被翻译成“找出、查明、发觉、认为”等等的意思，其实都是在不同语境下的“发现”。比如说：

Scientists have been trying to find a way to cure cancer for many years.（多年来，科学家们一直致力于找到治疗癌症的办法。）

Some people find it hard to learn English.（有些人觉得学英语很难。）这里的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的to learn English（去学英语）。也就是说：Some people find to learn English hard. 然生活中没人这么说，为了避免句式结构混乱，就用it做了形式宾语。

lost [lɒst; lɔːst] adj. 丢失的；迷路的；迷茫的；不明白的；投入的

这个词的动词原形是：

lose [luːz] vt. 丢失；失去；输掉（比赛）

lose作动词，基本意思是“丢失”。比如说：He's always losing his keys.（他老是弄丢钥匙。）

lose作动词，还可以表示“失去、丧失”。比如说：She lost her mother last year. 字面意思是：她去年失去了她的母亲。其实就是说：去年她母亲去世了。

lose作动词，还可以表示“输掉比赛”，其实就是“奖牌或者继续比赛的资格”。比如说：He lost the final game.（他输掉了决赛。）

在不同语境里，lose还可以翻译成很多的意思。比如说：I want to lose weight.（我想减肥。）这里的lose weight，字面意思是“丢失体重”，其实就是“减肥”的意思。再比如说：I lost 30 minutes when I was stuck in traffic.（我在堵车的时候浪费了30分钟。）这里的lost 30 minutes，字面意思是“丢失了30分钟”，其实就是“浪费了30分钟”。

lose的过去式和过去分词，都是lost。除了可以作动词，lost也可以作形容词，表示“丢失的”。比如说：

Lost time is never found again. 字面意思是：丢掉的时间再也找不回来了。其实就是说：光阴一去不复返。

lost作形容词，还可以表示“迷路的”，其实就是“把自己弄丢的”。比如说：I always get lost on the street.（我经常在大街上迷路。）

lost作形容词，还可以表示“迷茫的”或者“不明白的”，其实就是“精神没有方向的、头脑迷糊的”。比如说：She was a bit lost after losing her job.（丢掉工作以后，她有点迷茫。）或者说：Can you say that again? I’m lost.（你能再说一遍吗？我没听懂。）

最后，lost作形容词，还可以表示“投入的、沉迷的”，其实指的就是“心无旁骛、完全沉浸在某事当中”。比如说：

He was lost in the book.（他沉浸在了那本书里。）

happen [ˈhæpən] vi. 发生；偶然；碰巧

happen作动词，泛指事情“发生”。比如说：

No one knows what happened.（没人知道发生了什么。）

happen作动词，还可以表示“偶然、碰巧”，后面经常接to do，表示“碰巧去做什么”。比如说：

I happened to meet Mr. Young in the supermarket.（我碰巧在超市碰到杨老师了。）
I happen to know her.（我碰巧认识她。）

英语里表示“高兴”的形容词有很多，比如happy，glad，pleased等等，但其实每个词的侧重点都有点不一样。pleased来自please（动词“取悦”），指的是“受到取悦的、满心欢喜的”；glad指的是“容光焕发、兴高采烈的”；而happy这个词，就和happen（偶然发生）有关，是一种可遇不可求的运气，你可以拥有很多别人羡慕的东西，但是你还是不一定happy，这也是为什么happy的名词形式叫做happiness，表示“幸福”。

pick [pɪk] v. 挑选；采；摘

pick作动词，基本意思是“捡起、拿起”，在生活里结合不同的语境可以灵活翻译。比如说：

Pick a number from one to twenty.（从一至二十中挑选一个数。）这里的pick，就是“挑选”的意思，和choose（动词“选择、挑选”）没有区别。

pick作动词，可以表示“采摘、摘掉”，也是“捡出来、挑出来”的意思。比如说：

He picked a white hair on his head.（他从头上摘掉一根白头发。）

pick也可以作名词，表示“挑选”。比如说：Take your pick.（自己挑吧。）

英语里有个合成词，叫做toothpick，指的是“剔除牙齿上污垢的工具”，也就是“牙签”。

英语里还有个形容词，叫做picky，指的是“挑来挑去的、挑剔的”。比如说：

Don't be so picky.（不要那么挑剔。）

realize [ˈriːəlaɪz] vt. 意识到；实现

这个词前面的real是形容词“真的”；后面是一个动词后缀-ize。realize作动词，指的是“使变成真的、使在脑子里清楚”，生活里表示“意识到”或者“实现”。比如说：

He suddenly realized he had seen the movie before.（他当时突然意识到自己之前看过那部电影。）
He finally realized his dream of becoming a singer.（他最终实现了自己成为一名歌手的梦想。）

missing [ˈmɪsɪŋ] v. 遗失 adj. 丢失的

miss [ˈmɪs] vt. 错过；未赶上；想念 n. 年轻女子；小姐

英语里有两个miss，虽然长得完全一样，但是来源并不相同，这种词叫做“异源同形词”。一个miss作动词表示“错过、未赶上”。比如说：

I missed my English class this morning.（我错过了早上的英语课。）
You'll miss your flight if you don't hurry up.（如果你不快点，就赶不上航班了。）

miss作动词，还可以表示“想念”，也是“错过”的延伸含义，也就是“因为没见到，所以想念”。比如说：

I really missed her when she went away.（她离开的时候我非常想念她。）

英语里的另一个miss，是mistress（女主人）的缩写，相对的是master（男主人），现在miss作名词，专指“未婚的年轻女子、小姐”或者“看上去像没结婚的女子”。比如Miss Wong（王女士），Miss Lee（李小姐）等等。

/m/ 口播：闭上双唇，气流从鼻腔流出，同时声带振动：/m/。你来张嘴说一下：/m/。

/n/ 口播：嘴巴微微张开，舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流从鼻腔流出，同时声带振动：/n/。你来张嘴说一下：/n/（AI互动）。

/ŋ/ 口播：嘴巴张开，舌根抬高贴住软腭（口腔上颚的后部）以形成阻碍堵住气流，使气流从鼻腔送出，同时振动声带：/ŋ/。你来张嘴说一下：/ŋ/。

/m/ me, film, summer, autumn, climb

/n/ one, sun, dinner, sunny, know

/ŋ/ long, thing, thank, think, hungry

some vs. son vs. song

Tom vs Tony vs tongue

sunny afternoon（晴朗的下午） /ˈsʌni/ /ˌɑːftəˈnuːn; ˌæftərˈnuːn/

Monday morning（周一早上） /ˈmʌndeɪ/ /ˈmɔː(r)nɪŋ/

sing a song（唱一首歌） /sɪŋ/ /ə/ /sɒŋ/

1. Sometimes I watch films.（我有时候会看电影。）

2. It was a sunny afternoon.（那是一个晴朗的下午。）

3. I like singing and dancing.（我喜欢唱歌跳舞。）

1. Many hands make light work.（众人拾柴火焰高。）

2. No pain, no gain.（不劳无获。）

3. Nothing brave, nothing have.（不入虎穴，焉得虎子。）

今天的标题叫做：Asking after someone

字面意思是“在某人后面询问”，指的是“追问、想知道对方好不好”，汉语翻译成“问候对方”。比如说：

I met John yesterday. He was asking after you.（我昨天遇见了约翰，他向你问好。）

下面我们来看原文：

Doris: Those must be our drinks.（多莉丝：那些肯定是我们的饮品。）

这是在排队等待的时候，经常会讲到的一句话。这里的must be（肯定是），我们之前学过，表示有把握的推测。拿到饮料之后，两个人就开始边喝边聊了：

Young: The weekend is almost here. What are you going to do tomorrow?（杨：周末马上就到了。你明天会做些什么？）

这里有两个的语言点。首先是一个合成词weekend,由week（星期）和end（结束）组成，表示“周末”，相对的是weekday（工作日，周一到周五）。

另一个是almost，是all（全部）和most（大多数）合在一起的简写，字面意思是“全部当中的大多数、几乎全部”，作副词表示“差不多、几乎”。比如说：

差不多该走了。（It’s almost time to go.）
他几乎什么都吃。（He eats almost anything.）

原文里的：The weekend is almost here. 指的是：周末马上就到了。也就是“还没到、快到了”。很多英语国家的外国人在周五的时候都喜欢说一个表达，叫做TGIF，全称是Thank God it’s Friday.（感谢上帝今天已经星期五了。）突出的就是对周末的向往。

What are you going to do …? 后面通常接时间状语，表示“你在接下来某个时间会去做什么”。比如说：

What are you going to do after class?
What are you going to do next Friday?

What are you going to do …? 后面也可以接with…，表示“你打算如何处理……”？比如说：

What are you going to do with the books?（你打算如何处理这些书？）
What are you going to do with the bottle?（你拿这个瓶子打算干什么？）

Doris: I'm going to Shanghai.（多莉丝：我要去上海。）

I’m going to …（我要去……）。后面可以接地点名词，表示“要去的地方”，也可以接动词原形，表示“要去做什么”，这个时候相当于I’m gonna。比如说：

I'm going to France for a short break.（我要去法国度个短假。）
I’m going to London next week

Young: Oh? Why?（杨：哦？为什么？）

Doris: There's a special event I must take part in.（多莉丝：有一个我必须要参加的特别活动。）

第一，take part，字面意思是“拿起一部分、承担一部分”，汉语翻译成“参加、参与”。具体在哪里参与呢？后面的in再接地点，就说清楚了。简单来说，take part in …，就是“参与……”的意思。比如说：

I don’t want to take part in the meeting
Do you want to take part in the game?

第二，原文这句话里，There’s a special event（有一个特别活动）是主要信息。后面的I must take part in（我必须参与的）限定了活动的范围，也就是“我必须参加的”那个活动。但是你会发现，在这个句子里，英语是先说活动本身，突出重点，然后再说限定的语言（定语），变成了a special event I must take part in。这也是英汉表达的区别，你要留意。

Young: That will be nice.（杨：那应该很好。）

Doris: Yes, it will be.（多莉丝：是的，会的。） It's my best friend's wedding.（那是我最好的朋友的婚礼。）I'm so excited.（我非常激动。）

Young: How long have you known each other?（杨：你们俩认识多久了？）

How long have you …?（你……多久了？）后面跟动词的过去分词，表示“做的事情”。比如说：

How long have you worked here?（你在这儿工作了多久了？）
当然，你也可以说：How long have you been working here?

How long have you studied English? / How long have you been studying English?

另外，原文这句话里还有个搭配，叫做each other。each表示“每个”；other表示“另一个”。each other的字面意思是“每个另一个”，你这里看他，他那里看你，其实指的就是“彼此、互相”。

Doris: We go back a long way.（多莉丝：很久了。）

这句话的字面意思是：我们往回走一条很长的路。其实就是说：往回追溯我们认识的路很长、我们认识很久了。然后Young接着说：

Young: So you are really close, right?（杨：这么说你俩很亲密，是吗？）

close作形容词，除了可以表示“距离近”，也可以表示“关系近”。紧接着Doris说:

Doris: Yes, we are.（多莉丝：是的，我们很亲密。）

结合上文，这里的Yes, we are就是Yes, we are close的省略。生活里回答类似的问题，也可以省略，但是系动词要根据主语的人称、数量和时态灵活变动。比如说：

（1）— Are you serious?（你是认真的吗？） — Yes, I am.（是的，我是。）

（2）— Are they brothers?（他们是兄弟吗？）— Yes, they are.（是的，他们是。）

（3）— Were you late for work this morning?（你是不是早上上班迟到了？）— Yes, I was.（是的，我是。）

练习：

（1）Are you a good student?（你是个好学生吗？）— Yes, I am.（是的，我是。）

（2）Are we friends?（我们是朋友吗？）— Yes, we are.（是的，我们是。）

（3）Were they here yesterday?（他们昨天是在这里吗？）— Yes, they were.（是的，他们是。）

Doris: What about you? 你呢？ Do you have any plans for the weekend?（你周末有什么计划吗？）

Do you have any plans for …（你……有什么安排吗？）后面经常接时间。比如说：

Do you have any plans for tonight?
Do you have any plans for the future?

当然plan也可以作动词，表示“计划、打算”。plan to do sth.，就是“计划做某事”。比如说：

I plan to learn a new language next year

Young: I'm gonna visit my friend.（杨我要去探望我的朋友。） She has just had an operation.（她刚刚动了一个手术。）

这句话里的has是助动词，中间的just是时间副词，表示“刚刚”；后面的had是have（动词“有”）的过去分词形式，和前面助动词has构成了现在完成时。同时，have an operation表示“动手术”。She has had an operation，也就是说：她动了一个手术。

Doris: Oh really? Is she OK?（多莉丝：真的吗？她还好吗？）

Young: Yes, it was just a minor operation,（杨：还好，只是一个小手术，）but I want to go and see her anyway.（但无论如何，我想去看看她。）

anyway是any（任何）和way（途径、方式）的合成词，字面意思是“无论任何途径、不管什么方式”，也就是“无论如何、不管怎样”的意思。紧接着Doris就说：

Doris: You sound like a good friend.（多莉丝：听起来你是一个很好的朋友。）

... sound like …（听起来像……。）

You sound like my mama.（你说话听起来像我妈。）不过这句话到底是夸对方亲切还是损对方说话啰嗦，就要看语境了
That sounds like a good idea.

Doris: Please send her my best wishes.（请送给她我最美好的祝愿。）

这也是问候别人的时候很常见、也很礼貌的一句话。当然，wish也可以作动词，表示“祝福、祝愿”。比如说：

I wish you all the best.（我祝愿你一切都好。）

Doris: Well,（好啦，） I need to go home and pack my things.（我得回家收拾东西了。） See you in the office on Monday.（周一在办公室见。）

Young: See you!（杨：再见！）

special [ˈspeʃl] adj. 特别的

这个词前面的-speci-是“观察、外表”的意思。英语里有个词，叫做species，作名词表示“物种、种类”，指的就是“外表各不相同的生物”

special后面是一个形容词后缀-al。这个词作形容词，指的是“外表不一样的、特别的”，现在泛指“特别的”。比如说：

He is our special guest.（他是我们的特邀嘉宾。）

event [ɪˈvent] n. 重要事件，大事

前缀e-是ex-的简写表示“向外”；后面的-vent-表示come（来），从读音上很像go（走）的过去式went。event的字面意思，是“走来、出来”，作名词指的是“发生的事件”，尤其指的是重要事件。比如说：

He cut his hair for the event.（他为这件事情还专门理了个发。）

close [kləʊz] v. 关闭；不营业；结束，停止 n. 结尾 adj. 接近的，靠近的；亲密的

close的核心含义是“关闭”，生活里结合不同的语境，可以表示不同的意思。close作动词，可以表示“关闭、不营业、结束、停止”。我们来看一些例子：

Could you close the door please?（请关上门，好吗？）
The restaurant closes at 2:00pm.（这个饭店下午两点打烊。）
She closed the meeting with a short speech.（她以简短的讲话结束了会议。）

当然，close也可以作名词，表示“结束、结尾”，也就是“画上一个圆满的句号”。比如说：

Can we bring this meeting to a close?（我们可以结束会议了吗？）

close也可以作形容词，表示“范围很小的、圈起来的”，延伸含义是“接近的、靠近的、亲密的”。比如说：

Our house is close to the school.（我们的房子离学校很近。）
We're a very close family.（我们全家彼此亲密无间。）

visit [ˈvɪzɪt] v. 访问；拜访；看望 n. 访问；参观

这个词前面的-vis-是“看”的意思。我们之前学过的view（名词“观点、看法”），也是visit的同源词。visit作动词，表示“看望、拜访、访问”。比如说：

I went back to visit my old school.（我回去拜访了母校。）

visit也可以作名词，表示“访问、参观”。比如说：

This is my first visit to New York.（这是我第一次访问纽约。）

operation [ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn; ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn] n. 手术

operate [ˈɒpəreɪt; ˈɑːpəreɪt] v.（使）运行；操作；动手术 n. 运行；操作；手术；有目的的行动

前面的-oper-是work（工作）的意思；后面是一个动词后缀-ate。operate作动词，可以表示“（使）运行、操控”。比如说：

I don’t know how to operate this machine.（我不知道怎么操控这个机器。）

operate作动词，也可以表示“做手术”，有点类似我们平时说的“操刀”。比如说：

The doctor will have to operate on his eyes.（医生得给他的眼睛动手术。）

operation作名词，表示“运行、操作、手术”。比如说：

The operation of this machine is very simple.（操作这个机器非常简单。）
I’m having a minor operation next week.（下周我有个小手术。）

operation作名词，也可以表示“有目的、有人操纵的行动”。比如说：

This is a special operation.（这是一项特别行动。）

minor [ˈmaɪnə(r)] adj. 较小的；次要的；轻微的

这个词前面的-min-是“小”的意思，我们可以结合mini（mini）去记；minor后面是一个比较级后缀-or，和-er一样，都可以翻译成“相比更……的、较……的”。minor作形容词，表示“相比更小的、较小的、次要的、轻微的”。比如说：

This is only a minor problem.（这只是个小问题。）
There may be some minor changes to the schedule.（时间安排也许会有些轻微的变动。）

另外，minor的反义词，叫做：major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] adj. 较重要的；主要的；重大的 n.（大学生的）专业 v. 主修，以……为专业

major作形容词，表示“相对较大的、主要的、重大的”。比如说：

There has been a major change in the company recently.（这家公司最近有重大改变。）

major也可以作名词，表示“大学生的专业”，也就是“大学期间主要学习的科目”，以及动词，表示“以……为专业、主修”。比如说：

— What’s your major?（你的专业是什么？）— My major is Chinese.（我的专业是中文。）当然，你也可以回答说：— I major in Chinese. 这里的major in+学科，就是“主修……专业”

所谓的“舌边音”，在英语里指的是舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流从舌头两边流出发的音，也叫“舌侧音”。

舌侧音比较特殊，有两种发音：

（1）当/l/出现在元音前面时，和元音连读，读作/l/（Light L /l/）： 口播：舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流从舌头两边流出，同时声带振动：/l/。你来张嘴说一下：/l/。

（2）当/l/出现在元音后面或者单词结尾时，单独发音，读/l/（Dark L /ɫ/）：口播：舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流从舌头两边流出，同时声带振动：/l/。你来张嘴说一下：/l/。

（Light L /l/）/l/ live, learn, language, follow, yellow

（Dark L /ɫ/）/l/ cool, girl, school, people, little

注意：有的英语单词里/l/不发音。比如：half, talk, could等。

（Light L /l/）live vs evil

（Dark L /ɫ/）low vs owl

learn a language（学一门语言） /lɜː(r)n/ /ə/ /ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/

school girl（女学生） /skuːl/ /ɡɜː(r)l/

1. I hate to wait in long lines.（我讨厌排长队。）

2. I slept very well last night.（我昨晚睡得很好。）

3. When shall we leave?（我们什么时候走？）

4. I’m in the same school with that girl.（我和那个女孩在同一所学校。）

1. Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.（学习让好人更好，坏人更坏。）

2. It is no use crying over spilt milk.（打翻的牛奶，哭也没用。/覆水难收。）

所谓的“一般疑问句”（general question），指的是最常见的、用Yes或者No就能回答的疑问句。这类疑问句可以分为两类：

（1）含有be动词、助动词（be，do，have）、情态动词（can，may，must等）的疑问句，我们只需要把be动词、助动词或者情态动词放到句首，句尾改成问号并且读升调就可以了。我们一起来回顾一下第五单元遇到的这类一般疑问句：

Lesson 17: Have you worked here long?

Lesson 17: Can I add your WeChat?

Lesson 17: Is that the time already?!

Lesson 17: Would you like to have lunch together later?

Lesson 18: Are you ready to go, Young?

Lesson 20: Is she OK?

我们分别把这些问句改写成陈述句，再来感受一下陈述转疑问的语序变化：

一般疑问句：Have you worked here long? 陈述句：I have worked here long.

一般疑问句：Can I add your WeChat? 陈述句：I can add your WeChat.

一般疑问句：Is that the time already?! 陈述句：That is the time already.

一般疑问句：Would you like to have lunch together later? 陈述句：I would like to have lunch together later.

一般疑问句：Are you ready to go, Young? 陈述句：I’m ready to go.（同上）

一般疑问句：Is she OK? 陈述句：She is OK.

我们分别来看看这些问题可以怎么回答：

— Have you worked here long? — Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

— Can I add your WeChat? — Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

— Is that the time already?! —Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.

— Would you like to have lunch together later? — Yes, I'd like to.. / I'd like to, but......

— Are you ready to go, Young?— Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

— Is she OK? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

这个时候你会发现，回答一般疑问句的答案都是省略句，比如最后一句Yes, she is. 其实指的是Yes, she is OK. 只不过结合语境大家都知道你说的是什么，就省略掉了后面相同的信息。

另外，be动词、助动词（be，do，have），都不能单独在句子里当“谓语”，只是和其它词一起共同构成谓语，所以不叫做“实义动词”。不能单独做谓语的还有情态动词（can，may，must等），它们后面必须跟动词原形来一起构成谓语部分。

（2）如果陈述句里的谓语动词是实义动词（有实实在在意义的、在句中可以单独作谓语的动词，比如like喜欢，mind介意等等），变成一般疑问句，要在句首加上助动词Do，后面的动词换成动词原形，同时句尾改成问号，并且往往读升调。我们一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 18: Do you like working here?

Lesson 18: Do you mind if I join you guys?

Lesson 20: Do you have any plans for the weekend?

我们分别把这些一般疑问句改写成陈述句，再来感受一下陈述转疑问的语序变化：

一般疑问句：Do you like working here? 陈述句：I like working here.

一般疑问句：Do you mind if I join you guys? 陈述句：I mind if you join us.

一般疑问句：Do you have any plans for the weekend? 陈述句：I have some plans for the weekend.

这里有一个很明显的不同，一般疑问句用的是any，陈述句用的是some，为什么呢？

我记得我们小时候学英语，老师跟我们讲过，说some用于肯定句，而any用于否定句和疑问句。其实不是这样的。any不光能用在否定句和疑问句里，也能用在肯定句里。比如说：

I’ll do anything for you.（我愿意为你做任何事。）

那为什么我们在上学的时候，老师会跟我们说“some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句”这种片面的“规则”呢？其实原因很简单，因为any的意思是“任何”，是不特指的或者对象不明确的。比如否定句：

I didn’t do anything wrong.（我没做错任何事。）这就是不特指某件事。

或者疑问句：

Is there anything I can do for you?（我有什么能帮你的吗？）这也是没特指哪件事

所以我们小时候学英语，老师才说，否定句和疑问句用any。但其实any这个词能表示的可不光是这两种情况，因为只要你的指代不明确，都可以用any。比如刚才我说的：

I’ll do anything for you.（我愿意为你做任何事。）这就是典型的不特指，因为我也不知道你接下来想让我做什么。

但是反过来，some的意思是“某种、某些”，是有明确指代的。比如说：

There’s someone at the door.（门口有个人。）你不能说：There’s anyone at the door.（门口有任何人。）你听起来不害怕吗？全世界70多亿人，你家门口能站几个

所以肯定句一般会用some，不会用any。而有时候some也能用在疑问句，比如说：

Can you lend me some money?（你能借给我点儿钱吗？）这个时候你想借的钱是有数的，所以别人接下来才会问：How much do you want?（你想借多少？）但是你不能说：Can you lend me any money?（你能借给我任何钱吗？）因为这句话的意思就变了，意思是：只要是钱、任何钱都可以。那我给你1分钱吧，反正1分钱也是钱。明白了some和any这俩单词的区别，你再来看看我们刚才的两句话就明白了：

一般疑问句：Do you have any plans for the weekend?（不特指、对象不明确）陈述句：I have some plans for the weekend.（有明确指代）

另外，如果陈述句的动词有人称、时态的变化，那么变成一般疑问句的时候，这些变化都在助动词Do上体现出来，实义动词统一变成动词原形。我们来回顾一下：

Lesson 19: Did you go to the Lost and Found? 如果这个句子变成陈述句，应该是：I went to the Lost and Found.（注意，这里的动词go变成了过去式went。）

当然，目前我们没有见过动词人称变化的问句，我给你补充一个例子：

陈述句：She learns English every day.（她每天学英语。） 一般疑问句：Does she learn English every day?（她每天学英语吗？）（注意，一般疑问句里的助动词do变成了does，同时原来陈述句里的动词learns变成了动词原形learn。）

最后，我们分别来看看原文里的这些问题可以怎么回答：

— Do you like working here? — Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

— Do you mind if I join you guys? — Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. （现实生活里的礼貌回答：Of course not. /You'd better not.）

— Do you have any plans for the weekend? — Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

— Did you go to the Lost and Found? — Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

所谓的“特殊疑问句”（special question），指的是针对句子里一个特殊部分提问的疑问句。比如人物、事物、时间、地点、方式等等，常见的特殊疑问词有：

what（什么），who（谁），whose（谁的），whom（“谁”的宾格）which（哪个），when（什么时候），where（哪里），how（多么、怎样，比如how far多远，how long多长等），why（为什么）等等。特殊疑问句的构成也特别简单，就是“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”，不过特殊疑问句一般读降调，不读升调。我们一起来回顾一下：

Lesson 17: Where did you work before?

Lesson 19: What are you doing, Doris?

Lesson 19: What did you do?

Lesson 19: What happened?

Lesson 19: What's this?!

Lesson 19: Where was it?

Lesson 20: What are you going to do tomorrow?

Lesson 20: How long have you known each other?

Lesson 20: Do you have any plans for the weekend?

简单来讲，掌握了一般疑问句以后，特殊疑问句就相对容易多了。

Young: Is that a picture from the wedding ?

Is that a ...  from ...    Is that a pen from your company

Doris: Yes. This is my best friend

Young: What about this photo ? Who's this ?

what about ...

- Would you like some water ? - No thanks ! - What about some fruit ?
- Do you like pets ? - Yes, I like cats. -  What about dogs ?
- Would you like some coffee ? - No thanks ! - What about some orange juice
- Can we have lunch together on Friday ? - I'd love to but I can't - I have two meetings on Friday - What about Saturday

who is ...

Who's the man wearing a black suit
Who's the man at the door

Doris: This is my mother. She is on my hometown

hometown 家乡，口语中可以表示老家

Young: What does she do for a living

                                         介词短语作目的状语

What does ... do for a living ?

What do you/they do for a living
What does your uncle do for a living

Doris: She is a professor in a university
Young: Who is the person next to her?

next to 靠近... 在旁边 ...   介词短语作后置定语

Doris: That is my younger sister

elder sister 姐姐，在美国也可以用older

Young: How old is she ?

How old is your brother /  How old are your parents / How old is your dog ?

Doris: She is twenty-five years old. She is three years younger than me

两位数在书写时需要连字符：thirty-three fifty-four

than 比：

My elder brother is five years older than me  
She is four years older then me
I saw her on the street

Young: So do you have a big family.
Doris: Yes. I have many cousions, nephews, nieces, and other relatives

cousion 表/堂兄弟姐妹  nephew 侄子/外甥  niece 侄女/外甥女  grandmother/ma 奶奶/姥姥   grandfather/pa 爷爷/姥爷  uncle 叔伯舅  aunt 婶娘舅妈

要表示汉语的爷爷比较麻烦：This is my grandfather on my father's side  / my paternal grandfather

外国人通常用称呼+名字来区分：Uncle Tom, Aunt Ma

Doris: Let me show you.

Let me show you how to do this
Let me show you the way to the restaurant

Young: Wow ! You really do have a big family.

do放在陈述句动词前面，用于强调：

I do love this English class
Do tell me when you get home

Young: And who are they ?
Doris: They are my sister's children.
Young: Oh, so you are an aunt ?
Doris: Yes. I have two nephews. This is Tom and this is his elder brother Rebort.
Young: They look so cute.  I aslo have a nephew. Maybe they can play together sometime

look做为系动词：看起来 Do I look good ?

Doris: That would be great !

That would be ...

- How about eating out tonight ? - That would be great
That would be boring / impossible

living

live 和 life 有关，作动词表示：生存/活着  The doctors said he only had six months to live
live 还可以表示居住：Where do you live ?

live 作形容词读作/ laɪv / 是alive的缩写：

活着的：We saw a live snake in the garden !
现场直播的/实况的：The club has live music most nights

living 谋生/生机/生活方式

His father never talked about what he did for a living
This cost of living has risen sharply

living 作形容词：正在活着的：All  living things

professor

pro向前fess说和phone有关or高级人员后缀

教授：His grandfather was a professor

university

uni和单一有关unit vers转reverse倒车ity名词后缀，围绕一个整体运转 原指一所大学的教职工，现在指大学

Both their children are in university

universe 宇宙

next

adj 下一个：Excuse me , it's my turn, I am the next
adj 接下来的：She's away for the next few days
adv 后来： So what happened next

紧挨着  Can I sit next to the window

relative

relate 联系：You can't relate the two things together

relative 亲戚：He has many relatives

relative 有关系的：He's not relative  to this event
relative 两者相比的/相对的：Romance is relative

Welcome to join us and learn English phonetics.

今天我们来学习两个“半元音”，分别是/w/ 和 /j/。在学习之前，我们先简单复习一下“元音”和“辅音”的概念。

元音：在发音过程中气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。

辅音：发音时气流受到发音器官的各种阻碍、辅助元音发音的音。

那什么叫“半元音”呢？简单来说，就是发音过程中，气流受发音器官阻碍较小、介于元音和辅音之间、同时具有元音和辅音特点的发音。比如：/w/ 和 /j/

/w/ ：发音方法类似 /uː/，但非常短：/w/。你来张嘴说一下：/w/。

/j/ ：发音方法类似 /iː/，但非常短：/j/。你来张嘴说一下：/j/。

/w/week, way, what, one, question

/j/year, young, university, interview, Europe

warm weather（温暖的天气） /wɔː(r)m/ˈweðə(r)/

your yogurt（你的酸奶） /jɔː(r); jʊr/ /ˈjɒɡə; ˈjoʊɡərt/

1. What’s the weather like today?（今天天气怎么样？）

2. Let’s give him a warm welcome!（让我们热烈欢迎他！）

3. The young man picked a yellow flower yesterday.（那个年轻人昨天摘了一朵黄色的花儿。）

4. You look very young for your age.（对于你的年龄来说，你看起来好年轻。）

下面我们来看看英语名言里的相关发音（Now let's take a look at the related pronunciation in English proverbs）：

1. Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成。）

2. You cannot eat your cake and have it too.（鱼和熊掌不能兼得。）

Young: Hi, Doris. Do you know any good restaurant ? I want to try something  new after work

something 不定代词的合成词，类似的合成词还有somebody, someone ...

不定代词：不明确指定人或物  some/any/each/every/all/none ...

为什么形容词new不放在something前面？new something（新的某物），不是更符合表达顺序吗？其实原因很简单，因为something本身就是some+thing的合成词表示“某个东西”，这里的some本身起的就是形容词或者限定词的作用，已经把形容词的位置用完了，所以再有形容词就要往后放了。同时，作为印欧语系的英语，很多其它情况下的定语后置也是非常常见的。这类表达以后你要习惯，比如

something beautiful（漂亮的某物）
someone else（其他人）等等
没什么特别的（nothing special）

Doris: How about hotpot ?

How about ...

How about this dress ?
How about  going out for dinner tonight ?
How about Wednesday afternon
How about palying basketball ?

What about…?（……怎么样？）后面接名词或者相当于名词成分的词，可以表示针对之前类似问题的进一步提问。在这一点上，What about和How about可以互换，没有区别。比如说：

I like this movie. What about you?    I like this movie. How about you?
I’ve never been to Australia before. What about you?   I’ve never been to Australia before. How about you?

What about可以表示针对之前谈到的话题中某个点（what）的担心，指的是“关于……怎么办”，这个时候我们不能说成How about，因为how的意思是“如何、怎么样”，How about的字面上是“关于……怎么样”，更多的还是提建议。比如说：

- Let's go for a movie !  - What about my English class ?

- I’m so bored. I want to try something interesting
- How about playing football?
- Let’s play football
- What about my homework?

Doris: Are you a fan of it ?

fan作名词表示“迷”，复数叫fans，也就是我们平时说的“粉丝”。但是如果你见到你喜欢的人，别说：I’m your fans. 因为你只是一个人，不用复数，要说：I’m your fan. 原文里的a fan of sth.，指的是“某物的粉丝”，当然你也可以说a fan of sb.（某人的粉丝）。Are you a fan of it?字面意思是“你是火锅粉吗”？其实就是说：你喜欢吃火锅吗？

Are you a fan of…?

Are you a fan of the movie star?
Are you a fan of pop music ?

Young: I love it. Do you know where a good one is ?

Do you know where ... 不过后面要用陈述句的语序，而不是特殊疑问句的语序。原文里的Do you know where a good one is? 后面的where a good one is就是陈述句的语序，表示“一家好的（火锅店）在哪里”。为什么要用陈述句语序呢？因为Do you know后面要跟的是宾语，翻译成“你知道某件事吗？” where a good one is指的就是“一家好的（火锅店）在哪里这件事”，但如果你说where is a good one?就成了特殊疑问句“一家好的（火锅店）在哪儿？”，相当于Do you know（你知道吗）这个问句里面又一个问句。虽然你这么说外国人也能听懂，但这种表述在英语里就比较别扭。另外，因为where a good one is也是一个不缺成分的完整的句子，属于句子里“跟着的句子”，也叫“从句”。同时，这个从句跟在动词know后面当宾语，所以也叫“宾语从句”

Do you know where she is?
Do you know where he lives?
Do you know where he lives?
Do you know why I’m angry?

Doris: Yes. I used to go to a really good one all the time

I used to… 指的是“过去这么做过”，汉语翻译成“曾经做过什么“

I used to live in London
He used to be one of my professors
He used to be a policeman

生活里，used to do sth.也经常来表示“过去经常做某事”。比如说：

I used to go there every Saturday
I used to play basetball

used也是use的过去分词，可以作形容词，表示“习惯的”，也就是“经常做的”。英语里还有个表达，叫做

be used to sth: 

I’m used to the noise around here
I am used to traveling alone

be used to do sth 不过这里的be used是被动语态，表示“被使用”

Money can be used to buy things

我们再来回顾一下这三个句型，这也是很多中国学生最容易混淆的三个句型，但其实你只要能分清楚句子成分，就不会搞混了：

used to do sth.（曾经做过某事。/过去常常做某事）（used是动词过去式）
be used to sth./doing sth.（习惯某事）（used是形容词）
be used to do sth.（被用来做某事）（be used是被动语态）

Doris: It's not far from here. I can't remember the Chinese name, but it's next to a Wal-Mart
Young: Let me check.  I found two locations. Which one is it?
Doris: I think it's this location.

I think ...

I think your idea is very good.
I think your nephew is really cute

Doris: My Chinese isn't good, but it should be right

Young: I need to go out from Exit B

                                    地点状语

Young: OK. I need to walk along the street and turn left at the traffic lights

walk along the street 沿着路走

turn left 左拐    at the traffic lights / at the crossroad

Young: The hotpot restaurant should be around the corner

around prep围绕/转弯：around the corner，字面意思是“在角落处拐弯”，生活里指的是“在拐角处”

There's a bookstore around the corner

- Excuse me. Where is the way to this bookstore? - Walk along the street and turn right at the traffic lights.
- Hello. Could you please tell me how to get to this restaurant? - Walk along the street and turn left at the traffic lights, and the restaurant is just around the corner.

around the corner除了可以表示“在拐角处”，也可以表示“即将到来”，也就是“拐弯就到、马上就到”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

Christmas is just around the corner.（圣诞节马上就要到了。）

Young: I've arrived. Here is the Wal-Mart, but where is the hotpot restaurant ? There is only a spa

Spa（斯帕）是比利时东部的一座城镇，因为矿泉而闻名全球。现在英语里用spa用来代表“温泉浴场”

Young: It must have been the other location after all.

It must have been...   字面意思是“这肯定已经是……”，生活里用来表示“对过去事实肯定的推测”

It must have been terrible 糟糕 when that happened
It must have been very cold here last night

the other 两者中的另外一个/两部分中的另外一部分

She has two daughters. One is nine; the other is five
This part of the movie is good, but the other parts are boring

after all 在全部事情之后：终究/毕竟，在全部事情发生之后、权衡全部之

We've decided to live in another city after all 终究
After all 毕竟，15 minutes of exercise is better than nothing

Young: Oh well, I'm here now !

来都来了

restaurant

和restore 再次存储 - 复原有关：

The police are trying to restore public order
The operation restored his sight

restau和restore有关，使人填饱独自的地方rant。餐馆/饭店：

That new restaurant is a big disappointment

remember

记住/记起：

I can remember people's  facies, but not their names
Do you remember her ?

location

locate 找出...的准确位置/定位：The police are trying to locate the missing 失踪 girl

locale  / loʊˈkæl /  ： 地点/区域

locate 安置/着落于：

They located thier new comany in New York
My company is located in suburban 郊区 BeiJing

location 位置/地点：He showed me our location on the map`

around

prep 周围一圈/围绕：We sat around the table

prep 绕过/作弧形运动：Our house is just around the corner

prep 大约/在周围： 相当于about：He arrived around five o'clock

adv 围绕：Let me show you around  地点状语

adv 向后转/掉头：She turned the car around and drove away

corner

corn和horn有关，corner带角的地方

I hit my nee on the corner of the table
There is a man in the corn of the room

Young: Hi, Leo ! What are you doing ?
Leo: I'm just looking at all of the different countries on this globe.

                                                                                               介词短语做定语，修饰的是国家，不是地点状语

Young: Isn't it amazing how big the world is ?

反问句：

1. 用否定式问句来表示肯定的观点
2. 反问句不需要回答，答案就在提问里，目的是引起对方的反思/共鸣

You should be at school today.  Shouldn't you be at school today ?
You like it.  Don't you like it ?
Everyone loves beautiful things.   Who doesn't like beautiful things ?

Now you make some similar sentences:

He is a doctor. Isn't he a doctor ?
You can help me.  Can't you help me ?
No body cares.  Who cares ?

It is amazing how big the world is. It是形式主语，正常语序：How big the world is is amazing 很别扭，主语太常，两个is在一起

Leo: Yes, I'm trying to learn more different customs and fun facts about the world

fun  n 乐趣/快乐  adj 令人快乐的/有趣的：This game looks fun.  You had a fun day 开心的一天
funny adj 滑稽的/搞笑的：funny jokes / acts. You had a funny day 搞笑的一天

Young: Me too. I read a fun fact about time zones the other day

Me too  我也是

- I like this English class - Me too

read 过去式/分词，形式一样，但是读音不同

time zone 时区

the other day 另一天（昨天/明天），但是现在指前些天，不久前的一天

I'm very sorry about the problem the other day
I met my English teacher on the street the other day

Leo: Oh, really ?
Young: Do you know that in both Russia and America,  they have 11 different time zones ? But in China, we have only one: Beijing Time.

But 引导的部分是并列句

Do you know that...

Do you know that he has just quit his job ?
Do you know that he is already 40 years old ?

时区的知识，一共24个正好一天。Universal Time Coordinated UTC  夏令时  Summer Time / Daylight  saving time

Leo:  Wow ! I didn't know they have so many timezones

注意时态：前面didn't是因为之前不知道，后面一般现在时，是因为在描述一般性的客观事实

Young: Yes, it's crazy !
Leo: I can't wait to go traveling again. The last time I weng traveling, I noticed something interesting

I noticed ... 我注意到 ...

I noticed something different
I noticed that everyone was looking at me
I noticed that man with yellow hair
I noticed that he walked into the room

Young: What's that ?
Leo:  The floor  numbers are different in different countires. In the UK, we call the "first floor" of a building the ground floor, the "second floor" of a building the "first floor"

英国坐电梯，会发现一般电梯没有一层，只有一个大写字母G，代表的就是Ground Floor（底楼）。如果你想上2楼，要按1；想上3楼，要按2，以此类推。另外，电梯“地下室”的表达全球都差不多，最常见的就是用B1，B2来表示。这里的B指的是Basement（地下室）

Young: Oh, really?! It's good to learn more about the world we live in.

It's good to do sth....

It's good to meet people from different parts of the country
It’s good to know someone will help you

Leo: I'm still getting used to the difference here. I'm sure it will take some time.

still在这里作副词，表示“仍然、还在”。get used to sth.，相当于be used to sth.，表示“习惯某事、适应某事”

I'm still getting used to…是现在进行时，指的是“我仍然在习惯/适应…

I’m getting used to the food here
I’m getting used to living in Beijing
I’m getting used to the cold weather here
I’m getting used to getting up early

I’m sure…我确定……

I’m sure we can solve this problem
I’m sure you can win the game

Young:That's funny.

globe

globe作名词，早期指的是“土块、土球”。现在globe变成了“球体”的代名词，也可以用来表示“地球、地球仪”

平时我们说“世界各地”，可以说around the world，也可以说around the globe

环保人士经常说的“全球变暖”，英语叫做global warming。这里的global，就是globe的形容词形式，表示“全球的、全世界的”

amazing

amaze[əˈmeɪz] vt. 使大为惊奇

再往前推，这两个词都和maze（名词“迷宫”）有关，早期指的是“迷惑人、让人产生错觉”。amaze现在作动词，表示“令人惊奇”。比如说：

It amazes me to think that she is now in charge of the company.

amazing作形容词，表示“令人大为惊奇的”，延伸含义是“非常好的”。比如说：

This wine is really amazing.

custom

custom作名词，表示一个地方的“风俗、习俗”。比如说：

In many western countries, it's the custom for women to get married in white.

customer，指的是“习惯光顾一家店的老主顾”，也就是“顾客”。比如说：

This store has many customers

customs，作名词表示“海关”，习惯交钱的岗

costume [ˈkɒstjuːm; ˈkɑːstuːm] n. 戏装：这个词指的就是不同时期和行业的人们“习惯的装束

cosplay（角色扮演），其实就是Costume Play的简称

zone

zone作名词表示“地区、地带”，生活里其实非常常见。比如说：

Smoke Free Zone（无烟区）
Car Parking Zone（停车区）
No-fly Zone（禁飞区）等等

crazy

crazy作形容词，可以表示“疯狂的、荒唐的”。比如说：

You're crazy to buy a house without seeing it

crazy作形容词，也可以表示“狂热的、着迷的”。比如说：

I'm crazy about Chinese food

英语里有个很常见的搭配，叫做drive sb. crazy，指的是“驱使、致使某人发疯”。比如说：

That loud noise is driving me crazy

notice

这个词从读音上和know（动词“知道”）有关，作动词表示“注意到、意识到”。比如说：

The first thing I noticed about the room was the smell
She waved at the man but he didn't notice

notice也可以作名词，表示“注意、在意”。比如说：

I asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn't take any notice.

notice作名词，生活里还经常表示“公告（牌）、警示（牌）”，其实是“让大家注意到”。比如说：

There is a large "No Parking” notice on the wall

still

这个词前面的-st-和stand（站立）前面的-st-是一样的，都表示“站着不动”。still作副词，表示“仍然”，其实就是“原地没动、没变”。比如说：

Do you still work for the same company?

still也可以作形容词，表示“静止的、不动的、平静的”。比如说：

Children find it difficult to stay still for a long time

今天我们来学习一下英语里的“辅音连缀”。Today, we’re going to learn the “consonant clusters” in English.

在学习之前，我们先来了解一下什么叫做“辅音连缀”。所谓的“连缀”，指的是“连接、组合”。“辅音连缀”指的是：在英语单词里，有两个或者两个以上的辅音音素连在一起的现象。

汉语的普通话里没有辅音连缀成串（严格来说，是没有复辅音声母），英语对辅音连缀却非常宽容和慷慨。（Chinese never allows consonants to run together while English is very liberal and generous in stringing them together.）

当然，汉语拼音通常不讲元音和辅音，而是讲“声母”和“韵母”。比如在汉语拼音里，“辅音”的“辅”字，读[fǔ]，其中的[f]是声母，[u]是韵母。英语中相当多的辅音连缀在普通话中不存在。换句话说，普通话里没有两个或两个以上的声母连缀，而是“声母+韵母”，比如“大[dà]”；或者单独的韵母发声，比如“啊[a]”。相比之下，英语里两个或者两个以上的辅音音素连在一起的现象就非常常见。这也是为什么很多中国学生读不好英语辅音连缀。比如：

friend [frend]   在这个单词里，辅音音素/f/和/r/构成了辅音连缀，中间没有任何元音音素，读成[frend]。但很多中国学生会读成[fərend]，在辅音音素/f/后面加了一个不存在的元音音素/ə/

timetable[ˈtaɪmteɪbl] 在这个单词里，辅音音素/m/和/t/构成了辅音连缀，中间没有任何元音音素，读成[ˈtaɪmteɪbl]。但很多中国学生会读成[ˈtaɪmu:teɪbl]，在辅音音素/m/后面加了一个不存在的元音音素/u:/

词首有两个辅音音素的单词：

place [pleɪs]（不要读成[pəleɪs]）
class [klɑːs; klæs]（不要读成[kəlɑːs; kəlæs]）
stop [stɒp; stɑːp]（不要读成“死套破”）
sport [spɔː(r)t]（不要读成“死炮特”）
scar [skɑː(r)]（不要读成“死卡尔”）

发音现象：这个时候你还会发现，这几个单词s后面的p，t，c，读起来更像是/b/，/d/，/g/的发音。为什么呢？因为/s/本身是摩擦音，是要送气的。在重读音节里，如果/s/送气，后面的清辅音/p/，/t/，/k/也送气，读起来就会很吃力，甚至会把口水喷出去，所以在重读音节里，/s/后面的清辅音就不送气了，读成了浊辅音的发音

please [pliːz]
close [kləʊz]
flower [ˈflaʊə(r)]
store [stɔː(r)]
speak [spiːk]

词首有三个辅音音素的单词：

spring [sprɪŋ]
street [striːt]
screen [skriːn]
spread [spred]
strong [strɒŋ; strɔːŋ]
square [skweə(r)]

英语单词词中的辅音连缀：

computer [kəmˈpjuːtə(r)]
classroom [ˈklɑːsruːm; ˈklæsrʊm]
bookshop [ˈbʊkʃɒp; ˈbʊkʃɑːp]
remember [rɪˈmembə(r)]
asking [‘ɑːskɪŋ; 'æskɪŋ]
lovely [ˈlʌvli]

词中有三个辅音音素的单词：

umbrella [ʌmˈbrelə]
expensive [ɪkˈspensɪv]
children [ˈtʃɪldrən]
postcard [ˈpəʊstkɑː(r)d]
friendly [ˈfrendli]
complete [kəmˈpliːt]

有四个或五个辅音音素的单词，属于少数情况。比如：

extra [ˈekstrə]
handspring [ˈhændsprɪŋ]

词尾有两个辅音音素的单词：

stops [stɒps]
loves [lʌvz]
grabbed [ɡræbd]
asked [ɑ:skt; æskt]

发音现象：这个时候你还会发现，stops的尾字母s读/s/；但是loves的尾字母s读/z/；grabbed的尾字母d读/d/；但是asked的尾字母d读/t/，这种读音有什么规律吗？其实很简单：

单词词尾的s或者-ed会被前面的音素影响：

前一个音素是清辅音，尾音/s/或者/t/就读清辅音

前一个音素是浊辅音，尾音/s/或者/t/就读浊辅音/z/或者/d/

如果前一个音素是元音的话，尾音仍然读浊辅音。也就是“清—清，浊—浊，元—浊”。这么读可以打到在实际发音的过程中既省力、又清晰的效果。

我们再来举几个例子：

词尾s：

清辅音结尾读[s]：books [bʊks]

浊辅音结尾读[z]：dogs [dɒɡz; dɔːɡz]

元音结尾读[z]：knows [nəʊz]

词尾-ed：

清辅音结尾读[t]：looked[lʊkt]

浊辅音结尾读[d]：lived [lɪvd]

元音结尾读[d]：hurried [ˈhʌrid]

该你了：

词尾s：

清辅音结尾读[s]：cakes [keɪks]

浊辅音结尾读[z]：jobs [d’ʒɒbz; dʒɑːbz]

元音结尾读[z]：shows [ʃəʊz]

词尾-ed：

清辅音结尾读[t]：watched [wɒtʃt; wɑːtʃt]

浊辅音结尾读[d]：loved[lʌvd]

元音结尾读[d]：married [ˈmærid]

此外，这种现象还有三种读音情况：

单词词尾是t或d，加s以后会读成/ts/或/dz/。比如：cats，gifts，reads，ends 

单词词尾是t或d，加-ed以后会读成/tid/或/did/，从而让读音更方便。比如：wanted，started，needed，decided

如果单词词尾是/s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/，加-es以后会读成/iz/，从而让读音更方便。比如：boxes，sizes，wishes，watches，bridges

词尾有三个辅音音素的单词（不要在辅音音素之间加元音音素）：

asks [ɑːsks; æsks]
builds [bɪldz]
sixth [sɪksθ]
helps [helps]
stamps [stæmps]
danced [dɑːnst; dænst]

Doris: What are you doing ?
Leo: We are talking about customs in oterh countries

talk about 关于某事来说话，谈论某事

I  don't want to talk about it
I want to talk about how to learn English

Doris: That sounds interesting. I was just thinking about where to spend my summer vacation this morning

think about 考虑某事

I was just thinking about  ... 我刚刚还在想 ...

I was just thinking about her when she phoned
I was just thinking about what this is
I was just thinking about why you were late
I was just thinking about what to have for lunch

Young: Have you ever been to New Zealand ?

Have you ever ...

Have you ever seen anything like it ?
Have you ever been to the States ?
Have you ever used this software before ?
Have you ever been to Canada ?

Doris: No, I haven't yet. What about you, Leo ?

口语表达要简洁：

No, I haven't = No, I haven't been to New Zealand
Yes, I have = Yes, I have been to New Zealand

Leo:  Yes, I have been there. It's a beautiful island.
Young: Yes, but the weather is different from here

A is different from B

My hat is different from Tom's hat / Tom's
Learning a language is different from learning math
My dong is different from Mary's
Playing soccer/football is different from playing basketball

Young: It's hot in winter, but cold in summer
Doris: Well, I want to go somewhere that is hot in summer
Leo: What about Thailand ? Have you ever been there before?
Doris: I went there last year. Any other suggestions ?

( Do you have ) any other suggestions ?

Leo: What about Spain ?
Young: I have been to the capital, Madrid. It has many tourist spots, and the environment is peaceful

tourist spots 游客集中的地方，旅游景点

Doris:  Do they speak English ?

Do they speak... 他们说...语言么

Leo: Yes, many of the locals can speak English. Spanish are very friendly and welcoming, and the food is to die for

locals 本地人  welcoming 热情

is to die for  =  be willing to die for  表示极好的夸张说法

This chocolate cake is to die for
The food in my hometown is to die for

Doris: Spain sounds like an amazing destination !

spend[spend]

这个词前面的s-是ex-（向外）的变体；后面的-pend-是“悬挂、称重”的意思，想象一下用秤下面挂着物体称重的样子

英语里有个货币单位，叫pound（英镑），字面意思就是“称出来的钱”，而且从读音上，pound和spend里的-pend-也是同源

spend这个词，字面意思是“称出来、衡量要花多少钱”，作动词表示“花钱”，延伸含义也可以表示“花费时间、精力”等等。比如说：

She spends a lot of money on clothes.
He spent 3 days in his new project.
He spent the whole afternoon (in) doing his homework

vacation

这个词前面的-vac-是“空”的意思；后面是一个复合名词后缀-ation。所谓的“复合后缀”，就是两个合起来的后缀。-ation是动词后缀-ate和名词后缀-ion合在一起的后缀，并且因为-ate尾音e不发音，合在一起就省略了。vacation指的是“空闲的时间”，作名词专指“假期”。summer vacation是“暑假”。与之相对的winter vacation就是“寒假”

另外，在国外住酒店，我们经常会看到很多酒店门口会写着Vacancy或者No Vacancy，指的就是“有空房”或者“客满”的意思

island

land是“陆地”的意思。island这个词，我们可以简单理解成in sea land（在海里的陆地），也就是“岛屿”。比如说：

The island is hot and humid in summer

另外，今天的原文里还有两个地名，也都和land（陆地）有关。一个是New Zealand，字面意思其实就是new sea land（新的海上陆地）。1647年，荷兰探险家阿贝尔·塔斯曼（Dutch explorer Abel Tasman）发现了这块新大陆并且给这块大陆取了名字，但在第二年，荷兰当局又以荷兰的泽兰省（Zeeland）为基础重新对这块新大陆命名，就有了New Zealand

另一个是Thailand（泰国），thai在泰语里是free（自由）的意思，所以Thailand的字面意思是land of the free（自由的国度）。另外，Thai在泰语里也是当地族群的名字，所以Thailand也可以理解成Land of the Thai People

再多说几句：英语之所以叫English，是因为最早讲英语的人，是古日耳曼民族（ancient Germanic people）里的盎格鲁人（Angles），这些人迁移到了大不列颠岛（Great Britain）上的一片区域，并以自己的名字把这片区域命名为Engla land（现在的England），字面意思是the land of the Angles（“盎格鲁人的土地”），中国人把这个单词翻译成“英格兰”。同时，盎格鲁人讲的语言，就是English（英语）

suggestion

suggest [səˈdʒest] vt. 提议；建议

前缀sug-是sub-的变体，表示“在下面”。我们熟悉的subway（地铁），字面意思就是“在下面的路”。这里之所以写成sug-，是为了和后面的字母g连起来的时候读音方便。 suggest后面的-gest-是“携带”的意思，英语里有个单词叫gesture（名词“手势”），目的就是“携带信息、表达信息”。suggest这个词，字面意思是“从下方带出来”，作动词表示“提出自己的建议、提议”。比如说：

He suggested an Italian restaurant for the party
I suggest going out for dinner

suggestion作名词，表示“提出的建议”。比如说：

I don't know what to wear tonight - do you have any suggestions?

capital

从源头来讲，capital的所有含义，都和“头”相关，我们平时熟悉的cap（帽子），就是capital的同源词，指的是“头上戴的东西”。而capital作为“首都”或者“省会”来讲，指的是“国家或者省份的头号城市”。比如说：

Australia's capital city is Canberra / ˈkænbərə /

capital作为“大写字母”，其实指的也是“英语句子或者单词开头的字母”。比如说：

Please write your name in capitals

capital作为“资本、资金”来讲，来自于中世纪商贸对牛的大宗交易的使用，要数牛头定数量嘛。这也是为什么英语里的“牛群”叫做cattle。capital作为“资金”来讲，比如说：

We put $20,000 capital into the business

tourist

tour [tʊə(r); tʊr] n. 旅游，旅行；巡视；巡回演出或比赛；v. 旅行；巡视；巡回演出或比赛

tour从读音上和turn（动词“转”）有关，指的是“转一转”，作名词表示“旅游、旅行”。比如说：

a walking tour
a cycling tour

因为tour的字面意思是“圆圈”，所以tour作名词，也可以表示“巡回比赛、演出”等。比如说：

The band is on tour in France.（这支乐队正在法国巡回演出）

tour也可以作动词，表示“旅行、巡视、巡回比赛或演出”。比如说：

We spent a month touring around Kenya.（我们在肯尼亚各地游玩了一个月）
He toured America with his one-man show.（他在美国进行了个人巡回演出）

tour后面加一个表示人的名词后缀-ist，就变成了tourist（名词“旅行者、观光客”）。比如说：

A large number of tourists come to Beijing every day

peaceful

这个词由peace（名词“和平、平静”）和形容词后缀-ful组成，作形容词表示“和平的、平静的”。比如说：

We hope to live in a peaceful world
She lived a very peaceful life

local

local和我们之前学过的location（名词“位置”）是同源词，作形容词表示“就在这个位置的、当地的”。比如说：

a local farmer

local也可以作名词，表示“当地人”。比如说：

The locals are very friendly

welcoming

welcome [ˈwelkəm] vt. 欢迎，迎接 n. 欢迎；迎接

They were at the door to welcome us
I would like to welcome any suggestions.

welcome也可以作名词，表示“欢迎、迎接”。比如说：

They were given a warm welcome.

welcome还可以作形容词，表示“受欢迎的”。口语里别人谢谢你，你说：You’re welcome. 字面意思是“你是受欢迎的”，其实指的是“很开心帮助你”，不过汉语翻译成“不客气”，其实是汉语的说法而已，和英语这句话的字面意思没有关系。口语里别人跟你说谢谢，你可以说：You are welcome.

今天，我们来总结一下英语里名词单复数的变化规则。Today, let's summarize the rules for the change of singular and plural nouns in English.

首先，英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词。

1. 专有名词：表示的是“特定的人、物或抽象概念”。比如Tom（人名），Beijing（地名），Christmas（圣诞节）等等，而且专有名词的首字母都是大写的，目的就是为了醒目，告诉别人这是个专有的名字。

2. 普通名词：非专有名词的其他各类名词，也可以分为“人、物或抽象概念”。比如boy（男孩），computer（电脑），success（成功）等等，但并不特指某个特定的对象。

可数/不可数

同时，英语里的普通名词还分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词是可以计数的单个物体、人、想法等的名称。

不可数名词是材料、液体、抽象特质、集合物品等的名称。这些名称没有明确区分界限的整体，不能作为单个物体来看待。

在英语里，名词的单复数会在词尾用不同的形式体现出来，也就是我们经常说的“以形表意”。比如a student（一个学生），three students（三个学生）。也就是说，student（学生）是可数名词，是数得清数量的。但是有的名词没法数清楚，比如juice（果汁），smoke（烟），或者anger（愤怒）这种抽象概念等等

大多数名词变复数，词尾直接加-s就可以了。

Lesson 8: I always let the pedestrians pass first.

Lesson 10: Meetings are helpful to spot and solve problems.

Lesson 12: I've got great plans for tonight.

Lesson 13: I've been waiting for her for ten minutes.

Lesson 14: I have trouble making decisions.

Lesson 16: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and help us stay healthy and strong.

Lesson 18: Leo:I'm really hungry. Do you mind if I join you guys?

Lesson 19: Doris: It rained cats and dogs.

Lesson 21: Doris: I have many cousins, nephews, nieces, and other relatives.

Lesson 23: Leo: Yes. I'm trying to learn more different customs and fun facts about the world.

以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词变复数，词尾加-es，这样读音更方便：

Lesson 3: I hate washing dishes.

Lesson 20: Doris:Please send my best wishes to her.

Lesson 17: I was responsible for designing classes.

另外还有比如watch（手表），复数叫做watches；fox（狐狸），复数叫做foxes等等。

辅音字母+y结尾的词，变复数的时候y变i加-es，这样可以保留原本y的读音。比如：

country-countries（国家），family-families（家庭）等等。

以-o结尾的名词，很多都是词尾加-es构成复数，主要目的是为了保留原本o的读音。比如：

tomato-tomatoes（西红柿），potato-potatoes（马铃薯），hero-heroes（英雄）等等。

但是你可能会想，那为什么photo（相片），piano（钢琴）这种词，变复数的时候词尾还是只加-s呢？因为其实这类词是缩写词，photo的全称是photograph，复数是photographs，简称photos；piano的全称是pianoforte，复数是pianofortes，简称pianos。

还有一些外来语的单词，变复数的时候词尾也是只加-s，因为这类词并不属于英语原有的词汇。比如solo（独奏、单人表演），复数就叫solos

但是，以元音字母和-o结尾的名词，词尾还是直接加-s。比如：

zoo-zoos（动物园），video-videos（视频），radio-radios（收音机）等等

以-f或-fe结尾的名词，变复数的时候词尾往往会变成-ves，读作[vz]。比如：

leaf-leaves（树叶），life-lives（生命）等等

Young: Hi Doris. What do you think of this restaurant ?

What do you think of...

What do you think of my new haircut ?
What do you think of the environment in your hometown ?
What do you think of hotpot here ?
What do you think of him ?

这里可以用think about 替换think of。think of vs think about:

about字面意思是on by out 在外面/在周围，围绕对象来思考，考虑

of的字面意思是belong to，属于，侧重于对象本身。除了考虑的意思，还可以表示想起：

I can't think of his name at the moment 我一时想不起他的名字
I'm thinking of me 我想起你了。特定语境下表示我想你了，等于I'm missing you

还可以用：How do you like the restaurant

Doris: It looks really nice. What's the food like ?

What's ... like

和What do you think of / How do you like比起来更加侧重客观事实

What's the weather like in BeiJing ?
What's your new teacher like ?
What's  your new house like ?

该句型相当于How is  ....

How is the weather in BeiJing ?
How is your new teacher ?
How is everything ?

Young: I've tried a lot of the dishes before,  and none of them are bad

dish 可以做菜肴，signature dish 招牌菜

none = not one

Doris: Wow ! You really like eating out.

eating out 下馆子

Young:  I've been many restaurants around here.

Doris: Let me look at the menu. Is there any dish you recommend ?

                                                                                      后置定语

Is there any ...

Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight ?
Is there any coffee left ?
Is there any any pizza left ?
Is there any book you recommend ?

Young: It depends on the type of food you like to eat.

depend on sth/sb...

依靠

You can always depend on him in difficult times 遇到困难时
We should depend on ourselves

取决于

Does the quality of teaching depend on class size ?
Your success depends on your hard work

It depends on ... 这取决于 ...

- Can you be there on time ? - It depends on the airline 航空公司
- Can we play football tomorrow ? - It depends on the weather tomorrow

Doris: Well, I like a little of everything. There's no food I don't like

little

小的/年幼的：a little house, a little boy
少量的/几乎没有的（后接不可数名词）：a little water 少量的水；little water 几乎没有水
a little 做副词，稍微/有点：a little cold，此时等于 a little bit：It's a little bit cold today
little做名词表示少许，文中就是这种用法

Young: You are gonna love eating here

You are gonna ...  即 You are going to ... 关于对方有把握的推测：

Trust me. You are gonna look great
You are gona love  the next two days

Doris: I've eaten a lot of meat this week. Do they have any healthy options ?

Young: They serve some of the best salads here. They also have a few different vegetable dishes

a few 类似 a little，但是后面是可数名词。few也可以表示几乎没有

We have a little water left
We have little water left

I have a few friends
I have few friends

few可以单独做代词/名词表示少量：

Few of the children can read or write 这些孩子没几个人能读写

练习：

There are a few books on the table
I can speak a little of French
Few people can understand what he said
I have little money

Doris: That's great
Young: I think I'm gonna order this meat dish, and these two vegetable dishes
Doris: Ok. Let me finish looking first

recommend

re强调com共同men和词根man手d和do给予有关，donate 捐赠，字面意思给予。推荐

Could you recomend a book to me ?

depend

de向下pend悬挂，挂在下方。依附/依赖/取决于

He is the kind of person you can depend on
Wether we need more food depends on how many people turn up

It depends  / That depends  看情况，视情况而定

- Is he coming ? - That depends. He may not have the time

healthy

healthy - health - heal

heal 和whole有关，治愈

It took a long time for the wounds to heal
This will help to heal your cuts 割伤

health 健康：A health problem

healthy 健康的： He has a healthy living habit

option

选项/选择权：

As I see it 在我看来, we have two options
I have no options but ask him to leave

serve

service 服务，名词形式

为谁服务： He served in the army for three years.

提供食物/饮料：Breakfast is served in the restaurant between 7 to 10 am

对...有用；满足...的需求：These experiments serve no useful purpose

1. 单音节词都要重读，但是不需要标出重音符号，单词读降调。比如：

good [ɡʊd]

great[ɡreɪt]

plane[pleɪn]

2. 双音节单词，重音可以在第一个音节，也可以在第二个音节。比如：

number[ˈnʌmbə(r)]

people[ˈpiːpl]

behind[bɪˈhaɪnd]

decide[dɪˈsaɪd]

这个时候你会发现，在查字典的时候，重音在音标里通常都会用重音符号ˈ标在重读音节之前。

3. 多音节单词，很多单词还是一个重音，但是有些单词会有不止一个重音。比如：

computer[kəmˈpjuːtə(r)]（一个重音）

information[ˌɪnfə(r)ˈmeɪʃn]（两个重音）

university[ˌjuːnɪˈvɜː(r)səti]（两个重音）

这个时候你会发现，有一些单词里会有不止一个重音符号，其中ˌ是次重音符号，ˈ是重音符号。

说到这里，你可能会问：到底怎么读重音？是语调的变化吗？简单来说，重音主要可以用三种方式来体现。我们用English这个单词来感受一下：

第一，音量变大：English

第二，音调升高：English

第三，音长拖长：E-n-glish

4. 通过重音可以更好地区分类似读音的数字类单词。比如：

thirteen 第二音节重读，thirty 第一音节重读

 

但是，如果你想知道具体某个单词的重音在哪里，那么没有万能的规则，因为但凡规则都会有例外，最好的办法就是查字典、看音标读。另外，即使同一个单词，单独拿出来读，和放在词组、句子里读，重音可能也会发生变化。

下面你来根据这些单词的重音开口读一下吧：

simple[ˈsɪmpl]

report[rɪˈpɔː(r)t]

supermarket[ˈsuːpəmɑː(r)kɪt]

communication[kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn]（n. 沟通）

1. 一般情况下，合成词或者词组的重音在第一个单词上。比如：

ˈbathroom

ˈgirlfriend

ˈbus stop

ˈwaiting room

2. 在词组里，如果第一个词主要起到的是修饰第二个词的作用，或者你想同时突出前后两个词，这个时候两个词都可以重读：

ˈplastic ˈbag（塑料袋）

ˈhot ˈpotato（烫手的山芋；棘手的问题）

ˈcity ˈcenter（市中心）

ˈkitchen ˈwindow（厨房的窗户）

3. 在大写字母的缩略词里，每个字母都要单独念出来的时候，一般次重音在第一个字母，主重音在最后一个字母。比如：

ˌWTˈO ˌDNˈA ˌBBˈC ˌCNˈN

下面你来读一下这些合成词、词组或者缩略词吧：

ˈclassroom

ˈfootball

ˈfront ˈdoor

ˈfirst ˈclass（头等舱；一流）

ˌUˈK

ˌUSˈA

1. 同一个句子，如果重读的单词不同，句子突出的重点信息也略有不同。比如：

She has ˈno plan on Saturday.（她周六ˈ没有安排。）（突出“没有”）

She has no plan on ˈSaturday.（她ˈ周六没有安排。）（突出“时间”）

ˈShe has no plan on Saturday.（ˈ她周六没有安排。）（突出“谁”）

2. 通常情况下，一个句子里重读和非重读的单词，读起来的起伏都很有节奏，类似平稳的波浪状。比如：

（1）高低高：

ˈWhat’s your ˈname?

ˈThanks a ˈlot!

ˈPleased to ˈmeet you.

（2）低高低：

Where ˈis it?

I ˈlove you.

Just ˈdo it.

下面你来读稍微长一些的句子：

（1）高低高低高……：

ˈOn my way ˈback to the ˈcompany, I was ˈriding a ˈbike and it ˈstarted to ˈrain.

（2）低高低高低……：

My ˈteam is ˈnice and ˈfriendly andˈDoris is ˈgreat to ˈwork with.

2. 在口语里，同时拥有主重音和次重音的单词，有时候会转移单词原本的重音，把次重音读成主重音，也叫“重音转移”。比如：

单词：ˌunderˈstand（第一个音节为次重音）

句子：I ˈunderstand ˈeverything.（第一个音节改为主重音）

单词：ˌcontroˈversial（有争议的）（第一个音节为次重音）

句子：This is a very ˈcontroversial ˈanswer.（第一个音节改为主重音）

对比以后，我们不难发现，这么读可以起到省力的作用，并且更能体现出抑扬顿挫的波浪式语调。

3. 句子当中，重音可以区分读音相似的肯定与否定。比如：

I can speak French.
I ˈcan’t speak French.

I can do it.
I ˈcan’t do it.

Now let’s take a look at the language points in this lesson.

1. Leo: Hey, guys.Sorry I'm late.（里奥：嘿，伙计们。抱歉，我迟到了。）

This place is amazing!（这个地方太棒了！）

这里没什么难点。

2. Young: You haven't been here before, have you?（杨：你以前没来过，对吗？）

3. Leo: No, it's my first time.（里奥：对，这是我第一次来这儿。）

我们来看Young和Leo的这一问一答。首先，Young说的这个句子可以分成两部分，先用一个陈述句提出个人观点，再用一个简短的疑问句去询问对方是否同意，并且前后的观点是相反的，让对方选择一个来回答。这种疑问句的类型，就叫做“反义疑问句”，或者“附加疑问句”。比如说：

— You didn’t go, did you?（你当时没走，对吗？）

— Yes, I did.（不对，我当时走了。）

— No, I didn’t.（对，我当时没走。）

这个时候你就会发现一个问题，英语在回答反义疑问句的时候，Yes和No相对的汉语翻译是相反的。我们再来举个例子：

— You’re not local, are you?（你不是本地人，对吗？）

— Yes, I am.（不对，我是本地人。）

— No, I’m not.（对，我不是本地人。）

这就让很多中国同学在说英语反义疑问句的时候很容易受到汉语表达的干扰。解决办法很简单，英语的回答是前后统一的，要肯定都肯定，要否定都否定。记住这一点就可以了。比如说：

— You haven’t been to Beijing before, have you?（你之前没去过北京，对吗？）

— Yes, I have.（不对，我去过。）

— No, I haven’t.（对，我没去过。）

Your turn:

— You don’t like her, do you?（你不喜欢她，对吗？）

— Yes, I do.（不对，我喜欢她。）

— No, I don’t.（对，我不喜欢她。）

Another:

— He wasn’t there that day, was he?（他那天没在那儿，对吗？）

— Yes, he was.（不对，他那天在那儿。）

— No, he wasn’t.（对，他那天没在那儿。）

我们再来简单总结一下英语的反义疑问句：

（1）前面是肯定，后面是否定；或者前面是否定，后面是肯定。因为只有给出两个选择，才能确认对方是赞同，还是反对；

（2）英语针对反义疑问句的回答是前后统一的，要肯定都肯定，要否定都否定。不要和汉语的表述搞混。

我们继续来看原文。Leo说自己没来过这家餐厅，紧接着又问Doris：

Have you already ordered?（你们点完菜了吗？）

4. Doris: No, we were waiting for you.（多莉丝：没有，我们在等你。）

5. Young: You can have a look at the menu.（杨：你可以看看菜单。）

这里的look是名词“看”。have a look指的是“看一看”，看什么呢？后面的介词at接看的对象。你也可以简单记成：have a look at（看一看）。比如说：Let me have a look at the weather report.（让我看一下天气预报。）Your turn:我能看看那本书吗？（Can I have a look at that book?）

6. Fish is their signature dish.（鱼是他们的招牌菜。）

You both like fish, don't you?（你们都喜欢鱼，对吗？）

又是一个反义疑问句。不过Leo和Doris的回答都比较简单：

6. Leo: Yes.（里奥：没错。）

7. Doris: Me too.（多莉丝：我也是。）

紧接着Leo又说：

8. Leo: I want to try this spicy dish.（里奥：我想尝尝这道辣菜。）

Young, have you tried it before?（杨，你吃过吗？）

9. Young: Yes. It's really spicy but tastes delicious.（杨：吃过。它真的很辣，但味道很好。）

10. Leo: What about you, Doris?（里奥：你呢，多莉丝？）

Are you into spicy food?（你喜欢吃辣吗？）

into作介词表示“进入”，延伸含义是“对……很有兴趣”，类似汉语里说的“很钻”。be into sth.在口语里可以表示“喜欢某事/某物”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：He’s really into sports.（他真的很喜欢运动。）

So the first sentence pattern for today is: Are you into…?（你喜欢……吗？）For example: Are you into jazz music?（你喜欢爵士乐吗？）Your turn: 你喜欢游泳吗？（Are you into swimming?）

Leo问Doris喜不喜欢吃辣，Doris怎么回答的呢？我们继续往下看：

11. Doris: I don't mind it,（多莉丝：我不介意辣的东西，）

but it's not my favourite.（但这不是我最喜欢的。）

I prefer something sweet.（我更喜欢甜的东西。）

I have a sweet tooth.（我爱吃甜食。）

Doris said three sentences in a row.（Doris一连说了三句话。）The first sentence contains the second sentence pattern we're learning today: I don't mind…（我不介意……。）后面可以接名词、动名词、名词短语，也可以接宾语从句。For example: I don't mind the noise during the day.（白天我不介意这种噪声。）I don't mind what we play.（我不介意咱们玩什么。）Your turn: 我不介意告诉你。（I don’t mind telling you.）Another: 我不介意我们晚饭吃什么。（I don’t mind what we have for dinner.）

另外，Doris在第三句话还说自己有a sweet tooth（一颗甜的牙齿），指的是“爱吃甜食”，这也是一个很形象的表达。紧接着Young就提议：

12. Young: How about the sweet chicken?（杨：这道甜鸡怎么样？）

13. Doris: Sure, that would be great.（多莉丝：当然，很棒。）

但是Leo又补充了一句：

14. Leo: I went to a restaurant last week and they had the same signature dish.（里奥：上周我去了一家餐馆，他们也有一样的甜鸡招牌菜。）

Doris赶紧问道：

15. Doris: How did it taste?（多莉丝：味道如何？）

16. Leo: It was kind of awful.（里奥：有点糟糕。）

The third sentence pattern we're learning today is: It was kind of …（有点……。）这里的It，指的就是你描述的对象。比如你看完一部电影，然后说：It was kind of scary.（有一点儿害怕。）Your turn: 假如你听完一个凄凉的故事，然后你说：有一点伤感。（It was kind of sad.）

紧接着Leo又说：

It didn't taste as good as it looked in the menu.（这道菜的味道不如菜单上看到的好。）

as作副词，可以表示“像……一样”。as…as…，表示“像……一样……”。其中第一个后面跟形容词或者副词，第二个as后面跟比较的对象。This is also the fourth sentence pattern for today. For example: You're as tall as your father.（你和你父亲一样高。）We'd like it as soon as possible.（我们希望越快越好。）相反，如果说“不像……一样……”，你就可以说not as… as…。比如说：He’s not as smart as I thought.（他不像我想得那么聪明。）Your turn: 天气不像你想得那么糟糕。（The weather is not as bad as you thought.）Another: 她和她姐姐一样美。（She’s as beautiful as her elder sister. ）

我们继续来看原文，Leo说之前吃过的sweet chicken（甜鸡）不好吃，还说了一句：

They should call it 'salty chicken'.（他们应该叫它“咸鸡”。）

紧接着Doris和Young都给出了自己的看法：

17. Doris: Let's hope this restaurant is better.（多莉丝：希望这家餐厅更好。）

18. Young: I promise you it is!（杨：我向你们保证！）

The last sentence pattern for today is: I promise you…（我向你保证……。）后面接宾语（从句），表示保证的具体内容。比如说：I promise you I will be back.（我向你保证我一定会回来。）Your turn: 我向你保证我会努力学习。（I promise you I will study hard.）

1. fish [fɪʃ] n. 鱼；鱼类；鱼肉

fish这个词比较特殊，因为它既是可数名词，又是不可数名词。

fish作为“鱼”来讲，是单复数同形的可数名词。比如说：This is the biggest fish I’ve ever seen.（这是我见过的最大的一条鱼。）或者说：They caught several fish.（他们捉到了几条鱼。）类似的常见的单复数同形的词还有sheep（绵羊），deer（鹿）等，这种属于很少的例外，我们记住就可以了。

fish作为“鱼类”来讲，是可数名词，可以有复数形式fishes。比如说：There are about 50 fishes in this lake.（这个湖里大约有50种鱼。）

fish作为“鱼肉”来讲，是不可数名词。比如说：Do you want to have some fish?（你想吃点鱼肉吗？）

2. spicy [ˈspaɪsi] adj. 辛辣的

这个词来自：

spice [spaɪs] n.（调味）香料

spice从读音上最早和species（种类）是一个词，不过现在spice作名词，在生活里指的是“烹饪用的一类原材料”，专指“香料、调味品”。比如说：Spices are widely used in Southeast Asian cooking.（东南亚菜中广泛使用各种调味香料。）

spicy作形容词，表示“加香料的、辛辣的”。比如说：Do you like spicy food?（你喜欢味道辛辣的食物吗？）

3. taste [teɪst] vt. 品尝；尝起来；短暂体验，经历n. 味道；味觉；短暂体验，经历；鉴赏力，品位

taste是touch（触碰）的意思，作动词表示“尝、尝起来”，指的是“舌头触碰食物”。比如说：Taste it and see if there's enough salt in it.（你尝尝看盐够不够。）或者说：This bread tastes strange.（这个面包吃起来怪怪的。）

taste作动词，也可以表示“短暂体验、经历”，其实就是“尝试”。比如说：He has never tasted the feeling of losing a game.（他从来没有尝过输掉比赛的感觉。）

taste也可以作名词，表示“味道、味觉”。比如说：I don't like the taste of garlic.（我不喜欢大蒜的味道。）或者说：When you have a cold you often lose your sense of taste.（你感冒的时候味觉常常就消失了。）

taste作名词，也可以表示“短暂的体验或经历”。比如说：I had a taste of office work during the summer.（夏天我体验了一下在办公室工作的滋味。）

taste作名词，还可以表示“鉴赏力、品位”。比如说：He has very good taste in music.（他有很高的音乐欣赏力。）

4. sweet [swiːt] adj. 甜的；甜蜜的；甜美的；讨人喜欢的 n. 糖果；甜食

sweet的基本意思是“甜的”，作形容词还可以表示“甜蜜的、甜美的、讨人喜欢的”，都是很形象的用法。比如说：She is living a very sweet life.（她正过着非常甜蜜的生活。）或者说：She has a sweet singing voice.（她的歌声非常甜美。）再比如说：I think Young is a really sweet guy.（我觉得杨是一个很讨人喜欢的人。）

sweet也可以作名词，表示“糖果”或者“甜食”。比如说：She bought me a packet of sweets.（她给我买了一包糖果。）或者说：There is only one sweet on the menu - chocolate cake with cream.（菜单上只有一种甜点——巧克力奶油蛋糕。）

5. awful [ˈɔːfl] adj. 可怕的；极坏的；非常多的

这个词前面的aw的同源词叫做：

awe [ɔː] n. 敬畏；惊叹

你读这个单词的时候，口型的样子就像被眼前的一幕震惊得目瞪口呆一样。英语里有个表达，叫做stand in awe of sth./sb.，指的是“在某物或者某人面前敬畏地站立”，指的是“对……望而生畏”。比如说：He stands in awe of his grandfather.（他对自己的祖父望而生畏。）

awful作形容词，字面意思是full of awe（充满敬畏的），不过awful是个贬义词，指的是“可怕的”，也就是“充满畏惧的”，延伸含义是“极差的、糟糕的”。比如说：I had an awful dream last night.（我昨晚做了个可怕的梦。）或者说：That's an awful color.（那个颜色真难看。）

awful当形容词，还可以表示“非常多的”，经常和lot一起连用。比如说：It's going to cost an awful lot of money.（这要花非常多的钱。）

awful还有个反义词，也是它的同源词，叫做：

awesome [ˈɔːsəm] adj. 令人敬畏的；令人惊叹的；非常好的

这个词里的后缀-some和same（形容词“相同的”）有关，作形容词后缀来强调前面的部分。awesome作形容词，表示“令人敬畏的、令人惊叹的”，延伸含义是“非常好的”，是个口语高频单词。比如说：Wow! That's totally awesome!（哇！真是棒极了！）

6. salty [ˈsɔːlti] adj. 咸的

这个词来自：

salt [sɔːlt] n. 盐

salty作形容词，表示“咸的”。比如说：This dish is not salty enough.（这个菜不够咸。）

另外，英语还有两个常见的单词，从读音上和salt（盐）有关。一个叫做sauce（名词“调味汁、酱”），也就是“沙司”；还有一个叫做sausage（名词“香肠、腊肠”），字面意思就是“咸肉”。另外，我们之前学过的salad（沙拉），也是salt的同源词。

7. promise [ˈprɒmɪs] v. 承诺；保证；预示 n. 承诺；保证；前途，出息

前缀pro-表示“向前”；后面的-mis(e)-是“发送”的意思，我们熟悉的message（信息），指的就是“发出去的消息”。promise这个词，字面意思是“发送到前面”，指的是“向前说出来的话”，作动词或者名词都表示“承诺、保证”。比如说：Promise me that you won't tell him.（答应我你不会告诉他。）或者说：If I make a promise, I will keep it.（如果我做出了承诺，我会遵守的。）

promise作动词或者名词，还可以表示“预示着成功的迹象、前途、出息”，指的是“让人看到前方、未来”。比如说：It promises to be a really exciting game.（预计这会是一场非常精彩的比赛。）或者说：Her work shows great promise.（她的作品很有前途。）这也是为什么promise的现在分词promising，作形容词表示“有希望的、有前途的”。比如说：He is a very promising young man.（他是一个很有前途的年轻人。）

今天我们来学习一下英语的“强读”和“弱读”。Today, we’re going to learn the “strong forms” and “weak forms” in English.

按照单词原本音节来读音，就叫做“强读”。

在一个英语句子里，有的单词是重点信息，需要重读（强读）；相比之下，有的单词不是重点信息，不仅不需要重读，而且还要弱化单词原本音节的读音，因为在英语的发音习惯上，单词重音之间的时长都差不多，所以英语使用者在发音上会弱化一些小词的音节读音来缩短一些词重音之间的时间，让这些小词适应英语的习惯性节奏，让句子讲出来更有高低起伏、强弱交替的节奏。这种弱化单词音节读音的现象，就叫做“弱读”。

英语里的一些特定单词，都有“强读式”（strong forms）和“弱读式”（weak forms）两种不同的发音。通常情况下，我们会弱读这些单词，但是如果这些单词在句子里很重要，或者我们想要进行对比的时候，就要强读这些单词。我们来举两个例子：

— Has the game started?（弱读 /həz/）

— Yes, it has!（强读 /hæz/）

上面这个对话里，第一句话的重点单词是started，has只是助动词，所以弱读；第二句话里的has虽然也是助动词，但是指代了has started，属于重点信息，所以强读。

— Do you want to go there?（弱读 /tə/）

— I’d like to.（强读 /tuː/）

上面这个对话里，第一句话的重点单词是动词原形go，to只是动词不定式（to do）的标志，所以弱读；第二句话里的to虽然也是不定式的标志，但是指代了to go，属于重点信息，所以强读。

简单来讲，主要是为了在实际讲话过程中更有节奏，同时起到省力的作用，让语言更加连贯和流畅。

大部分单词的弱读形式都和 /ə/ 有关系，比如：

have /hæv; həv/

and /ænd; ən(d)/

but /bʌt; bə(t)/

that /ðæt; ðə(t)/

/ə/ 这个音也是英语口语里最常见的发音，甚至专门有个自己的名字：schwa（非重读央元音）。不过有趣的是，虽然schwa是 /ə/ 这个音标的名字，但是在英语里，schwa这个单词的读音和 /ə/ 的发音一点关系也没有。

还有一小部分长元音的单词，弱读形式会变成短元音。比如：

we /wiː/ /wi/

he /hiː/ /hi/ /i/

she /ʃiː/ /ʃi/

been /biːn/ /bin/

在英语里，弱读的单词，主要是：代词、连词、介词、冠词、be动词、助动词、情态动词等。下面我们就来详细了解一下这些词的弱读。我在读每句话的时候，你可以张嘴跟我一起读，找找单词弱读的感觉。

So, who am I? My name is Young. I'm 27 years old. I work for an international company. I am a project manager.In other words, I'm responsible for everything in my project. My company is located in suburban Beijing. It's a 40-minute drive from my downtown apartment. The offices are bright and airy. The working environment is second to none. My colleagues are highly driven people. They are prepared to go above and beyond. That's why I love working here.We are a great team.

Young: Hi, Doris. What are you doing here ?

Doris: I'm trying to buy something to wear for the end-of-year work party.

end-of-year 年终的 work part 工作聚会

Young: I'm just gonna wear a simple shirt and my work pants

Doris: It sounds like you have it all planned

have sth done 形式：让某物怎么样

I want to have my hair cut

Doris: I still don't what to wear. How about you come and help me choose a dress ?

Young: I'm not sure if I have the best test in women's clothes. But OK, sure !

I'm not sure if ...

I'm not sure if it will be sunny this weekend
I'm not sure if I have the information you need
I'm not sure if I have time
I'm not sure if this is what I want

have the best taste in  ... 在某方面有最好的品味

She has the best taste in music
I have the best taste in food

Doris: Right, come on then !

 then

当时：Things were very difficult back then  情况当时很困难

然后，接下来：We lived in France, and then Italy

come on then  （既然你答应了）那就来吧

Young: (thought) What is she doing in there ? 
Young: Doris, Is everything OK ?

Doris: What do you think ?
Young: It's ...
Doris: No, I don't like the feel of the material

feel of the material 材质的触感。feel 触感/手感 feeling 情绪/感受

Doris: What about this combo ?

 combo即combination的口语说法，组合，几件衣服，点餐时的套餐，都可以叫combo

Young: It's great !
Doris: It looks nice thant the other one. But look at the price tag, it's more expensive, let me try on one more

try one 试穿衣服：Can I try on the dress ? / Can I try the dress on ?

than ...

She's more beautiful that her sister
His house is bigger than my house  / mine

顺便说一点：像my（我的），your（你的），his（他的），her（她的），its（它的），our（我们的），their（他们的/它们的）等等这些词，指的是“表示某物属于某人的形容词”，也叫做“形容词性物主代词”。相对来说，mine（我的xx）这种词，指的是“表示某物属于某人的代词”，也叫“名词性物主代词”。类似的还有yours（你的xx），his（他的xx），hers（她的xx），its（它的xx），ours（我们的xx），theirs（他们/它们的xx）等等。比如说：

My bag is bigger than yours
His room is quieter than hers

Doris: No !

Doris: Now what about this cocktail dress ?

 cocktail dress 酒会礼服

Young: I like the color
Doris: It fits better than the other dresses

这里better是副词well的比较级。副词和形容词的比较级表达是一样：

Young works hard. Doris works harder than Young
He runs faster thant his classmates

Doris: It's also cheaper than the second one ! But I don't like the color

Young:(thought) What ?! I didn't realize it would take so long to find a single outift

 I didn't realize... 我没有意识到

I didn't realize my mistake
I didn't realize (that) you were so unhappy
I didn't realize that
I didn't realize I had a problem

Young: Now I understand why you still haven't got a dress !

Now I understand why your English is so good
Now I understand why you work so hard

drees

n 连衣裙：long dress, short dress
n 衣服/服装：casual dress, formal dress

v 穿衣服：

He left very early and had to dress in the dark
Her husband dresses the boys when she makes breakfast

material

和matter有关，matter和mother有关

matter

n 造物的基本物质：The universe is made up of different kinds for matter
n 事情：What's the matter ?
v 要紧/有关系：We were late but it didn't matter

material

材料：building material
素材：writing materials

tag

和touch有关，表示挂在/贴在物品上的标签：name tag, price tag

label，除了可以表示标签，海可以表示品牌/商标：designer label 设计师品牌，例如LV

expensive

来源于expense费用/价钱，expense和spend花费有关：

We went on holiday at my father's expense    at sb's expense 在某人出钱的情况下

expensive 昂贵的：She has expensive tastes 她喜欢昂贵的东西

cocktail

酒、饮料、果汁混合的饮料

fit

v 合适/合身：That jacket fits you perfectly

v 可容纳：

Our new sofa doesn't fit through the door 我们的新沙发没法通过这道门
I don't thank another desk will fit into this classroom 我觉得这间教室一张桌子也装不下了

v 适合/符合/胜任：I'm not sure if I'll fit the job

adj 合适的： He is not fit to be a teacher

adj 健壮的/健康的：keep fit.  fitness club 健身房

outfit 外面的、适合的全套设备 —— 全套服装/装备：

I'm gonna wear my vampire outfit for Halloween
a bicycle repair outfit

single

adj 单个的：

You haven't listening to a single word I've been saying
He eats rice every single day

adj 单身的：He's been single for so long now, I don't think he'll ever marry

今天我们来学习一下英语的“连读”。Today, we’re going to learn the “liaison” in English.

“连读”的定义：在说英语的时候，为了发音方便，把同一意群的单词连在一起读。比如说：

（1）Pick it up.（把它捡起来。）

（2）Where is it?

（3）This is the end of the class.

注意：所谓的“意群”，指的是在句子里按意思和结构划分出的群落。同一个意群里的单词关系紧密，不能随意拆分，否则表达上容易模糊不清或让人产生误解。不是同一个意群的单词，即使符合连读条件，一般也不连读。我们分别来举个例子：

（1）This is Tom and this is his elder brother, Robert.（可以连读，属于一个意群）

（2）This is Tom and this is his elder brother, Robert.（一般不连读，不属于一个意群）（当然，如果你说话很快，不怕别人听不懂，也可以连读）

下面我们就来详细了解一下连读。

前一个单词结尾是辅音音素，后一个单词开头是元音音素的时候，这两个词通常可以连读。注意：我们这里说的是音素，不是字母。比如：

Take it.（拿着。）

Wait a minute.（等一下。）

It’s a piece of cake.（小菜一碟。）

Let’s keep it a secret.（让我们保密。）

Wait for an hour.（等一个小时。）

连读练习：

Read it.（读它。）

This is great.（这太棒了。）

Put it on.（穿上它。）

I need a cup of coffee.（我需要一杯咖啡。）

注意以下两种情况：

（1）音素 /r/。当以r或者re结尾的单词，后面接以元音音素开头的单词时，可以连读。比如：

hear about（听说）

fire alarm（火警报警器）

（2）音素 /h/。如果前一个单词以辅音音素结尾，后面的单词以h开头，h可以选择不发音，辅音与后面的元音音素发生连读。比如：

tell her

pick him up（接他）

前一个单词结尾是元音音素，后一个单词开头是元音音素的时候，这两个词通常可以连读。这种连读分两类情况：

（1）前一个单词结尾的元音音素的 /iː/ 或者 /ɪ/（包括 /aɪ/，/eɪ/ 等双元音），和后一个单词开头的任意一个元音音素，连读时中间有一个 /j/ 的音。比如：

see it（see ^jit）

play a song（play ^ja song）

（2）前一个单词结尾的元音音素的 /uː/ 或者 /ʊ/（包括 /aʊ/，/əʊ/ 等双元音），和后一个单词开头的任意一个元音音素，连读时中间有一个 /w/ 的音。比如：

go out（go ^wout）

you and me（you ^wand me）

连读练习：

me and you

today or tomorrow

to us

yellow and white

有时候两个单词连读的时候，听起来非常容易让人产生歧义。比如说：

stopped aching（停止疼痛）  - stop taking（停止拿/服用）

ice cream（冰激凌） - I scream（我喊叫）

missed a night（错过了一个晚上） - Mr. Knight（奈特先生）

不过这一点你大可不必担心，因为在现实生活里，讲话都是有语境的，结合上下文语境一般人很容易知道对方到底说的是什么。

下面你试着读一下这一段文字，看能否把可以连读的地方读出来。

I wake up in the morning.Wow! It's eight o’clock.I look at the time on my phone.It's time to get up.I yawn.I am so sleepy.I get up and stretch.I need a cup of coffee.I make my bed.I want to keep my room tidy.

Doris: Thanks for inviting me over for you movie night !

Thanks for ...

Thanks for your help
Thanks for coming 谢谢光临
Thanks for your advice
Thanks for coming to see me

over 从一头到另一头  inviting me over 邀请我（从我家到你家）来

movie night 电影之夜

Young: No problem.  So what kind of movies do you like ?

what kind of food/sports/wine/flowers do you like

Doris: I like comedies and dramas the best

comedy 喜剧  drama 剧情片

I like ... the best

Of all the animals, I like dogs the best
Of all my clothes, I like this dress the best
Of all the chothes, I like jeans the best
Of all the bastetball players, I like Yao Ming the best

Drois: Whata about you ?
Young: My most favorite are horror or sci-fi movies

口语中，可以用most/least favorite在最喜欢中挑选出：最最喜欢、相对最不喜欢的

He is now my most favorite actor
What is your least favorite course ?

Doris: I can't watch anything violent or scary
Young: Well, I guess I should let you choose the movie
Doris: Have you seen Harry Potter before ?

口语中see a movie 和watch a movie都可以

watch 强调长时间的看/监控：I'm watching the game
see 强调看到，这一结果：I didn't see you.  I haven't seen this movie

movie: 字面意思moving pictures。北美用的多一些
film：早期是指电影的胶片，后来代表电影

Young: No, I've never seen it before, but I know it's a great fantasy movie series

fantasy 奇幻

Doris: Yes ! I think it's the greatest  fantasy movie series ever !

ever 作副词：任何时候/始终，这里可以翻译为有史以来。这里是时间状语

If you're ever in BeiJing, do give me a call

ever 作副词：曾经

Have you ever been to London ?

It is the greatest ... ever

This is the greatest bastetball game ever 时间状语 / I've ever seen 定语
This is the greatest party ever / I've ever been to

Young: But the plots are too long for tonight, Let's choose something elese

Young: Hmmm. What about Notting Hill ?

Doris: Oh, this movies is the funniest ? Haven't you seen it before ?

Haven't you ...

Haven't you heard the news ?
Haven't you finished your homework ?
Haven't you been here before ?
Haven't you read that book ?

Young: Of course I have. It's a great romantic comedy, and it stars Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant. They are both fantastic actors.

star 担任主角 / 主演：

He starred in the movie
This movies stars Tom Cruise

Doris: Do you mind if we see it again ?

Young: Not at all ! It's one of my all-time favorites

I don't mind at all

one of ... 之一：She's one of my closest friends

all-time 空前的；全部时间的；历来的

favorites 这里是名词，指代电影s

Doris: I think the greatest line is:  "I'm also just a girl, standing in front of a boy, asking him to love her"

两个现在分词短语，作伴随状语

Young: Notting Hill it is!

就选诺丁山了！

倒装强调Notting Hill 

invite

邀请：

They have invited me to their wedding
They invited me to go for a picnic

invitation n邀请：Thanks for you invitation

over

基本意思是：从一头到另一头

prep 在...上方：

There is a plane over us
She put a blanket over the sleeping child

prep 从一边到另一边，越过：She jumped over the fence

prep 在...的另一边：She lives over the road

prep 从上到下的落下：He fell over the table

prep 遍布，哪里都是：English is spoken all over the world

prep 多于/超过：He's over sixty years old

prep 利用/通过：He told me over the phone

adv 落下/下落/倒下：The lamp fell over and broke

adv 从一边到另一边：Hand over the money !

adv 翻转：The dog rolled over onto its back

adv 大于/剩余：If there's any food left over, put it in the fridge

adv 再来一次：It's all wrong, You'll have to do it over

adv 结束：The game is over

kind

n 种类： What kind of job are you looking for ?

adj 亲切的/友好的/仁慈的：It's very kind of you to help us

drama

字面含义：That which is done。把发生过的再演一遍，戏剧/剧情片

horror

n 惊恐/惊骇：People watched in horror as the plane crashed to the ground

horror film 恐怖片

sci-fi

science fiction 科幻小说/电影，非正式说法

fiction  fict表示揉捏/捏造。fiction表示杜撰的故事/小说

violent

adj暴力的：Her husband was a very violent man

violence n暴力：

He hates violence in any form
They have substitued violence for dialogue

scary

scare 使惊恐/使害怕：

You scared me
She's very brave. She doesn't scare easily

scary 恐怖的/吓人的：It was a really scary moment

fantasy

n 幻想/想象

奇幻电影 fantasy film

fantastic 幻想中的：fantastic animals

fantastic 非常好的：You look fantastic in that dress

series

n 连续/系列：TV series

a series of  一系列/一连串：A series of events happened yesterday

plot

和plan有关，秘密的计划，密谋：

They're plotting to take over this company
The plot was discovered before it was carried out 实施

电影/小说/戏剧/电视剧的情节： The movie has a very simple plot

line

n 线条：Draw a line on the page
n 行/列/排：The children all stood in a line
n 边界/界限：Whatever you're doing, do not cross the line
n 电话线：Please hold the line, I'll see if she's here
n 铁路线/战线 ...

n 台词：I only had two lines in the whole play

v 沿线排成一排：Thousands of people lined the streets  to watch the show

今天我们来学习一下英语的“略读”。Today, we’re going to learn the “elision” in English.

“略读”的定义：从广义上来讲，“略读”指的是单词或词组里的读音有所省略。比如说：

almost里的舌侧音 /l/ 可以略读
always里的舌侧音 /l/ 可以略读
I have略读为I’ve
do not略读为don’t等。

从狭义上来讲，略读指的是两个单词见面，为了读音方便而省略掉第一个单词的最后一个辅音。比如说：

（1）first class（头等舱）
（2）looked back
（3）last night

这节课我们主要聊的，是狭义上的略读。下面我们就来具体了解一下：

（1）当前一个单词词尾辅音连缀以 /t/ 或 /d/ 结尾，后一个单词以辅音音素开头时，/t/ 或 /d/通常略读（非必须，而且略读音素的口型往往也是有的）。比如：

first part
don’t know
old man
world record（世界纪录）

注意：当/t/ 或 /d/出现在 /h/ 之前时，通常不略读。比如：

left-handed（左撇子）
seemed happy（好像很开心）

略读练习：

just now（刚刚）
last week
hold fast（抓牢）
did not
right-handed（右撇子）

（2）鼻腔爆破（nasal plosion）（美音）：

当爆破音 /t/ 或 /d/ 后面紧跟鼻音 /m/ 或 /n/ 时，/t/ 或 /d/舌位保持不变，仍然是舌尖抵住上齿龈，但不发原本的爆破音了，而是让气流从鼻腔出来，所以也叫“鼻腔爆破”。比如：

garden
mountain
wouldn’t
couldn’t

鼻腔爆破练习：

Britain
shouldn’t

（3）舌侧爆破/舌边爆破（lateral plosion）（美音）：

当爆破音 /t/ 或 /d/ 后面紧跟舌侧音 /l/ 时，/t/ 或 /d/舌位保持不变，仍然是舌尖抵住上齿龈，但不发原本的爆破音了，而是让气流从舌侧出来，所以也叫“舌侧爆破”。比如：

lately
importantly
badly
gladly

舌侧爆破练习：

recently
sadly

鼻腔爆破和舌侧爆破不是一日之功，你完全可以把这两类发音忽略掉，直接按照单词原本的发音发就可以了，但是了解这些现象对我们的听力是非常有好处的。

当前一个单词以 /t/ 或 /d/ 结尾，后一个单词以y /j/ 开头时，/t/ + /j/ 读成 /tʃ/，/d/ + /j/ 读成 /dʒ/。

比如：

meet you
last year
Could you?
Did you?

同化练习：

Not yet.（还没。）
that year
Had you?
Would you?

课文中的例子：

That is my younger sister
This is Tom, and this is his elder brother, Robert
She is three years younger than me
It looks nicer than the other one, but look at the price, it's more expensive
It fits better than the other dresses, it's also cheaper than the second one

对于单音节、短的双音节单词，可以用er形式的比较级

比较级单词可以单独使用，也可以和than联用后接对比的目标。其它三种比较级的常见用法：

the more ... the more ... 越 ... 越 ...

The more mistakes you make, the more progress you will make
The harder you work, the luckier you will be
The more, the merrier !

more and more .... 越来越 ...

She is becoming more and more beautiful
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger

as ... as ... 和什么一样，平行比较

This room is as large as that one
He's as brave as a lion
It didn't taste as good as it looked on the menu
This shirt is twice as expensive as that one
This house is three times as large as that one

not as ... as ... 不像那样

The weather today is not as hot as yesterday
This is not as  bad as I thought

课文中的例子：

I made a shopping list and headed to the nearest store
Wait. You haven't heard the worst part
I'm not sure if I have the best taste in women's clothes, but OK, sure !
I like the comedies and dramas the best
My most favorite are horror or sci-fi movies
I think it's the greatest fantasy movie series ever !
Oh, this movies is the funniest !
I think the greatest line is: ...

因为最高级通常是独一无二的，因此经常前置定冠词 the

more , the most   less, the least

I eat a lot less than I used to
She lost 20 pounds in less than a month  不到一个月瘦了 20磅

no less than 不少于

English has no less than 1m words
He spent no less than 3000 yuan on his new suit

more or less 差不多

The answers are more or less right 这些回答差不多都对了
It's a fifteen minute's walk, more or less

It's better than the other dresses
She is smarter than any students in the class

单音节和短的双音节形容词：

以y结尾或长的双音节形容词，用more/most前缀：

多音节形容词，用more/most前缀：

不规则变化：

 

I'm almost at the office

at 后面通常接一个小的、具体的地点：at home / school
in 后面则是大的、笼统的地点：in the city / the woods

虽然有时候可以替换使用，例如 at / in the pool ，但是 in的基本意思是在里面，at则是在某个点：例如 in the room/ kitchen 不用用at

This is the main entrance, My company has many entrances. I need to scan my work card. It's time to go upstairs.

It' time 是主要信息，后面的动词不定式是后置定语。所谓动词不定式：动词的形式不被时态、人称等限定，永远都是to + 原形。有时候to省略

英文中动词不定式的字面意思是：去做，往往表示还没有做的事情

不定式可以做为多种句子成分：

宾语： I hope to see you again
表语：My dream is to be a pilot
目的状语：I've come to ask your advice
定语：She has a lot of things to do

There are three elevators now, but there used to be only stairs.

there used to be ... 过去/曾经 这里有

There used to be an apple tree in the garden
There used to be a dog and a cat in my house
There used to be a restaurant around the corner

I can't afford to wait any longer

I can't afford to ... 我负担/承受不起 ...

I can't afford to buy the house
I can't afford to work so late every day
I can't afford to buy a new car
I can't afford to waste time

any longer 在否定句中表示不能更长时间：I'm sorry, but I can't stay any longer
any more 在否定句中表示不能再怎样：I can't lend you money any more

Let's take the stairs today. It's good for my health

take 字面意思是拿，这里抽象为 采取...的方式

It's good for...

Do some reading, it's good for you soul 心灵
Running is good for your health
Smoking is bad for your health
Drinking milk every day is good for your health
Watching TV for too long is bad for your eyes

Luckily my office is on the second floor now. It used to be on the sixth floor. This is my workstation.

Luckily 幸好

I do most of my work here. The work environment used to be quieter. Now there are more staff

staff 集合名词，全体职员

I'm still feeling tired.

I'm still feeling ...

I'm still feeling sleepy after walking up
I'm still feeling terrible now

It's time for my morning coffee. Next to my office area, there is a rest area. Nothing better than a morning coffee

Nothing better than ... 没有什么 更好了

Nothing better than a cold drink on a hot day
Nothing better than a good rest when you are tired

There are many table to sit at

sit at 坐在旁边，sit at a table  .  to sit at 不定式做后置定语

There are some meeting rooms over there. They often get booked out for important meetings

get booked out 相当于 are booked out

Oh, look at the time. It's time to get back to my desk and start today's work

main

主要的： One of the main reasons I came to England was to study the language 

entrance

动词形式 enter ：进入 Knock before you enter。 输入You need to enter the password to use the computer

入口：I'll meet you at the main entrance

scan

用机器或肉眼扫描：

I scanned the list quickly for my name
I'll scan the article into the computer

浏览：I gave the book a quick scan, and decided not to buy it

医学扫描：He needs a brain scan

elevator

elevate 提升/提高/改进/抬高

Somking often elevates blood pressure
He elevated many of his friends to  powerful positions in the company

elevator 直梯

upstairs

向楼上： He went upstairs and get dressed

在楼上：The cat belongs to the people who live upstairs

afford

提供/给予：This seat has afforded her a great view of the city

负担得起/买得起：

The poor man can't afford his kids' education
She couldn't afford the time off work to see him

station

车站/站台/所/局：train station /  radio station / television station /  petrol station / police station / fire station

Today we’ll be focusing on the intonation of English.

“语调”的定义：语调指的是在讲话时音高（pitch）的起伏配合与变化。我们可以通过语调的多样性，来表达和聆听一句话里的字面意思和实际意思。同时，讲话的节奏、重读和非重读音节之间的互相对比，都会影响我们对一句话的理解，也都属于语调的范畴。

简单来讲，同样一句话，语调不同，意思往往也会不一样。对比：

A: Can you do me a favor?

B: Sorry↗?（升调，疑问语气，表示没听清对方的话，要求重复）

A: Can you do me a favor?

B: Sorry↘.（降调，陈述语气，表示自己拒绝帮助或无能为力。）

'I live in New York.（强调I，暗指在场其他人不住在纽约）

I 'live in New York.（强调live，暗指自己只是“住在”纽约，但可能不在这里工作）

I live 'in New York.（强调in，暗指自己不是住在纽约周围或附近）

除了上面例子里的重点单词重读强调之外，英语有五种基本语调，分别是：

降调（fall）（↘）

升调（rise）（↗）

降升调（fall-rise）（∨）

升降调（rise-fall）（∧）

平调（flat）（→）

在现实生活当中，降调、升调和降升调是常见的三种语调。

1. 一般单音节的单词，都是读降调（语调由高到低）。比如：

Wow↘!

Great↘!

Yes↘!

No↘!

2. 通常情况下，单独的陈述句结尾往往都是读降调，用来表达句子已经说完，句意也已经表达完整。比如说：

We’re ready↘.

My name is Young↘.

It’s great to meet you↘.

3. 特殊疑问句结尾通常读降调。比如说：

What’s your name↘?

Where’s my phone↘?

How’s everything↘?

1. 用Yes或No回答的问题，通常结尾用升调，期待对方的正面答复。比如说：

Are you ready↗?

Is that your brother↗?

Can I come with you↗?

Are you still single↗?

但有时候这类问题也可以读降调，尤其是在反复问一个问题的时候，通常语气更严肃，甚至略带威胁。比如说：

A: I’ll ask you once more: Did you take the money↘?

B: No, I didn’t↘.

A: Can you prove that↘?（你能证明你没拿那笔钱吗？）

2. 核对自己是否是正确的，结尾核对的词通常用升调。比如说：

You can speak French, right↗?

I’ll show you how to do it, OK↗?

3. 没听清对方的话，想让对方重复，这类的表达后面通常用升调。比如说：

What↗?

Pardon↗?

Sorry↗?

Excuse me↗?

4. 反义疑问句（附加疑问句）的两种情况：

（1）如果不确定自己的观点，附加疑问句用升调：

The answer is twenty, isn’t it↗?（答案是20，对吗？）

She’s at home, isn’t she↗?（她在家呢，对吗？）

（2）如果确定自己的观点，并且希望得到对方的肯定，附加疑问句用降调：

What a beautiful day, isn't it↘?（天气真好，难道不是吗？）

We have been here before, haven't we↘?（我们来过这里，难道没有吗？）

5. 列举清单的时候，前面的选项读升调，最后一个读降调。比如说：

Do you want coffee↗ or tea↘?

I've been to Paris↗, New York↗, and Beijing↘.

One↗, two↗, three↗, four↗, five↘.

6. “开放性”问句和“核实性”问句。

开放性问句询问未知信息（比如特殊疑问句），结尾通常是降调；但是核实性问句往往是核实信息是否正确（比如一般疑问句），需要对方确认，结尾通常是升调。比如：

A: What’s your name↘?（开放性问句）

B: My name is Young.

A: Where are you from↘?（开放性问句）

B: I’m from China.

A: Are you from Beijing↗?（核实性问句）

B: Yes, I am.

A: How long have you lived here↘?（开放性问句）

B: One year.

A: Are you married↗?（核实性问句）

B: Yes, I am.

A: What do you do for a living↘?（开放性问句）

B: I’m an actor.

A: You’re an actor↗?（核实性问句）

B: Yes, I am.

7. 很多时候在一个句子的意群结尾用升调，仅仅是为了语调更好的起伏，用抑扬顿挫的语调变化达到省力的效果。比如你要去火车站接个人，你要告诉他下火车怎么找你：

When you get 'off the train↗, turn 'left along the 'platform↘. At the 'end of the platform↗, there's an 'escalator↘. Go 'up it↗ and you'll be in the 'square↘. There's a 'fountain in the square↗, and I'll be 'waiting for you ‘there↘.

（你下车以后，左转沿站台走。走到头以后，有一个自动扶梯。从扶梯上去就到广场了。广场上有个喷泉，我会在那里等你。）

1. 暗示后面还有内容：

有时候，虽然一个陈述句说完了，但是这个陈述句只属于说话人想表达的整体意思的一部分，后面还有内容。这个时候，这样的陈述句结尾就可以用升调或者降升调，目的是暗示对方后面还有内容。比如说：

I know her face↗, but I can't remember her name↘.

I know her ∨face, but I can't remember her name↘.

It's not what she said↗, but the way that she said it↘.【并不是她说的话（让我生气），而是她说话的方式。】

It's not what she ∨said, but the way that she said it↘.

∨Guns don’t kill people. People kill people.

I ∨think so, but I’m not sure.

I can ∨speak English quite well, but I can't write it very well.

2. 在主次分明的句子里，或者主从复合句里，次要部分或者从句的结尾通常用升调或者降升调，主句结尾通常用降调，以此来突出次要部分或从句对主句的依赖。比如说：

I was walking along the ∨street one day, and I saw a wallet on the way.

I was lying in ∨bed last night, and I heard a knock at the door.

If I were ∨you, I would marry him.（如果我是你，我就嫁给他。）

I would marry him if I were you↗.

If you were ∨ready, we could begin.

We could begin if you were ready↗.

3. 升调和降升调的区别，在于降升调在语气上更突出重点信息。对比：

My 'sister is a nurse.

My sister↗ is a nurse.

My ∨sister is a nurse.

Your 'passport will be ready tomorrow.（你的护照明天就准备好了。）

Your passport↗ will be ready tomorrow.

Your ∨passport will be ready tomorrow.

A: Have you finished that report?

B: ∨Finished? I’ve just started it

请试着按照给出的语调读出下面这段话：

Young: 'What are you 'doing, Doris↗?

Doris: I'm 'struggling to find my 'lunch card.

Young: Did you↗ go to the Lost↗ and Found?

Doris: I ∨did, but it wasn't 'there. It has been a 'bad morning.

Young: 'Why? What 'happened?

Doris: I left my 'laptop at home↗.

Young: Oh 'no. 'What did you 'do?

Doris: I 'went home↗ and picked it 'up. But 'that wasn't the 'end of my bad ∨morning. On the 'way back to the 'company, I was 'riding a ∨bike and it 'started to 'rain. It 'rained 'cats and 'dogs.

Young: It sounds 'terrible.

Doris: 'Wait. 'You haven't heard the worst 'part. At lunch↗, 'many people were 'waiting in 'line. When I↗ got to the front of the ∨line, I realized my 'lunch card was 'missing.

Young: Well, let 'me help you find it. Oh, 'look. What's 'this?!

Doris: Where 'was it?

Young: It was 'right under your nose.

Doris: 'Thanks a 'lot! Now I can 'finally go for 'lunch.

需要注意的是，语调在现实生活里没有刻板的对与错，不同的人讲同一个片段所用的语调也不一定相同，因为每个人对句子的理解有不同的角度，所以学习语调不要刻板，而要融会贯通，让它更好地为你的表达服务。

Young: It's time to clock out, Doris.

clock除了可以作名词表示“钟表”，也可以作动词，表示“达到某个时间”。这里的clock out，指的是“达到了出去的时间、到了下班的时间”，专门指的是“打卡下班”。相对的是clock in（打卡上班）

Doris: It's another late night at the office for me.

late night，字面意思是“很晚的夜”，也就是“深夜”

Young: Oh no! What happened?

Doris: I have so much work to finish.

这里的不定式to finish作后置定语修饰前面的work，也就是“该去完成的（工作）”。

Young: That's not good. You might need to arrange your schedule better.

You might need to …（你可能需要……/或许你得……。）

You might need to take a rest for a few days
You might need to talk to him
You might need to lose weight
You might need to change your plan

Doris: I am trying, but I'm always given more work.

这里的be given是被动语态，表示Doris“被给工作”，也就是有人给Doris 安排了工作。为什么要用被动语态呢？因为是谁安排的工作不重要，只需要突出谁需要去做这些工作就可以了。比如说The cake was eaten.（蛋糕被吃了。）被谁吃了不重要，只要知道蛋糕已经被吃了就可以了

Young: Do you want to know how I always finish work on time?

how I always finish work on time（我怎么总能按时完成工作）是宾语从句，作know（知道）的宾语

Doris: Yes, please! Could you tell me how you do it?

please表示“请”，这个语境下其实就是“太好了、太感谢了”的意思。而且please结合不同的语境和语气，用法也非常灵活。比如说：

Oh, please. Stop talking!（喔，求你了。别说了！）（请求）
Oh, please! You cannot be serious.（喔，得了吧！你准是在打哈哈。）（请你打住）
— Do you want some coffee? — Yes, please.（好，谢谢。）（好的，请给我倒）

这句话主要是tell sb. sth.（主语+双宾语），其中how you do it（你是怎么做到的）作直接宾语，表示告诉的内容

Could you tell me …?

Could you tell me where the rest room is?
Could you tell me where the bus station is?

Young: You must give yourself a daily schedule.

You must …（你必须……。）这是一个半命令式的句型，生活当中除非必要，否则一般不要这样跟人说话，尤其是不太熟悉的人，会让人觉得你的控制欲很强。但是如果用得恰到好处，别人也会感受到你的真诚和关心。比如说：

You must see a doctor
You must arrive in time
You must try harder
You must be home by 11 o’clock.

另外，生活里如果我们猜测对方的状态，当自己有肯定把握的时候，会经常说：You must be…（你一定是……。）比如说：

You must be joking
You must be hungry
You must be tired
You must be a teacher

另外，daily在这里是形容词“每天的”。daily schedule（每天的计划表），也就是“日计划表”

It must be a detailed plan.

detailed是detail（名词“细节”、动词“详细阐述”）的形容词，表示“详细的”

Doris: Oh, I don't have one. Can you give me some suggestions?

Can you give me …（你能给我……吗？）

Can you give me an example?
Can you give me a hand?  = Can you help me?/Can you do me a favor?
Can you give me a ride?
Can you give me a reason?

Young: You need to set a time limit to complete each task. If you can't finish a task on time, you should ask for help. You mustn't spend too long on one task.

You need to set a time limit（你需要设置一个时间期限）是主要信息；后面的to complete each task（去完成每项任务）是动词不定式作目的状语

You mustn't …（你不能……。）这也是一个语气比较强硬的句型，要学会酌情使用，否则可能会让对方觉得不舒服。比如说：

You mustn't say things like that
You mustn't break your promise
You mustn't touch the camera
You mustn't drive here

原文里的spend too long相当于spend too much time（花太长时间）。在什么上面花时间呢？on one task（在一项任务上）。这也是个很好的搭配，叫做：spend … on…（花费时间、金钱等在……上）。比如说：How much did you spend on your new coat?（你的新外套花了多少钱？）或者说：I don’t want to spend too much time on sleeping.（我不想花太多时间在睡觉上。）

Doris: You're right! I need to plan my work better.

Young: You really do. No one likes staying late at work on a Friday evening.

You really need to plan your work better. 所以适当用好助动词，可以让你讲话的效率变得更高

Doris: Thank you, Young.

Young: Good luck. See you on Monday.

arrange [əˈreɪndʒ] v.安排；排列

前缀ar-是ad-的变体表示“朝、去”；后面的range从读音上和ring（戒指）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“排列”有关。戒指指的是“排列出来的圆形”，而arrange作动词，表示“去排列、去安排”，指的是“安排时间、任务”等。比如说：The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday.（会议已经安排在了周三。）或者说：She arranged her birthday cards along the shelf.（她把生日贺卡在架子上摆成一排。）

suggestion [səˈdʒestʃən] n. 提议；建议

这个词的动词形式叫做：

suggest [səˈdʒest]vt. 提议，建议；暗示；意味着

前缀sug-是sub-的变体表示“在下面、自下而上”；后面的-gest-是“携带、带来”，英语里有个词叫做gesture，指的是“用肢体携带信息”，也就是“手势、姿势、示意动作”等。suggest作动词，字面意思是“带上来、提出来”，作动词专门指的是“提议、建议”，后面接名词或者相当于名词成分的词，表示提的“议”。比如说：I suggested an Italian restaurant near the station for the party.（我建议聚会去火车站附近的一家意大利餐馆。）或者说：I suggested going in my car.（我提议坐我的车去。）

suggest作动词，还可以表示“暗示、意味着”，指的就是“根据已有情况让人冒出新想法”。比如说：Something about his manner suggested a lack of interest in what we were doing.（他的举止流露出的某种东西表明他对我们正在做的事情并无兴趣。）

complete [kəmˈpliːt] vt.使完整；使完全；使完美；完成；结束 adj. 完全的，十足的；完整的

前缀com-在这里起强调作用；后面的-ple(te)是fill（填满、充满）的意思。complete的字面意思，是“全都填满”，作动词指的是“全部履行完、全做完”，也就是“使完整、使完全、使完美”。比如说：Complete the sentence with the given words.（用给出的单词补全句子。）或者说：He only needs two more cards to complete the set.（他只需再有两张牌就凑成一副了。）

complete作动词，也可以表示“完成、结束”。比如说：She will complete her studies in France next year.（她明年就在法国完成学业了。）或者说：The palace took over 20 years to complete.（这座宫殿耗时20多年才竣工。）

complete还可以作形容词，表示“完全的、十足的、完整的”。比如说：That man is a complete fool!（那个人是个十足的傻瓜！）或者说：the complete works of Oscar Wilde（奥斯卡‧王尔德全集）。

task [tɑːsk; tæsk] n.（困难的）任务

task作名词，表示“任务”，尤其指的是“艰巨的、困难的任务”。比如说：This is not an easy task.（这不是项容易的任务。）或者说：She's set herself a difficult task.（她给自己安排了一项艰巨任务。）

到目前为止，英语常见的语音语调方面的知识我们已经基本学完了。对于初学者来说，在掌握了基本的语音语调内容之后，更重要的就是付诸实践，并且在实践当中熟练、精进、总结更多语音语调方面的实用经验。

今天我们主要通过一个片段，来综合练习一下我们学过的语音语调知识。

在现实生活里，人们讲一句话的时候，并不会快得没有停顿，而是会一个意群一个意群说，每个意群之间都有短暂的停顿。举个例子，比如屏幕上这段话，现在我按照意群来读一遍给你听：

A family of mice were surprised by a big cat. Father Mouse jumped and and said, "Bow-wow!" The cat ran away. "What was that, Father?" asked Baby Mouse. "Well, son, that's why it's important to learn a second language.”

划分意群后：

A family of mice/ were surprised/ by a big cat. Father Mouse jumped / and said, "Bow-wow!" The cat/ ran away. "What was that, Father?" asked Baby Mouse. "Well, son, that's why / it's important / to learn a second language.”

（参考译文：一群老鼠被一只大猫吓了一跳。老鼠爸爸跳起来说：“汪汪！”猫跑开了。“那是什么，爸爸？”小老鼠问。“好吧，孩子，这就是为什么学习一门外语很重要。”）

接下来屏幕上会出现一段话，你试着把这段话，按照合适的意群划分开，并且大声朗读出来（技术方面看这个如何体现出来）：

Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving, but how old is the oldest? Well, I read about a man who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty.

生词注释：

arrest [əˈrest]vt. 逮捕；拘捕

crashed [kræʃ] v. 撞车；撞毁；坠毁

pavement [ˈpeɪvmənt] n. 人行道

（参考译文：很多人因危险驾驶而被捕，但年龄最大的人有多大？嗯，我读到一个一百零四岁的男人！他闯红灯，撞上停着的汽车，而且还沿着人行道行驶。他的车有多老？只有三十年。）

参考答案：

Lots of people/ get arrested/ for dangerous driving, but how old/ is the oldest? Well, I read about a man / who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars/ and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty

 Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving, but how old is the oldest? Well, I read about a man who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty.

Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving, but how old is the oldest? Well, I read about a man who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty.

Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving, but how old is the oldest? Well, I read about a man who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty.

ˈLots of people get arˈrested for ˈdangerous ˈdriving, but ˈhow ˈold is the ˈoldest? ˈWell, I ˈread about a ˈman who was a ˈhundred and ˈfour! He ˈwent through ˈred lights, ˈcrashed into ˈparked cars and ˈdrove along the ˈpavement. And ˈhow ˈold was his ˈcar? Only ˈthirty.

接下来，你来尝试把这段话里所有的升调、降调、降升调标出来：

Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving, but how old is the oldest? Well, I read about a man who was a hundred and four! He went through red lights, crashed into parked cars and drove along the pavement. And how old was his car? Only thirty.

参考答案：

Lots of people get arrested for dangerous driving↘, but how ∨old is the oldest↘? Well↗, I read about a man↗ who was a hundred and four↘! He went through ∨red lights, crashed into ∨parked cars and drove along the pavement↘. And how old↗ was his car↗? Only thirty↘.

接下来，我们把所有的标记都标上，你来尝试按照标出的标记读一下：

ˈLots of people/ get arˈrested/forˈdangerous ˈdriving↘, butˈhow ∨ˈold/ is the ˈoldest↘? ˈWell↗, I ˈread about aˈman↗/ who was aˈhundred andˈfour↘! He ˈwent through ∨ˈred lights, ˈcrashed into ∨ˈparked cars/andˈdrove along the ˈpavement↘. Andˈhow ˈold↗ was his ˈcar↗? Only ˈthirty↘.

当然，很多时候不同的人讲同一个片段，所用的语音、语调也不一定相同，因为每个人对片段的理解有不同的角度。学习语音语调不要太刻板，而要融会贯通，让它更好地为你的表达服务。

Young: Hey, Leo. Are you OK ?

你没事吧

Leo: Oh, sorry. I was just thinking about my childhood. I remember I wanted to be a doctor when I was a child

I remember ...

I remember her phone number
I remember that we used to go and see them most weekends
I remember the color of your dress
I remember that he used to be a English teacher

kid 原意是小羊。正式语境下用child。kid还有开玩笑的意思： You must be kidding

remember to do 记得去做某事

Remember to call me when you arrive

remember doing  记得做过某事

I remember thinking you were not handsome enough for me 我曾经觉得你不够帅

Leo: What about you ?
Young: I wanted to be a fireman because I really liked the big red fire engines. They looked really cool

fireman = firefighter 消防员

fire engine 这里指的是红色的消防车

Leo: Why didn't you become a fireman ?

 Why didn't you ...

Why didn't you come to the party last night
Why didn't you go to the UK to sutdy ?

Young: I turns out I'm scared of fire, so I don't think I would be a good fireman

 I'm scared of ...

I'm scared of thunder / cats / wild animals / seeing him

Leo: That makes two of us ! I couldn't be a doctor as I'm scared of blood

字面意思：这件事塑造了我们俩。我也有同感

I couldn't ... as ...

I couldn't meet you yesterday as I was busy with my work
He couldn't answer that question as he didn't work hard

Leo: What about you Doris ? What did you want to be when you were young ?

What did you want to be when ...

What did you want to be when you were in college ?
What did you want to be when you came to this city ?

Doris: I wanted to work as a waitress or chef in a fast -food restaurant.

Young: In a fast-food restaurant ?  Why ?

Doris: Because I could eat as much fast food as I wanted. But later I realized I don't like eating french fries and hamburgers for every meal

french fires = chips 炸薯条

Leo: Look at the three of us. We all have different dreams when we wre young, but here we are.

childhood

child孩子hood表示状态，童年

neighborhood 邻居关系，街坊四邻 ： There are a lots of kids in my neighborhood

manhood 成年（的状态）：He will soon reach manhood

scared

受到惊吓的/害怕的：Look how scared he is

scary 令人害怕的：You look  very scary

blood

血浓于水 Blood is thicker than water

bleed 流血：My finger is bleeding

chef

读音上和chief有关，两者都和head有关。 主厨

Young: So, if you could have any job you wanted, what would it be ?

if you could ... what would ...

条件句，且是不真实的条件句，虚拟语气，统一用过去式

If you could get whatever you want, what would you get first ?
If you could go anywhere in the world, what would you like to go mosst ?
If you could have enough money, what would you want to buy most ?
If you could meet anyone in the world, who would you want to meet most ?

Doris: Wow, let me think about it for a second

for a second 一会儿

Leo: If I could have any job, I would  be a hotel critic

If I could ... I would ...

If I could live in anywhere in the world, I would live in Norway
If I could lieve for a thousand years, I would learn ten languages

Leo: I hope to stay in the best hotels in the world, and get paid to do it

get paid = be paid

Doris: And, you would never need to make your bed

还是虚拟语气，省略了前面Leo说的前提条件

If you could ... you would never ...

If you could fly, you would never need to worry about traffic jam
If you coould be 18 forever, you would never need to worry about getting old

Doris:  Oh, I know ! If I could choose any job, I would choose to be a food critic. I have the best taste in food

taste 品位

Leo: Just imagine eating good food every day, That sounds like a dream

Just imagine ...

Just imagine living like that
Just imagine that we're going to do that
Just imagine what we can do
Just imagine that you're a CEO in a big company

Young: It does

省略句：It does sound like a dream

Young: But maybe not all restaurants would serve good food

serve good food 好吃

Doris: That is true, what about you, Young?

What would do if you could choose your job ?

Young: If I could choose my job, I would be a CEO. I could choose my own work hours and make all of the big decisions

Doris: Wow, that is a big dream !

Leo: It is. But it's good to dream !

it's good to ... 做什么挺好的

it's good to meet people from different parts of the country
it's good to have someone you could talk to
it's good to be recommended

Young: But dreaming time is over. Work is waiting ! Time to get back to reality

hotel

hotel和hospital最早是一个词，都是接待客人的地方。hostel招待所/青年旅舍

This is a five-star hotel

critic

crit决断/区分ic，区分好坏的人。secret后面的cret也是区分之意（分开的不可告人的东西）

He is a film critic

critical  批判性的，至关重要的，严重的。都和下决断的、区分好坏的关键时刻有关

This is a critical report 批判性的报导
Your support is critical to this project 支持是重要的
He's had a traffic accident and is now in critial condition 生死攸关的

imagine

image 和图像、形象有关：His public image is very different from the real person

imagine 和脑子中的形象有关：

She imagined  herself sitting in her favourite chair back home 她想象自己正坐在家里最喜欢的扶手椅上
Can you imagine what it must be like to lose your job after 20 years ? 你能想象干了20年被辞退什么感觉么

reality

现实/实际：The reality is that there is not enough money to pay for this project

Modal verbs 也叫情态助动词。情态动词是表达情况、状态的助动词（auxiliary verb )：

情况：说话者对某事的可行性、可能性、确定性的判断

态度：说话者对某人的能力、意愿、责任的看法

情态动词帮助动词原型一起构成谓语，不能独立做谓语，没有人称、数的变化。

情况的例子：

The plan may work
It should be her
We shall win this game

 态度：

We must work hard
You should do this
Shall we have dinner together ?

情态动词是一种“非事实”的标记，表示事情还没有发生，或者不一定发生。即使和表示确定意义的副词联用也不能改变这一点：

It may probably snow soon
They should definitely get back together 他们当让应该重归于好

常用情态动词：can / could,   may/might, must, will/would,  shall/shold, need, have to

否定形式大部分都是直接在情态动词后面加not：

I might not get the chance to go abroad
You shouldn't drink and drive 酒后驾车

Rewards don not have to be stuff 物质

在两种情况下，can 和 could 完全一样，只是现在和过去的区别：

表能力：

She can speak three languages
No one in the room could understand him 过去时

文中的例子：

I hope I can get a ride in time
I can't watch anything violent or scary
I couldn't be a doctor as I'm scared of blood
Because I could eat as much fast food as I wanted

表可能性，相当于It is possible：

I can't be true
He said we could meet another time

在以下情况下，can和could功能不一样：

表请求/许可，could语气更加委婉：

Can you pass the salt, please ?
Could you pass the salt, please ?

文中的例子：

Can I add your Wechat ?
Can you give me some suggestions ?
Could you tell me how you do it ?

当你回答对方、给予许可的时候，因为确定性，不用语气弱的could：

- Could I borrow this book ?  - Of course you can

表推测时，might是过去式：

I think I may go to the game 去看比赛
I thought I might go to the game

对当下事情做推断，might的语气比较弱：

That's not good. You might need to arrange your schedule better

表请求、许可的时候，意思和can/could一样，但是更加正式，同时might比may委婉：

May / Might I just interrupt for a moment ? 生活中May就很委婉了，基本没人说Might

同样，对请求答复的时候，因为确定性，使用may而不是might：

- May I borrow your car tomorrow ? - Yes, you may/ can

而拒绝请求的时候，要用mustn't。也可以用may not 或 can not

- May I borrow your car tomorrow ? - No, you mustn't  语气强烈 - No, you may not 语气委婉

May + 主语 + 动词原型，用于祝愿：

May you have a wonderful year

must / have to

语气强烈、表示必须/不得不：

You must give yourself a daily schedule.
It must be a detailed plan

I have to catch it right now
I guess I have to bite the bullet

表示推测时，must表示非常有把握：一定

You must be new
Wow, you must be a busy bee
Those must be our drinks

must的否定形式mustn't表示绝对禁止，而have to 的否定形式don't have to 则表示没有必要，差别很大：

You mustn't park here
You don't have to apologize

must引导一般疑问句，其否定回答可以用don't have to 表示不必：

- Must I show up tomorrow ?  -  Yes, you must
- Must I show up tomorrow ? - No, you don't have to

have to 有人称和时态的变化，这和其它情态动词不同：

When you drive, you must wear a seabelt

He has to / had to / will have to work a lot

shall 用于征求对方意见，用于第一人称：

Shall we dance ?

 shall 用于表示坚强的决心，用于第一人称：

I shall not fear
We shall overcome the difficulty
Our day shall come 我们的出头之日总会到来的

用在条文、规定中，表示义务或者规定：

No one shall take the books home

should 用于表示现在/将来的义务或责任，含义是“应该”：

I should go freshen up
Maybe I should buy a car
Well, I guess I should let you choose the movie

should 表示“比较大的可能性“，含义是”按道理应该“：

They should be great
My Chinese isn't so good, but it should be right
The hotpot restaurant should be around the corner

will表示将要：

That will be  be nice
I'm sure it will take some time

表示习惯和特性是，will表示现在，would表示过去，含义是 会/总会：

The law system will punish those who break the law
When he was young, he would drink a lot

表示请求时，用在疑问句would语气更加委婉：

Will you close the window ?
Would you close the window ? 听起来舒服一些

课文中的例子：Would you like to have lunch together later ?

可以做情态动词，表示需要，后面跟动词原形，没有人称、数、形态的变化：

He needn't worry too much

可以做实义动词，有两种情况：

+ 名词/名词性短语：

I need your help
His car needs washing   主动形式表被动，相当于 His car needs to be washed

+ 不定式：

I need to hurry/dash
I need to plan my work better

此外need还可以做名词：

No need to rush

Young had just come back from a vacation, and was surprised when he looked at the time.

Is that the time already ?

This means it's time for Young to get back to work.

I need to start arranging my work for next week.
Looks like it's gonna be a busy week. Such a tight schedule on Monday.

To have a tight schedule here means that your time is very closely arranged in your week and you may not have time to do anything else

Three meetings. This always happens when I come back from a vacation.

come back from ...

I have just come back from the zoo.

Young took a look at the meeting time and said:

From 2pm to 7pm. That will be a long afternoon.

Then, Young tried to comfort himself by saying:

Well, as they say, no rest for the wicked.

as they say 俗话说

As they say, knowledge is power
As they say, better late than never 迟到总比缺席好
As they say, time is money
As they say, the harder you work, the luckier you will be

wicked 邪恶的。the adj 这种形式来表示具有某种特质的人：the young, the old, the rich, the poor

no rest / peace for the wicked 来自圣经，自我讽刺，表示一刻不得闲

Tuesday and Wednesday look like quite days. I can get on with replying  to my emails.

In other words, these days look not that busy

get on 处于接触状态，不间断。稍作停顿后继续做（一件事情）

get on with sth / doing sth 

继续做某事

Get on with it ! We haven't got all day.  继续干，我们的时间并不多了
No matter what happened, we have to get on with our life
Stopping talking and get on with you work

描述和某人相处

Do you get on well with your new boss ?

Let's get back to the text and look at Young's schedule next week.

Let's check Thursday. My boss said that I have a presentation to prepare for.

... said that ...

She said that she couldn't come   当时说那时不能来
He said that he had finished his work
She said she wanted to see you

注意一下时态统一。课文中则是过去说下周的情况，因此宾语从句部分没有用过去事

Let's return to the text and move on.

Oh, yes. Here it is. So, that's my Thursday booked out.

booked out 被预定出去的，过去分词短语做后置定语

Prepare for presentation. That just leaves Friday.

leave 留下/剩下

Looks like there's nothing in the calendar.

But suddenly Young gets an email from a colleague, saying that the presentation has been moved to Wednesday.

Oh, great ! That's in three day's time.

字面意思是三天里，汉语表达对应是：那是三天后（表示时间很紧）

... is in ... days

The sport is in three days
My birthday is in two days

Time is running short, Young said:

How am I supposed to manage that ?

be supposed to ... 被认为（应当）

You are supposed to be here an hour earlier

How am I supposed to ... 我该怎么样才能 （可能有反问语气）

How am I supposed to live without a car ?
How am I supposed to learn English by myselft

Young has just got three days to prepare for the presentation, which means that he has to work very hard in the following days. So he said:

It's gonna be a lot of late nights at the offices over the coming days !

over the coming days 在接下来的几天

tight

adj 紧的：

She was wearing a tight pair of jeans
The rope was stretched tight

adj 密集的/挤满的：With five heavy guys in the car, it was very tight

adj 严密的/严格的：We need tight security at the airport

adj 时间紧张的：The president has a tight schedule today

adj 经济拮据的：Money is always tight in our home

adj 亲密的：They are pretty tight at school

reply

v 回复：He never replied to any of my letters

n 回复：I asked her what her name was but she made no reply

present

做动词，重音靠后

v 提交/展现：

He presented the report to his colleagues at the meeting 他在会议上做了报告
You need to present yourself better

v 赠送/授予：The winners were presented with medals

v 引见/介绍：I'd like to present you to the headteacher 校长

presentation  报告/演讲/陈述，展示会/介绍会/发布会

The speaker gave an interesting presentation on urban transport 城市交通
The sales manager will give a presentation on the new products

做名词，重音靠前

n 礼物/赠品：This is your birthday present

n 当下（的时间）：That's all for the present 暂且就讲这些

at present 目前：He studies chemistry in the college at present

做形容词，重音靠前

adj 出席的/在场的：The whole family was present 全家人都在场

adj 现在的/当前的：I don't have here present address

suppose

假设：Suppose we miss the train, what shall we do then ?

猜想/料想：He didn't answer my phone, so I suppose he was busy

supposed 假设的/预期的，应该：You are not supposed to park here

Young have just come back to the company after the weekend, and bumped into Leo.

Leo: Morning, Young. How was your weekend ?

How was your ...

How was your trip
How was your dinner last night
How was your first day at work
How was your trip to Thailand

Leo asked about Young's weekend, and Young replied:

Young:  It was pretty quiet .

Leo: That nice, I wish I had a relaxing weekend.

I wish I had 我希望（虚拟语气，用过去时态） You can use this sentence pattern to express whatever you want to have but in fact is very difficult for you to have

I wish I had a English teacher like Mr. Young.
I wish I had wings, but I don't
I wish I had a car like that
I wish I had a bigger house

I wish I had been at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
I wish I had told him the truth

 In today's text, Leo said that he wished he had a relaxed weekend, which means he didn't have one, so Young asked.

Young: Oh? What happened ?
Leo: I ended up working all weekend

end up 完全结束， 后面伴随状语

end up ...

I always ended up having an argument with her. I don't know why. I just can't help it
If you talk like a loser, you'll end up losing

If you go on like this, you'll end up in prison
You may even end up with a promotion !

Leo: Since I woke up on  Satureday morning, I haven't stopped

Young: No way. That sucks !

不会吧，那也太惨了

Leo: Yes, it does ! My leader called me on Friday night at 11 o'clock

两个时间状语，前面那个突出了不该打电话的时间

Young: Why so late ?

Leo: There will be an important presenation today, so I had to spend the weekend preparing for it

Young: I have an importaqnt presentation too this week,  but I didn't have to work on my days off

day off 离开的日子/休息日

Leo: I envy you so much ! My lead had me working for the whole weekend !

have sb doing sth ... 让某人一直做某事

He had me waiting for him for two hours. I can't bear it any more !
She had me doing all kinds of work for her

Leo: I worked until 10 pm on Saturday, and again on Sunday, too.

Having heard Leo's bad weekend, Young said:

Young: You must be tired.
Leo: I'm exhausted

Young then gave Leo a piece of advice

Leo: Make sure you grab a (cup of) strong coffee this morning.

Make sure ...

Make sure the TV is off
Make sure you shut the gate
Make sure the tap is off
Make sure you won't be late for work

In the text Young suggested Leo should have a strong coffee, and leo replied:

Leo: Yes, I will definitely need one !

Young: Well , good luck today ! I hope it all goes smoothly.

Leo: Thanks ! Enjoy your day.

在有事先走的时候，可以针对当前正在做的事情，提出祝福：

在吃饭：Enjoy your meal !
在健身：Enjoy your exercise

Leo: Maybe see you later.

pretty

adv 相当地，没有very程度高：I've got a pretty good idea of how to get there

adj 可爱的/优美的：

That's a pretty hat you're wearing
She's got such a pretty daughter

suck

v 吸/吮/抽/啜：

He sucked his thumb until he was seven
It's good for you to suck in fresh air

v 糟糕/差劲：This movie sucks

lead

v 领导/指挥：If you lead, I'll follow

lead to ... 导致...  Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems

n 领先地位/领导地位： She took the lead in the second game. 在第二场比赛领先了

n 主演： Who is playing the lead in the new movie ?

leader 领导者：He's a natural leader

envy

v 羡慕/妒忌 evil eye

I envy her ability to talk to people she's never met before
She envied her good looks

n 羡慕/妒忌，令人羡慕的人/物

He couldn't hide his envy to me
Her hair is the envy of the office

whole

adj 完整的/整个的：I spent the whole day cleaning

n 整体/全部：Two halves make a whole

exhaust

ex向外haust呼出/排放，蒸汽机排出的废气，现在指任何废气：

Car exhaust is main reason for the city's pollution

v 使力竭/用光/耗尽：

The long journey  exhausted the children
Within three days, they have exhausted their supply of food

exhausted  精疲力尽的/枯竭的：I'm completely exhausted

definitely

definitely - definite - de向下fine界限finish 彻底给出一个范围

define：

v  定义：In the dictionary, "reality" is defined as " the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be"
v 界定/明确：We need to define the task ahead very clearly
v 确定..的界限/显示...的轮廓：The mountain was sharply defined against the sky

definite:  确定的/明确的：Can you give me a definite answer by tomorrow ?

definitely: 明确地，当然/肯定：

I definitely remember sending the letter 我确信是发送出去的
- Will you help me ?  - Definitely !

definition 定义，分辨率（画面边缘的清晰度）：High Definition

smooth

adj 光滑的：The road ahead was flat and smooth

adj 顺利的/圆滑的：

We had a very smooth flight
I don't like him. He's far too smooth for me

v 抚平/使平整/使顺畅：

He smoothed his hair back 朝后捋头发
We encourage parents to help smooth their children's way through school

First, you need to prepare a piece of paper and a pen. Then, watch the video below and try to write down every single word in it. You can listen to each sentence five times. If you can’t write down some words, just leave some blanks. After your dictation, you can check the answer and learn the words and expressions you don’t know.

Now watch the video below and see the man’s terrible weekend.

(1) I hate working weekends.

(2) Hi, you gotta do me a favor and come to the office. I’ve locked myself out.

(3) Hi, it’s me again. Really need to get back into the office.

(4) No work phone calls on personal hours.

(5) What am I supposed to do?

(6) Mom, I need some help. Yes, I’m eating my vegetables. Can you come get me?

(7) Did you get any of my messages yesterday?

(8) Yep!

(9) You know my rule: No work messages during personal hours.

Young has arrived at work. He sits down at his desk and a message appears on his screen, telling him that his meeting is in thirty minute's time. He then starts to worry and wants to prepare

Look at the time ! It's half past nine.

past做prep表示 经过.. 在..之后

时间表达：

整点：基数词 [ + o'clock ]。例如：Thirteen o'clock

非整点：基数词钟点 + 基数词分数。例如： Seven ten,  Twelve thirty,  Nineteen forty-five

强调表达：

强调过了点： Twenty past seven, Then past then, Half past eight
强调差几分：Five to seven, Two to two

几刻：A quarter to twelve

强调上下午：Let's meet at 7:30am tomorrow,  and go to the gym at 2pm

I only have half an hour before my presentation.  I should head to the meeting room to prepare.

head to 朝...

OK. First things first.

要事优先

Let me make sure I can connect my laptop to the screen

Let me make sure ...

Let me make sure you understand my meaning
Let me make sure this is your camera

Great ! It works. It took me all week to prepare this presentation, I must make sure it goes off without a hitch

work 奏效：I don't thank this method will work

go off 发展/进展     hitch  障碍

I must remember to smile while everyone is coming in.  After they sit down, how should I begin ?

                                           时间状语                                       时间状语

I wonder if I should introduce myself ?

Young thought about introducing himself, but then he thought:

No, it makes no sense to do that. I've met them before.

it makes no sense to ...

it makes no sense to  talk about it again
Promising without taking actions makes no sense to her
It makes no sense to do so
It makes no sense to me

In today's text, Young said it makes not sense to introduce himself, but how should he start his presentation ? Let's move on to the text

Oh, I know !  I should start by saying: " I'm glad to give this presentation to you all "

start by doing ....

Let's start by reviewing what we learned last time 

I'm glad to ...

I'm glad to meet you. I've heard a lot about you
Thank you, I'm glad to be here.

Young decided what to say at the begining of the presentation , and then he said:

Yes, that's it ! During the presentation, I must keep eye contact with my colleagues.

He then took a look at the time and said:

Oh, it's a quarter to ten. It's time to go over my PowerPoint

go over means to look all over again 重温

Everything will be OK, I just need to believe in myself.

I just need to...

I just need to rest
I just need to find a place to live

Five minutes to go. OK, I'm ready for it.

I'm ready for school / I'm ready for the journey

past

和动词pass有关，此外pass的过去式也是past

prep 晚于，在...之后：

Then past six
She's past the age where she needs a babysitter  临时照顾幼儿者

adv 经过，过去：

I called him as he ran past
A week is past, but nothing has changed

adj 过去的，以前的：

I haven't seen hr in the past few weeks
I know from past experience that you can not judge by appearance

n 过去： In the past, this kind of work is all done by hand

before

prep 时间/位置上在前面：

You should always wash your hands before meals
The bus stop is just before the school

conj 在之前：Did she leave a message before she went away ?

adv 以前： I think we've met  before

head

n 人头：Dinner wil cost $20 a head

n 头脑/智力：You need a clear head to be able to drive safely

Two heads are better than one 三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮

n 带头人/领导：The head of the History Department 历史系主任  The headteacher of the class 班主任  The headmaster of the school 校长

v 朝向 .. 走：He headed for the fridge

connect

v 链接/连接/联合/关联：

Can I connect my printer to your computer ?
The two subjects 学科 are closely connected
They mett a couple of times but they didn't really connect 建立关系

hitch

v 拴住/套住：He hitched the horse to the gate

n 临时的故障/小问题：The work went off without a hitch

v （口语）搭便车：They hitched a lift to Edinburgh from a passing car

while

conj 在 ...的时候，强调同时进行：

I read the news while you were drying your hair

conj 一种情况发生时，另一种情况也存在。虽然/尽管，相反的

While Tom's very good at science 理科, his brother is definitely hopeless

n 一段时间/一会：I haven't seen him for a while

during

prep 在...期间：

They work during the night and sleep by day
I only saw her once during my stay in Rome

sense

n 感觉/官能：Sense of direction/humor/smell

n 观念，看待...的角度，意义： He is a real friend from every sense of word ( in every possible way)

n 良好的判断，清醒的认识：

What he says makes sense
It doesn't make any sense in what you said

v 感觉到/意识到：Although she said nothing, I could sense her anger

quarter

十分之一：一刻钟，一季度，两毛五   A quarter of mile    A quarter past four

夸脱 = 1/4磅

 kill time / pass time 打发时间：

Let's play cards to kill time
Reading is a good way to kill time

only time will tell 时间会证明

Only time will tell if the treatment has been successful
Only time will tell if you are right

not born yesterday 又不是三岁孩子

Stop joking ! I wasn't born yesterday
I wasn't born yesterday, I know what I'm doing !

against the clock /  a race against time   对抗时钟 / 一场于时间的竞赛。争分夺秒

My every day is a race against the clock
Doctors raced against the clock to save his life
We are working against the clock to finish the report by Friday

around the clock 一天到晚，一整天

We worked around the clock 昼夜不停的加班
I'm so tired, I can sleep around the clock

twenty-four seven 即 all the time

He's on duty twenty-four seven
The supermarket is open twenty-four seven

give sb a hard time 给某人一段困难的时间，使难堪/为难

They really gave me a hard time at the interview
This problem really gave him a hard time

turn back the hands of time 时光倒流

hand表示时钟的指针：Hour hand / Minute hand / Second hand

I wish I could turn back the hands of time
If I could turn back the hands of time, my darling you would still be mine
If I could turn back the hands of time , I would go back to my high school again

third time's the charm 第三次有魔力，鼓励两次失败的人再试一次

I've already failed the text twice, so hopefully 希望 the third time's the charm
I've already called her twice, but she didn't pick up the phone , so I hope third time's the charm

old timer 老一代的人，老前辈。老古董（不懂得与时俱进的人）

Master Lee is an old timer, everyone respects him

I don't want to be a old timer when I'm old
I don't want to sound like a old timer

Young hasn't had his hair cut for a long time. When he looked at the mirror and saw his hair, he said:

Young: My hair is so long. I need to go get it cut  today.

get it done 让 ... 处于done的状态

He then picked up his phone and opened his hairdressers' app, and tried booking  an appointment:

Young: Wow, they seem to be very busy. There are no appointment left

 seem to be 好像 ...

We seem to be missing some students this morning
There seems to be fewer tourists around this year
She seems to be getting younger
You seem to be very close to him

Young found that there's no appointment left tody, so he said:

Young: Let's check tomorrow. Still none. Let me call and see if they can squeeze me in today

squeeze in 挤入/插队 hair头发dresser化妆师

Young found the hairdressers' number on his phone and called, and the receptionist picked up

Receptionist:  Hello, Forever Young Salon, How can I help ?

Young: Hello, I'm calling to ask if you have any appointments available today

I'm calling to

I'm calling to invite you to dinner on Friday night
I'm calling to offer you a job|
I'm calling to ask if you are busy tonight
I'm calling to ask if you have got my email

Receptionist: I'm afraid we are fully booked until the 20th of April 

I'm afraid ...

I'm afraid you guessed wrong
I'm afraid I can't remember the way
I'm afraid I made a mistake
I'm afraid this isn't finished yet

Young: The 20th ? That's not until next Friday ?

next friday 下周五，即使现在是周四，说的也是下周的周五

Receptionist: Yes, recently we are very busy

Young: What about the day after ?

the day after 次日

Receptionist: Next Saturday, the 21st ?
Young: Yes
Receptionist: Any idea what time ?

Do you have any idea what time you want to come here ?

Any idea ... 知不知道 ...

Any idea where he is ?
Any idea when he will come ?

Receptionist: We have appointments available from 2 to 5 pm

Young: 3:30 would be great
Receptionist: OK sir . Can you recall if you have a membership card here ?

membership card 会员卡

Can you recall ...

Can you recall the last time you wrote a letter
Can you recall what happened then ?

Young: Yes I do.
Receptionist: Can you tell me the last 4 digits of your phone number ?
Young: 1875
Receptionist:  Mr. Young ? The last time you came here was over two months ago
Young: That's right
Receptionist: OK. Your appointment is scheduled for the 21st at 3:30 pm, Mr. Young
Young: Great, see you then

cut

v 切割砍剁：

Cut the meat up into small pieces
This knife doesn't cut very well

v 缩短/削减/删减/中断/打断/抄近道

His salary has been cut by 10 percent
Could you cut your essay from 5000 to 3000 words ?
Some parts of the movie have be cut
The diector shouted  'Cut !'
Let's cut through this road to save time

n 切口：

There's a deep cut in his arm
Sirloin is the most expensive cut of beef

appoint

指派/任命：We've appointed three new teachers this year

约定：A date has been appointed for the meeting

appointment 任命/约定/预约时间

We are pleased to announce the appointment of Young as the new headmaster of the school
She made an appointment to see the doctor

squeeze

挤压：Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl

挤入：She squeezed through the crowed and found a seat at the front

available

adj 可用的：This is the only room available

adj 有空的：

Are you available this afternoon
Are you still available 特定语境，你还单身么

digit

数位（0-9之间的一个数字）：

Her telephone number is different from mine only by one digit
A four-digit number

digital 数字的 / 数码的： digital devices

ago

从现在往前追溯，常常和一般过去时联用。before 从过去向前追溯

I visited  him  three days ago, but he had gone to BeiJing a week before

不确定具体多久：I have seen this film somewhere before

A hairdresser is a person whose job is to cut or style hair in order to change or keep a person's look. This is often done by using a combination of haircutting, hair coloring and so on.

Hairdressing has a history of thousands of years.In ancient Egypt, wealthy men often had personal barbers within their home. In ancient Rome and Greece, household slaves and servants would be hairdressers when they were needed to.Men who did not have their own private hair or shaving services would visit the local barbershop. Women had their hair cut at their homes.

The first appearance of the word "hairdresser" is in 17th century Europe, and hairdressing was considered a profession. By 1777, about 1,200 hairdressers were working in Paris.

Beauty salons became popular during the 20th century, along with men's barbershops. These spaces served as social spaces, allowing women to socialize while having their hair done and other services such as facials.

理发师的工作是剪头发或做发型，以改变或保持一个人的容貌。这通常是通过结合理发、染发等方式来实现的。

理发已有数千年的历史。在古埃及，有钱人通常在家里有私人理发师。在古罗马和希腊，家奴和仆人在需要的时候会做理发师。没有私人理发或剃须服务的男性会去当地的理发店。妇女们在家里让人理发。

“理发师”一词最早出现在17世纪的欧洲，理发当时被认为是一种职业。到1777年，大约有1200名理发师在巴黎工作。

美容院在20世纪与男士理发店一起流行起来。这些空间作为社交空间，使得女性可以在做头发和其他服务（如面部护理）的同时进行社交活动。

 

combination [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn; ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn] n. 联合
ancient[ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 古代的；古老的
Rome[rəʊm] n.罗马（意大利首都）
Greece[ɡriːs] n. 希腊（欧洲南部国家）
household [ˈhaʊshəʊld]adj. 家用的，家务的；全家人的；家喻户晓的
slave[sleɪv]n. 奴隶
servant[ˈsɜː(r)vənt]n. 仆人，佣人
Egypt[ˈiːdʒɪpt] n. 埃及（非洲国家）
wealthy[ˈwelθi]adj. 富有的；充分的；丰裕的
personal[ˈpɜː(r)sənl]adj. 个人的，私人的
barber[ˈbɑː(r)bə(r)]n. （为男子理发的）理发师；男子理发店
barbershop[ˈbɑːbəʃɒp; ˈbɑːrbərʃɑːp]n. 理发店
within[wɪˈðɪn]prep. 在……之内；在……里面
private[ˈpraɪvət]adj. 私人的，私有的
shaving[ˈʃeɪvɪŋ]v. 修面，剃
appearance[əˈpɪərəns] n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面
century[ˈsentʃəri]n. 世纪；一百年
consider[kənˈsɪdə(r)]v. 考虑，斟酌；认为，视为
profession[prəˈfeʃn] n.（需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业
salon[ˈsælɒn] n. 理发沙龙；理发厅
popular [ˈpɒpjələ(r); ˈpɑːpjələr] adj. 受喜爱的；受欢迎的；当红的
social[ˈsəʊʃl]adj. 社会的
socialize[ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz]vi. 交际；参与社交
allow[əˈlaʊ] v. 允许；准许
facial[ˈfeɪʃl]adj. 面部的，面部用的n. 面部护理，美容

beauty salon美容院

Today, let's summarize the adverbial clauses of time in English. Here are some examples:

He cried when he heard the news
I'm not going out until I've finished this
How long is it since we last went to the theater together

状语从句总会出现从属连词（引导词），例如when until since, while whenever, as soon as until not .. until before after  by the time

when/while/as/whenever

when 后面可以是连续性的动词也可以是瞬时性的

When I was younger, I always stayed up late before the final exam
When she stops talking to me, I know she is angry

when 用于主从句中的动作同时发生，或者从句稍先于主句发生

I was thinking of you when you texted me
When he came out of the bank, the thief followed him home 一路跟踪他到家

while 在...期间，与...同时。 当主从句都是延续性动词，或者强调同时发生时使用

While I was waiting for my taxi, three buses went by
She is playing video games while I am having lunch

as 当...时，随着

I saw him as I was coming into the building
As he grew older, he understood the importance of love

whenever 无论何时，每当

You can ask me for help whenever you need it
Whenever / Each time /Every time we hang out, he brings a friend

对比：

while/as往往对应持续的时间，而不是时间点：

When the phone rang, I was cooking
While / As I was cooking , the phone rang

当主从句的动作同时发生，并且从句是延续性动作时，三者可以替换：

When/While/As  he was playing computer games in the office, the boss came in

文中的例子：

When I got the front of the line, I realized my lunch card was missing
I remember I wanted to be a doctor when I was a kid
What do you want to be when you was young ?
We all have different dreams when we wre young, but here we are
Three meetings, This always happens when I come back from a vacation
I must remember to smile while everyone is coming in

as soon as / once / the moment / directly

As soon as he gets here, we are ready to go

Once I have found somewhere to live, I'll send you my address

The moment/minute/second I see you, I want to give you a bear bug

He called directly / immediately he got my message

until / not ... until

I'm not going out  until I've finished this

It's not until now  that she realizes her faults 直到现在，她才意识到自己的缺点

文中还没有这类时间状语从句，但是有until的时间状语：

I workd until 10pm on Saturday and again on Sunday, too
I'm afraid we are fully booked until the 20th of April. The 20th ? That's not until next Fridayh

before/after/since

Check your artical carefully before you hand it in 上交
It was two years before  he realzied that we was wrong
Put it into your pocket before you lose it 放口袋里别丢了 
She would die before she apologized  宁死也不道歉

Several years after they had broken up, they met again by chance in BeiJing

He hasn't called since he went to work
She had been at home since the city went into a 14-day lockdown  自从封城以来，她一直待在家

How long is it since we last went to the theatre together

文中的例子：

After they sit down, How should I begin ?
Since I woke up on Saturday monring, I haven't stopped

by the time

By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all the good seats

By the time this letter reaches you, I will have left the country

Young saw a reminder on the computer about a meeting in 10 minutes. Then a notification appeared to show that the meeting room had been changed.

Young: Oh, Great !

This is an irony to show Young's bad feeling.

Young: I hate it when they change the meeting room at  the last minute.

at the last minute 在最后一刻

I hate it when ...

I hate it when she calls me at work
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food
I hate it when people ask me for mony
I hate it when talk about me behind my back

Young had never been to the new meeting room before, so he said:

Young: I have no clue where it is.

I have no clue ... 我一点也不知道

I have no clue what I'm gonna do next
I have no clue what you are talking about
I have no clue what to do with my life
I have no clue why she's so angry

Young said that he had no clue where the meeting room is , so he decided to look for it

Young: I'd better leave now to try and find it . OK. Well, this is Area B. So it must be over that way.

Young: Could the lift go any slower ?

This is also  an irony to show Young's anxiety

Young: Finally ! It feels like I'm walking around in circles.

Walking around in circles绕圈子 means that Young has lost his way

It feels like ... 感觉 ...

It feels like her whole life has changed
It feels like I'm dreaming

Young: Hey Leo. Do you know where Area C Meeting Room 4 is ?

Leo:  What a coincidence !  I had a meeting there this morning. Young need to head to the left wing of the building and go to the third floor. It's the first meeting room through the door on the left.  You can't miss it. But don't turn right, or you'll end up at the toilets.

wing:  one the parts of a  large building that stretches out from the main part

You can't miss it 你不会错过它的

end up at somewhere 最后会在哪里

Young: Great ! Thank you for your help. I must dash.

Leo: No problem.

Young: By the time I get there, the meeting will be over.

By the time ... 等到 ...

By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars.
By the time we got back from dinner, she had already left

Young: I'd better take the stairway. First meeting room on the left. Great ! Meeting Room 4. Finally I'm able to find it.

able to ... 客观的能力

I'm able to do it better
I'm able to help you, but I can't do this
I'm able to pass the exam
She's able to sing 100 songs

can 主观的意愿/决定

Young: Thanks, Leo ! Just in the nick of time !

nick 小的缺口。 in the nick of time 钻入时间的缺口，时间刚好赶上

clue

线团，衍生为线索：

I don't have a clue when the pandemic is over. 我不知道疫情什么时候才能过去
He has no clue when he can live the life he wants

lift

v 提起/抬起/举起：

Could you help me lift this table, please ?
He lifted his hands above his head

n 电梯：相当于elevator.  Take the lift to sixth floor

n 搭便车：I'll give you a lift to the station

coincidence

巧合：

What a coincidence ! I wasn't expecting to  see you here. 
This is not a coincidence

toilet

toi和text编织有关let小词后缀，一小块麻布。衍生为台布，梳妆台，厕所（雅称）

W.C 就是Water Closet 盛水的容器（抽水马桶），过时说法。可以用Washroom/bathroom/washroom，比较正式的措辞是lavatory

我想上厕所：

I'm gonna hit the John. 因为抽水马桶是John发明的
Nature is calling me.

Asking for and giving directions

Watch a video about a hotel receptionist who gives directions to a family about where their room is. There will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review.

Asking for and giving directions

Dad: This is our hotel. Let's go inside. Hello.

Receptionist: Good afternoon, how may I help you?

Dad: We'd like to check in, please.

Receptionist: Certainly, do you have a reservation?

Dad: Yes, it's under Scott. I've booked a triple room.

Receptionist: May I see your ID please?

Dad: Sure! Here it is.

Receptionist: Thank you. Yes. I have found your reservation. Okay, this is your room key. Your room is on the second floor.

[Music]

Receptionist: Just take the lift on the left. When you get off the lift, turn left. Your room is at the end of the corridor on the right side.

Dad: Thank you very much.

Receptionist: It was my pleasure.

Dad: Let's take the elevator. Here we are at last.

Daughter: I love our room. It's nice.

 

receptionist [rɪˈsepʃənɪst] n. 接待员
reservation [ˌrezə(r)ˈveɪʃn] n.保留，保护；（房间，座位等的）预订
triple [ˈtrɪp(ə)l] adj. 三倍的，三重的；三部分的，三人的
ID = identification [aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 辨认，识别；确认，确定；身份证明；认同
corridor [ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)] n. 通道，过道；走廊；狭长地带
elevator [ˈelɪveɪtə(r)] n. 电梯；（运送粮食、液体或卸船的）升降机

check in 办理（酒店入住）登记手续
have a reservation 有预订
be under sb. 在某人名下
a triple room 一个三人间

 

Do you speak English?

Female: Excuse me! Excuse me! Sorry, umm, do you speak English?

Male 1: No, I don’t. Sorry.

Female: Oh! My car’s broken down and I wonder if you could tell me where to find a garage.

Male 1: You, well, you know, that’s wasted on me. I don’t, I don’t understand what you’re saying.

Female: You don’t speak in English at all?

Male 1: Not a word. No. It’s one of those things where I wish I'd paid more attention in school, but, umm. Excuse me! Excuse me! Sorry, do you speak any English?

Male 2: English? No. What’s the problem?

Male 1: I don’t know, I can’t understand her.

Female: Hi. My car’s broken down and I need to find a garage.

Male 2: No, I’m so sorry, I didn't understand that at all.

Female: Alright. Well, thanks. Ah...

Male 1: Tell you what, if you go down that way, about half a mile, there’s a village. There might be somebody there that speaks English.

[Now, they are talking about the same thing in German]

Male 1: So, I’m sorry we couldn't be more help.

Male 2: Yeah, sorry about that. Hey, you never know, next time you are over maybe we’ll have learned a bit of English for you.

[now in German]

Female: Thanks anyway.

Male 1: I can speak English.

Male 2: So can I.

garage[ˈɡærɑːʒ; ɡəˈrɑːʒ] n. 车库；汽车修理厂
attention[əˈtenʃn] n. 注意；注意力
mile[maɪl] n. 英里
village[ˈvɪlɪdʒ] n. 村庄

break down 发生故障
That’s wasted on me. 那在我这里是浪费时间（徒劳）的。
Not a word. 一个字也不懂。
I wish I'd paid more attention in school（我希望我在上学的时候努力了）（I wish I had… 虚拟语气，暗指当时在学校没努力）
you never know 很难预料/谁会知道呢

Young has just got off work, and is going to look for a new place to live. When he bumped into his old friend, Alice, he said:

Young:  Alice ? It that you ?

Alice: Oh, wow ! Young ! Long time no see !  I've just got back from Germany.  How are you ?

Young: I'm OK. What are you doing here ?

Alice: I just finished an interview.

Young: Oh, really ?  How did it go ?

go 进展/进行

How did the meeting go ?    How did your date go ? How did your new book go ?  How did your English learning go ?

Young asked Alice about her interview. Alice replied:

Alice: Not too bad, thanks.  Do you work here ?

Young: Yes, I've just got off work, and am off to view some apartments.

be off to 离开/动身去做...

So why does Young want to view some aprtments ?

Young: I'm looking for a one-bedroom place.

one-bedroom 一居室的

I'm looking for ... 我正在找...

I'm looking for the train station
I'm looking for a new job

Young: I'd rather find a smaller place closer to work, than the bigger one I'm living in. It's so far way.

adv rather  宁愿/宁可

I'd rather do sth than ...

I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema
I would rather  be a doctor than a teacher
I would rather  go there by bike than by bus
I would rather stay here than go out
I would rather talk to a stranger than him

Young said that he wanted to find a new apartment closer to work, then Alice replied:

Alice: What do you think of this community ?

Using "community" to refer to  a residential area or neighborhood is quite appropriate and common in English.

Young: It looks great, even nicer than the community I live in now.

Alice: Yes. It's a great area. It's where I'm living in.

                                                     表语从句

Young: How long does it take to get here from your apartment ?

                                  形式主语

How long does it take...

How long does it take to go to the shore from here ?
How long does it take to get to the airport ?

Young asks Alice the time it takes from her apartment to his workplace. Alice said:

Alice: It's just north of here. It takes about 15 minutes by subway.

Young: It's not as far as where I live now. My place is in the southeast of the city. Commuting to work takes about one hour and a half.

commute 通勤/上下班往返

Alice: Well, my landlord has another apartment to rent out in the same community.

Young: Really ? I would prefer to live somewhere like this if possible.

if possible 是if it is / renting this place is possible的简化，条件状语从句

I would prefer / prɪˈfɜːr /  to do ... 我更喜欢... rather than do... 相比于。因为共用to，后面的省略

I would prefer to drive than walk
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than go outside

Young said he would prefer to rent the apartment in Alice's community, then Alice replied:

Alice: Yes. In the summer you can even ride a bike to work

Young: Sounds ideal. I'll have to go check it out !

check it out 搞清楚/弄明白

view

v 看待/考虑：How do you view your position within your company

v 观看，相当于watch：

People came from all over the world to view the show.
We have two people coming to view the house this afternoon

n 看法/见解/观点：It's my view that the price is much too high

n 景色/视野：There was nobody in my view

community

com一起mun改变位置ity名词后缀：相互换位置/共同分享。有共同利益（社区、信仰、国籍……）的群体：

He's well known in the local community
In this school, most children are from the Chinese community

place

n 地方/场所：There are several places of interest 旅游胜地 to visit in the area

v 放置（到某个地方）：She placed the book in front of me

north

英语的八个方向：east west south north northeast  northwest  southeast  southwest

commute

com一起mute改变位置，上下班来回变位置。通勤，来往于/穿梭于

He spent that year commuting between New York and Chicago
It's at least an hour's commute to work

landlord

land土地lord领主。房东/地主：His landload doubled the rent

斗地主：Fight the landlord

rent

v 出租：She agreed to rent the house to me

n 租金：How much rent do you pay for this place

ideal

理想的： This beach is ideal for children

Watch the video below to learn how to rent an apartment in English. There will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review.

Cynthia: Hello?

Sophia: Hi, my name is Sophia. I am a student at Brandeis University, and I want to rent an apartment. I saw your listing for an apartment on Oak Street.

Cynthia: Hi, Sophia. I'm Cynthia, the landlord. Did you want to schedule a viewing?

Sophia: Yes, that's right.

Cynthia:The earliest appointment to view the apartment is 1 pm tomorrow.

Sophia: Great! I’ll take that appointment. Thank you.

Cynthia: Okay, I’ll see you then.

Cynthia: Hi, Sophia! Nice to meet you. Come in.

Sophia: Hi, nice to meet you, too. Thank you. Wow, this is very nice and clean!

Cynthia: Yes, I always have it cleaned when a tenant moves out. Besides, the apartment was recently renovated. Let me show you around.

Sophia: That would be great, thank you.

Cynthia: Like the listing said, it’s a one-bedroom, one-bathroom apartment. This is the bedroom. It is fully furnished with a bed, wardrobe and two bedside tables. There is also a desk for study and a bookshelf, an LCD TV and WiFi connection.

Sophia: I love this room! It looks really cozy and stylish! Is there air-conditioning?

Cynthia: No, there isn’t, but this building stays pretty cool when it’s hot outside.

Sophia: Is it okay if I hang some things on the walls?

Cynthia: Yes, but please don’t leave any holes in the walls. I don’t want you to make any major changes to the apartment.

Sophia: What if something in the apartment stops working or breaks?

Cynthia: You can call me immediately and I will come over to look at it.

Sophia: Well, all of that sounds perfect!

Cynthia: The bathroom is attached to the bedroom. It’s over here. The toilet and shower are a little older, but they are in excellent condition.

Sophia: Yes, they look almost new. Is there a washer and dryer?

Cynthia: There is no washing machine or dryer in the apartment, but there’s a laundromat in the basement. You will have to get a laundry card from a machine down there. You can load some money onto it to do your laundry.

Sophia: I see. It’s perfectly fine.

Cynthia: Let me show you now the kitchen. It is a fully equipped kitchen. It has a stovetop, and oven, microwave, and refrigerator. The oven and stove top use gas.

Sophia: Will I be responsible for paying the gas bill?

Cynthia: Yes, but it won’t be very much. If you cook one meal a day, it should be about $30 a month.

Sophia: Is there a dishwasher in the kitchen, too?

Cynthia: There is. It’s right here.

Sophia: Awesome! How much is the rent for this place?

Cynthia: $800 a month.

Sophia: And how can I pay the rent?

Cynthia: You can write me a check at the beginning of each month. I’ll ask you to pay a deposit for the first and last month’s rent, which would be $1600. Any damages to the apartment will come out of the deposit. If there aren’t any damages, then you won’t be charged, and the deposit will go towards paying for your last month’s rent.

Sophia: How long is the lease?

Cynthia: One year. After that, you can sign a lease for another year.

Sophia: Is the apartment close to public transportation?

Cynthia: Yes, the bus stop is just 150 feet away. It’s a 5-minute walk from this building. You can also get easily to the grocery store from here.

Sophia: Perfect!

Cynthia: Would you like to rent the apartment? I have the lease right here.

Sophia: Yes. I will sign right now. When can I move in?

Cynthia: If you want, you could move in tomorrow!

Sophia: Perfect! Thank you.

Cynthia: Welcome to the building! I’m sure you’ll love it here.

 

listing [ˈlɪstɪŋ]n. 列表，清单
tenant [ˈtenənt] n. 房客，租户
renovate [ˈrenəveɪt]v. 修复，翻新（尤指建筑物）（re-再+-nov-=new新+动词后缀-ate→使再次变新）
immediately [ɪˈmiːdiətli]adv. 立即，马上（im-无+-medi-中间+形容词后缀-ate+副词后缀-ly→没有中间、没有间隔→立刻、马上）
excellent [ˈeksələnt]adj. 极好的，卓越的（ex-向外+-cell-=hill小山+形容词后缀-ent→突出山顶的→卓越的）
check [tʃek]n. 检查，核对；结账单；支票
deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt] v. 储存；支付（押金、定金等）（de-向下+-posit-放→放下→储存、支付）
damage [ˈdæmɪdʒ] n. 损坏
lease [liːs]n. 租约，租契

furnish [ˈfɜː(r)nɪʃ]v. 为（房间或房屋）配备家具（furniture 家具）
wardrobe [ˈwɔː(r)drəʊb]n. 衣柜，衣橱
bookshelf [ˈbʊkʃelf]n. 书架
cozy [ˈkəʊzi]adj. 舒适的，温暖的
stylish [ˈstaɪlɪʃ] adj. 时髦的；新潮的（styl(e)风格+形容词后缀-ish）
hang [hæŋ]v. 悬挂，吊
hole [həʊl]n. 洞，坑
laundromat [ˈlɔːndrəmæt]n.（美）自助洗衣店
laundry [ˈlɔːndri]n. 待洗（或正在洗涤、洗完）的衣物；洗衣房，洗衣店
load [ləʊd]v. 装上，装进；承载，装载（计算机 loading 加载）
equipped[ɪˈkwɪpt]adj. 装备齐全的
stovetop [ˈstəʊvtɒp; ˈstoʊvtɑːp] n.（炉具上的）炉盘，搁架（stove炉子+top上面）
oven[ˈʌvn] n. 烤箱
microwave [ˈmaɪkrəweɪv]n. 微波炉
gas [ɡæs] n. 气体；汽油；天然气
heat [hiːt] n. 热量；热源；暖气
electricity [ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti] n. 电
dishwasher [ˈdɪʃwɒʃə(r)]n. 洗碗机

schedule a viewing 安排一次看（房）
be attached to 附属于
washer and dryer 洗衣机和烘干机
run on 继续，继续下去
public transportation 公共交通

Young sat in the car and was stuck in traffic. He then got a text message from the movers, saying that they had arrived.

Young: (Thought) How did they arrive so quick ?!

He then took out his phone and called Alice:

Young: Hi Alice ! I'm sorry to bother you on a Saturday.

I'm sorry to ...  不好意思...

I'm sorry to call you so early / so late
I'm sorry to disppoint you
I'm sorry to hear that
I'm sorry to bother, but I need your help

Young called Alice and asked her for help

Young: The movers have  already arrived, but I'm stuck in traffic. Would you be able to go downstairs and greet them ?

Would you be able to ... 你能够...

Would you be able to come over at Saturday night ?
Would you be able to pick them up in time ?
Would you be able to come over and pick me up ?
Would you be able to introduce yourself in English ?

Alice: Of course I can. I will go down now to help them get into the community.

Young: I thought I would arrive on time, but the taxi hasn't moved for ages.

Alice: Don't worry. I'm here to help.

I'm here to ... 我是来...

I'm here to show you around
I'm here to have a talk with you
I'm here to watch the show
I'm here to learn English

Alice told Young she was ready to help him, and then she asked Young:

Alice: Where are you now ?

Young: The map says less than two kilometers. I'm opposite the Wal-Mart

says读音 / sez /     opposite 在对面

Alice: That road is always gridlocked at the weekend. You can get the taxi to pull over and finish the journey on foot.

pull over 拉到一边，早期指把马拉到路边。现在泛指靠边停车

Young: Really ? Are you sure it's faster ?

Are you sure ... 你确定...

Are you sure this is the quickest way ?
Are you sure you locked the door ?

Alice: Yes. And there is  a shortcut you can take. You can cut through the Wal-Mart, rather than go all the way around.

take a shortcut / cut through 都是抄近道的意思

Young: Alright. I'll give it a shot.

shot  / ʃɑːt /   give it a shot 试试看

Alice: Hey ! Finally, you made it ! We haven't started yet because we don't have the key.

Young: Oh ! I apologize for keeping you waiting.

I apologize for...  比sorry更加正式一些

I apologize for what I saied about you
I apologize for what happened
I apologize for not coming to the party
I apologize for my laziness

bother

v 烦扰/打扰：

Don't bother your father when he's working
I'm sorry to bother you, but could you help me lift 提 shit suitcase ?

v 花费时间/精力做某事：

You could have just phoned us but you just didn't bother  但是你就是懒得打
He didn't even bother 甚至没空 to let me know he was coming

n 麻烦/打扰/令人讨厌的人：

I can take you there, it's really no bother
I'm sorry to be a bother, but could I have that number please ?

greet

v 打招呼/迎接：

She greeted us with a smile
He greeted all the guests warmly as they arrived

opposite

op等于ob相反posite摆放和position有关，放在对面的，相反的

Although they are sisters, they're completely opposite to each other in every way.
My brother and I live in the opposite sides of the city

prep: They sat opposite each other

adv: The people who live opposite 住在对面的 are always making a lot of noise

noun: People say opposites 相异的人 attract

gridlocked

gridlock 交通网络阻塞，名词或动词：

A car breaking down at rush hour could cause gridlock across half the city

adj 阻塞的：

After the game, the car park was gridlocked
Talks 谈判 are currently gridlocked 陷入僵局的

shortcut

n 捷径：

I tried to take a shortcut but got lost
There is not shortcut on the way of learning English

shot

n 射击/枪声：He fired four shots at the car as it drove off

n 射门/投篮：Nice shot ! 好球

n 尝试/努力：Why don't you give it a shot ?

n 相片/视频片段：I took some really good shots of the harbour at sunset

n 一次注射：The doctor gave him a shot of morphine

Young woke up from his first night in his new place, and he said:

That was the best sleep I've had in a long time. It feels so good to wake up in my new pad

He got out of bed, went to the curtain and opened it. The light began to shine in

Look at the view. The sun is shining. This is great exploring weather

exploring 探索

This is great ... weather 这是做什么的好天气

This is great golfing weather
This is great kite flying weather
This is great swimming weather
This is great picnic weather

As soon as I freshen up, I will go explore my new surroundings

He headed to the window and looked toward the subway, and said:

I can't believe how close the subway station is. It took less than 5 minutes to walk home from the station last night

With such good weather, what will Young do today ? We will take a look at his idea. He said:

Let's make a plan for today's "exploration"

Let's make a plan for ...

Let's make a plan for the coming vacation together
Let's make a plan for the meeting
Let's make a plan for learning English
Let's make a plan for summer vacation

Let's move on to the text and see Young's plan. He looked through one part of the window and noticed the mall sign on the side of the building:

First, I'll go check out  the shopping mall downstairs. I saw that  they have several of my favorite clothing stores and coffee shop

He then looked through another part of the window and said:

What's that ? It looks like a gym. I'll take a closer look at it when I'm out of the shopping mall

So why does Young want to figure out if that is a gym or not ?

I always have a passion for keeping fit.

I always have a passion for ... 我一直热衷于

I always have a passion for traveling around the world
I always have a passion for food
I always have a passion for drawing
I always have a passion for learning language

So what will Young do after visiting the gym ?

After that,  I'll find a nice place nearby and grab something to eat. I wouldn't be surprised if there are some great restaurants out there. This place is so cool.

I wouldn't be surprised if ...

I wouldn't be surprised if you say no
I wouldn't be surprised if he doesn't know it
I wouldn't be surprised if you want to lose weight
I wouldn't be surprised if you don't want to get married

Alright. Time to shower and get myself dressed. I bet it's gonna be a great day !

I bet ...

I bet it costs a lot of money
I bet he forgot about the meeting
I bet you don't know the answer
I bet  he won't come tonight

pad

n 垫子，原始意思是脚下踩着的垫子，和path有关。现在衍生为任何垫子

knee pad 护膝    shoulder pad 垫肩

n 公寓： a bachelor pad 单身公寓

n 平板电脑：薄片一样的电脑 iPad

explore

ex向外plore和flow有关，走出去，探险/探测：The children have gone exploring in the woods

研究：Let's explore this idea more fully 进一步探讨

名词形式  exploration / ˌekspləˈreɪʃ(ə)n /

The exploration for new sources of energy is vital for the future of our planet

surround

v 围绕：The lake is surrounded by trees
v 包围：Police  surrounded the building

surrounding

n 周边事物/周边环境：The buildings have been designed to match their surroundings

adj 周围的：surrounding areas

passion

n 激情： Passion is the drive that leads to success

同源词 patient

耐心的：She's very patient with children

病人：pas前缀表示痛苦，承受痛苦之人

surprise

sur在上面prise抓住,prison抓人的地方。在上方抓住，当头一棒，惊讶的事：

I have a surprise for you
Last night's snow came as a complete  surprise

n 惊奇/惊讶：He looked at her in surprise

v 使惊讶：The news surprised everyone

surprised （被）惊讶的：She looked surprised when I told her

bet

v 打赌：I bet you $100 that I'll get there before you
v 赌博/下注：She bet 500 pounds on that horse that came in second 跑了第二的
v 肯定： I bet he won't come

n 赌注：She had a bet on the race
n 猜想：My bet is that  their baby will be a girl

First, you need to prepare a piece of paper and a pen. Then, watch the video below and try to write down every single word in it. You can listen to each sentence for five times. If you can’t write down some words, just leave some blanks. After your dictation, you can check the answer and learn the words and expressions you don’t know.

Daughter: Hi!

Mom: Hi!

Daughter: Welcome to my new apartment, mom.

Mom: I liked your old apartment at 24 Oak Street better.

Daughter: That's because you live at 22 Oak Street.

Mom: Your old apartment had such a nice view.

Daughter: The view here is nice too, mom. The park is just across the street, and my office is around the corner.

Mom: Nice refrigerator. It's very small, isn't it?

Daughter: The refrigerator?

Mom: The kitchen.

Daughter: It's a little small, but I like it. There's the dining room, the office, and the living room.

Mom: The chairs are nice. I like the sofa. Why is the dresser in the living room?

Daughter: There's no place else for it to go.

Mom: But where are the other rooms, honey?

Daughter: Mom, it’s a studio apartment. There are no other rooms.

Mom: This is it?!

Daughter: This is it!

Mom: But where’s the bedroom?

Daughter: Ta-da!

Mom: I’m afraid to ask about the bathroom.

Daughter: Oh, mom! I think it’s nice.

 

dresser[ˈdresə(r)]n. 梳妆台
studio [ˈstjuːdiəʊ]n. 录音室，播音室，演播室
Ta-da 吸引注意力的语气词，例如向别人展示一个东西时

OakStreet橡树街
studio apartment一个房间的小公寓住宅

next to

紧挨着，在旁边：Our house is the one next to the school

between

在两者之间：The book shop is between the school and the hotpot restaurant

near

在附近：Do you live near here ?

far from

离的很远：The restaurant is not far from here

opposite

在对面：Our company is opposite the bus station

in front of

在前面：The bus stops right in front of our house

behind

在后面：There is a small street behind the train station

课文中的例子：

It's not far from here, I can't remember the Chinese name but it's next to a Wal-Mart

Next to my office area, there is a rest area

I'd rather find a place closer to work than the bigger one I'm living in, it is so far way

The map says less than two kilometers, I'm opposite the Wal-Mart

across

穿过/跨过：There's a bank across the street，穿过这条街那里有个银行

along

沿着/顺着：They walked slowly along the road

OK, I need to walk along the street and turn left at teh traffic lights

by

经过/在旁边：She walked by me without saying a word

through

从（立体空间的）中间穿过：They walked through the woods 树林

It's the first meeting room through the door on the left

around

围绕/在周围：We sat around the table

It feels like I'm walking around circles

over

在...的另一边：There's a bar over the road we could go to 我们可以去路另一边的酒吧

OK, this is area B,  so it must be over that way 

left

right

But don't turn right or you will end up at the toilets

around the corner

在拐角处：The hotpot restaurant should be around the corner

You can cut through the Wal-Mart, rather than go all the way around

east west south north

It's just north of here. It takes about 15 minutes by subway

My place is in the southeast of the city

Alice is painting in a studio, Young walks in and sees a drawing beside her.

Young: Whose is this ?

whose 名词性物主代词，用来表示某物属于某人

Alice: It's mine.

mine 名词性物主代词

Young: You drew this ?

Alice:  Yes, I have a passion for drawing. Do you know how to draw ?

Young: I wish I could draw like you ?

I wish I could... 我希望我能  This is subjunctive mood to express something that you're not able to do

I wish I could play the guitar
I wish I could relive my childhood
I wish I could sing like her
I wish I could speak more languages

In the text, Young said that he wished he could  draw like Alice,  but things didn't always go his way

Young: But I'm rubbish at it.

rubbish 口语中做为形容词，很差劲的   be rubbish at sth

Alice: The trick is  to draw by using shapes.

                                     介词短语做方式状语

The trick is to ... 窍门是...

- How to pick the puppy up ? - The trick is to pick it up by back of its neck
- How to cook weel ? - The trick is to find a good cookbook

In our text, Alice told Young to draw by using shapes, but Young didn't quite understand, so he replied:

Young: What do you mean by using shapes ?

                                            介词短语做方式状语

What do you mean by ... 你...的是什么意思？

What do you mean by saying that ?
What do you mean by  not talking to me ?
What do you mean by  asking such a question ?

Young asked Alice what she meant, and then Alice replied:

Alice: Let me show you.

Alice shows hers to Young.

Alice: See, it's just a variety of shapes put together.

a variety of 各种各样的

Alice: You should try.

Then, she gives Young a pen and a piece of paper.

Young: What should I do first ?

Alice: First, draw a big round circle, and then two smaller circles inside. These will be eyes. Then put two black dots inside those circles for the pupils.

for the pupils 目的状语

Young: Like this?

Alice:  Yes, you are doing great. Now you need to draw a small triangle just under the two eyes.

Alice: Now, draw two horn shapes on the top of the big circle.

horn 角

Young: It's harder than it looks

It's harder than...

It's harder than it used to be
It's harder than you thought

Alice: Now for the last part, at the boottom of the big circle, you need to draw three small straight lines on the left and three on the right

Young: Done

Young looked at his drawing and then is confused about what it should look like

Young: What's it meant to be ?

Alice: It's meant to be an owl.

It's meant to ... 它本该...

I can't talk about it anymore, it's meant  to be a big secret
It's meant to be a safe zone, but it's not any more

meant to be 还有本就该、注定的意思：

They are meant to be together 他们注定在一起
He's mean to be a invento r

After saying the drawing is meant to be an owl, Alice showed her drawing to Young and said:

Alice: It should look like this

Young: It looks very different from yours.

yours 名词性物主代词

draw

v 画画：She can draw very well

v 拉/抽/拔：

拉 His father drew him into the room
拔 He suddenly drew a knife and held it to my throat

v 吸引：He waved his hands to draw her attention

n 平局：The game ended in a draw

drawer 抽屉，能拉出来的匣子

trick

n 骗局/诡计/恶作剧：The kids are always playing  tricks on their teacher

n  诀窍/秘诀/技巧：Could you tell me the trick of making such tasty food ?

v 欺骗：He tricked the old lady into giving him eight hundred dollars

variety

vary   v不一样/相异：

Prices vary widely from shop to shop
The students' work varies in quality

vary （根据情况）变化/改变：The menu varies with the season

various   adj各种各样的

We had various problems on our journey

variety 多样化/变化

There are a large variety of good and inexpensive 物美价廉的 resturants
We have apples in several different varieties 不同品种  in our supermarket

dot

n 小圆点：There are dots above the letters i and j

pupil

n 小孩/小学生（可爱），衍生出小玩具，突出小。同源词puppet 木偶/小玩偶  puppy 小狗

n 瞳孔

triangle

n 三角形：A triangle has three sides

horn

corner 带角的地方

n 角  Rhino is a big animal and has a horn on its head

n 号角/喇叭 To honk the car horn

straight

同源词stretch拉伸

adj 直的：She has straight blonde hair
adj 直接的： She looked at me straight in the eye
adj 坦诚的：Just be straight with her and tell her how you feel
adj 纯粹的/不掺杂的：I like my vodka straight 纯伏特加 
adj 不间断的：They're the only to have won ten straight games this season

adv 直接/径直：I got home and went straight to bed

owl

night owl 夜猫子

How to draw a goldfish?

Today we are going to be drawing a goldfish. Isn't she lovely? And it's as simple as getting a pen and a piece of paper and some coloring pens for the end. So the first thing we'll do is draw a big semi-circle and the same thing underneath. Now on one side we're going to do these frilly shapes here. And this is to show that this is the tail of the goldfish. And on the other side we're going to draw this funny sort of sausage shape here. And one underneath and these are the lips of the goldfish. Now we're going to draw an eye and this is a medium-sized circle with a small circle inside and another tiny one. And we're just going to color in the medium-sized circle, leaving a bit of white. Now we're going to draw the fin on the top using this frilly shape. And then we'll add some more frilly decoration on this half of the goldfish. Now we're going to draw the bubbles coming out of the goldfish's mouth. We'll add a bit of detail which is a sort of C shape with a dot after it. Doesn't that look fab? And now we're going to color him in. And you can do any design you like on this lovely goldfish.

如何画一条金鱼

今天我们要画一条金鱼。是不是很可爱啊？画起来很简单，只要拿一支笔、一张纸和一些彩笔就可以了。我们要做的第一件事是画一个大的半圆下面也是一样的。在一边，现在我们要画些褶边形状。这是为了展示金鱼的尾巴。在另一边我们要画一个有趣的香肠形状。下面也画一个。这些是金鱼的嘴唇。现在我们要画一只眼睛，这是一个中等大小的圆，里面有一个小圆，还有一个小圆。我们要给中等大小的圆圈上色，留下一点空白。现在我们要用这个褶边形状在上面画鳍。然后我们在这条金鱼的这半边加一些褶边装饰。现在我们要画出金鱼嘴里吐出来的气泡。我们会添加一些细节，这是一个C形状，后面有一个点。看起来很棒吧?现在我们要给他上色。你可以在这条可爱的金鱼上做任何你喜欢的设计。

simple [ˈsɪmp(ə)l] adj. 简单的，简明的；简朴的，朴素的
semi-circle [ˈsemisɜːkl] n. 半圆
underneath [ˌʌndə(r)ˈniːθ] prep. & adv. 在……下面，在……底下
sausage [ˈsɒsɪdʒ] n. 香肠，腊肠；香肠形状
frilly [ˈfrɪli] adj. 镶褶边的；多饰边的
tail [teɪl] n. 尾巴
lip [lɪp] n. 嘴唇
medium-sized [ˈmiːdiəm-saɪzd] adj. 中型的，中等大小的；普通型的
fin [fɪn] n. （鱼的）鳍；鳍状物，
decoration [ˌdekəˈreɪʃn] n. 装饰，装饰品
bubble [ˈbʌb(ə)l] n. 气泡，泡沫
detail [ˈdiːteɪl] n. 细节，细微之处；详情，资料
fab = fabulous [ˈfæbjələs] adj. 极好的，绝妙的
design [dɪˈzaɪn] n.&v. 设计，布局，安排

as simple as 就像……一样简单
on the top 在顶部

 

Hi. I've got a question for you: how many people here would say they can draw? (Laughter) Well, I think we've got about one or two percent of the hands going up, and it's interesting, isn't it? It's a little bit like people think of spelling or singing. They think,"You can either do it, or you can't." But I think you can. Because when people say they can't draw, I think it's more to do with beliefs rather than talent and ability. So I think when you say you can't draw, that's just an illusion, and today I'd like to prove that to you.

嗨，我有个问题要问你：这里有多少人会说自己会画画？(笑）好吧，我想我们有大约1%或2%的人举手，这很有趣，不是吗？这有点像人们对拼写或唱歌的看法。他们认为，"你要么能做到，要么做不到。" 但我认为你可以。因为当人们说他们不能画画时，我认为这更多地是与信念有关，而不是与天赋和能力有关。所以我认为当你说你不能画画时，那只是一种幻觉，今天我想向你证明这一点。

When I say "draw", I'm not saying we're all going to draw like Michelangelo. We are not going to be paintingthe Sistine Chapel's ceiling. But would you be happy if, by the end of this session, you could draw pictures a little bit like this?

当我说 "画画 "时，我不是说我们都要像米开朗基罗那样画画。我们不打算画西斯廷教堂的天花板。但是，如果在这节课结束时，你能画出像这样的作品，你会感到高兴吗？

(Audience murmuring) Oh, yes! (Laughter) Or even a little bit like this? (Laughter) Well, actually, there are only two things you need to do to be able to achieve this. One is have an open mind. Are you up for that? (Audience) Yes! And two, just be prepared to have a go. So grab a pen and a piece of paper. OK, so here's how it's going to work: I’ll show you the first cartoon we're going to do, so just watch to begin with. Here we go. Just watching.

(听众窃窃私语)哦，是的! (笑声）或者甚至有点像这样？(笑声）好吧，实际上，你只需要做两件事就能达到这个目的。一个是有一个开放的心态。你准备好了吗？(听众）是的！第二，要准备好有一个好的结果。第二，准备好去尝试一下。所以拿起笔和一张纸。好了，下面是如何进行的。我将向你们展示我们要做的第一幅漫画，所以先看一下。我们开始吧。看看我。

That's going to be our first cartoon. It's a character called Spike. I'd like you to draw along with me. I'll draw the first line, you draw, and when you've done that, look up, and I'll know you're ready for the next line. Okay, here we go. Start with the nose. Now the eyes. They're like 66s or speech marks. That's it. Next, the mouth. Nice, big smile. Now, over here, the ear. Next, some spiky hair. Next, put the pen to the left to the mouth, little line like that. Pen under the ear, drop a line like that. Pen to the left of the neck, top of the T-shirt. Line to the left, line to the right. Just hold your drawings up and show everyone. (Laughter) How are we all doing? (Laughter) OK. OK, fantastic.

这将是我们的第一部动画片。它是一个叫斯派克（Spike）的角色。我希望你能和我一起画。我画第一行，你来画，当你画完后，抬起头，我就知道你已经准备好画下一行了。好，我们开始吧。从鼻子开始。现在是眼睛。它们就像66这些数字或标点符号。就这样了。接下来，嘴巴。很好，大笑。现在，在这里，耳朵。接下来，一些尖尖的头发。接下来，把笔放在嘴的左边，像这样的小线。耳朵下面的笔，像这样画一条线。笔放在脖子的左边，T恤衫的上面。向左划线，向右划线。只要把你的画举起来，给大家看看。(笑声)我们都做得怎么样？(笑声）好。好的，太棒了。

So, it looks like you've just learned to draw one cartoon, but you've actually learned more than that; you've learned a sequence that would enable you to draw hundreds and thousands of different cartoons, because we're just going to do little variations on that sequence. Have a go at this.

所以，看起来你只是学会了画一幅漫画，但实际上你学到的不止这些；你学到的序列可以让你画出成百上千种不同的漫画，因为我们只是要在这个序列上做一些小小的变化。来看看这个吧。

Draw along with me. Nose.Eyes. Smile. That's it. Now some hair. Pen to the left of the mouth, under the hair, little V-shape for the top, line to the left, line to the right. So we've got another character. Let's call her Thelma. (Laughter)

跟我一起画。鼻子.眼睛。微笑。就这样了。现在是一些头发。用笔在嘴的左边，在头发下面，顶部的小V字形，向左画线，向右画线。所以我们已经有了另一个角色。让我们叫她塞尔玛（Thelma）。(笑声)

So, we've got Spike and Thelma. Let's try another one. Here we go. Another little variation. You're getting the idea. Starting with the nose. But this time we'll change the eyes slightly. Look, two circles together like that. That's it.

所以，我们已经有了斯派克和塞尔玛。让我们再试一次。从这里开始。另一个小变化。你得到了这个想法。从鼻子开始。但这次我们要稍微改变一下眼睛。看，像这样两个圆圈在一起。这就是了。

Then, two little dots in for the eyes. And this time we'll change the mouth slightly. You watch. Little circle colored in there. Have a go at that. Next, the ear. Now, we'll have some fun with the hair, watch. Nice curly hair. Then same thing: pen to the left to the mouth, little line like that. Under the ear, drop a line. Top of the T-shirt. Line to the left, line to the right. I think we'll call him Jeff. (Laughter) We'll do one more. One more go. Here we go. You're getting the idea. (Laughter)

然后，用两个小点来做眼睛。这一次，我们将稍微改变嘴巴。你看着。在那里涂上小圆圈。试试这个。接下来是耳朵。现在，我们将对头发进行一些有趣的处理，看。漂亮的卷发。然后同样的事情：用笔向左画到嘴边，像这样的小线。耳朵下面，落下一条线。T恤衫的顶部。向左划线，向右划线。我想我们会叫他杰夫（Jeff）。(笑声）我们再做一次。再来一次。在这里，我们走了。你渐渐学会了。(笑声)

So we'll start with a nose again. Notice we're doing little variations. Now we'll change the eyes, so we've got them apart. We'll put some little dots in like that. Next, the mouth slightly different. Let's put a little V-shape like that. Triangle. And a little line across, and we'll just color this a little bit in.

因此，我们将再次从鼻子开始。注意我们进行了一些微小的变化。现在我们将改变眼睛，所以我们已经把它们分开。我们会像这样放一些小圆点。接下来，嘴巴稍有不同。让我们像这样放一个小V字形。三角形。还有一条横着的短线，我们把它涂上一点颜色就可以了。

Now, watch this bit carefully; some hair, watch. Here we go, little line like that. Next, a bit more there. And watch, a couple of triangles to make a little bow. Triangle at the bottom, rest of the hair. Pen to the left of the mouth again. You get the idea. Drop a line for the neck. Now the V-shape. Line to the left, line to the right. There we go. Let's call her Pam. (Laughter) So you've done... (Laughter) So you've done four cartoons. You can have a little rest now. (Laughter)

现在，仔细观察这一点；一些头发，看着。在这里，我们走，像这样的短线。接下来，那里再来一点。再看，几个三角形，做一个小蝴蝶结。三角形在底部，其余的头发。再用笔在嘴的左边。你会明白的。在脖子上画一条线。现在是V字形。向左划线，向右划线。我们走吧。让我们叫她帕姆（Pam)。(笑)所以你已经画了... (笑声）所以你已经画了四幅漫画。你现在可以休息一下了。(笑声)

spelling[ˈspelɪŋ]n. 拼写，拼写能力；拼法
belief[bɪˈliːf]n. 相信，信心；信念，信仰
illusion[ɪˈluːʒn]n. 错觉，幻觉
Michelangelo[ˌmaɪkəlˈændʒɪˌləʊ]n. 米开朗基罗（意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家，艺术家）
paint[peɪnt]n. 油漆，涂料
session[ˈseʃn]n. （某项活动的）一段时间，一场；（议会等的）会议
achieve [əˈtʃiːv]v. （经努力）达到，取得，实现；获得成功（a-=ad-去+chieve=chef=head头→去到头→达到、实现）
character[ˈkærəktə(r)]n. 性格；人物，角色（chara=carve刻→刻画的性格、任务）
sequence[ˈsiːkwəns]n. 顺序，次序
enable[ɪˈneɪbl]v. 使能够，使可能（en-注入、使+able能够）
variation[ˌveəriˈeɪʃn]n. 变化，变动
slightly[ˈslaɪtli]adv. 稍微，轻微地
curly [ˈkɜː(r)li] adj. （头发）卷曲的，鬈曲的

the Sistine Chapel's ceiling西斯廷教堂的穹顶
Are you up for that?你愿意吗?
have a go试一试
speech mark讲话标记；双引号
a couple of一些

Young: It's my mom's birthday dinner tonight. I'm gonna buy her some nice flowers.

He walks on the street, and goes into a florist.

Young: Wow, they have so many options to choose from.

I can choose from so many options that they have

He goes over to the bouquets, looks at them and the price tags

Young: My mom doesn't like pale or white flowers. Why can't I find any brighter ones ?

Why can't I ...

Why can't I find a job I like ?
Why can't I go with you ?
Why can't I stay out until 12:00 ?
If she can go, Why can't I  ?

Young couldn't find the flowers he like, so he goes over to the counter and asks the florist

Young: Exceuse me, do you havfe any other bouqets, I'm looking for a brightly colored bouquet

brightly colored 颜色鲜艳的

Florist: You can choose your own.

your own (bouquet)

Young: What do you mean by that ?

Florist: If you pick the colors you like, I can make you a personalized bouquet.

personalized 个性化的

Young: That would be great.

He goes over to the flowers and says:

Young: These look great. My mom has always been  a fan of anything bright.

has always been...

Different living habits have always been a interesting topic
She has always been a poor test-taker 参加考试的人。她向来对考试不拿手
We have always been  good friends for the past ten years
She has always been a model of healthy living

Young: These orange ones would match quite well. My mom would love these as well.

as well 相当于too，区别是后者既可以放在句尾也可以放在句中：

I like this English class as well
I like this English class too
I too like this English class

also也具有也的意思，但是它还可以做为连词（连接前后两句话），而不仅仅是副词too / as well 则不可以：

I didn't like it that much. Also, it was much too expensive

Young: Her favourite has always been purple. OK, I think I have enough

He goes back to the florist, and says:

Young: I would like these ones, please. Are they OK ?

Florist: Don't worry about it, I will make you a beautiful bouquet

Don't worry about ...

Don't worry about the cost, I'll treat you.
Don't worry about me, I'm very well
Don't worry about  making mistakes
Don't worry about getting lost, I'm here with you

Young watches the florist, putting the flowers together and says:

Young: The bouquet is looking great already.
Florist: Which color paper would you like ?

The Florist gives Young a selection to choose from.  Young looks through the different color

Young: No no no, these colors won't match

won't match ... 不搭

I think they will match together
Your tie won't match your shirt
I don't think  these two colors match / I think these two colors won't match
That shirt will match you pants

But suddenly, Young finds something great, he says:

Young: Oh, wait ! This one's perfect ! The light brown matches perfectly !

The florist says: OK.  She wraps the flowers in the paper.

Florist: All done

即All is done

Young: How much do I owe you for everything ?

How much do I owe you...

How much do I owe you for the groceries ?
How much do I owe you  for the coffee ?
How much do I owe you for the dinner ?
How much do I owe you  for all the books together ?

Florist: That's 200 RMB all together.

He then scans the QR code and pays.

Young: Thanks again.

He walks out and leave the shop.

pale

adj 脸色/肤色苍白的： You are looking pale, are you feeling well ?

adj 浅的/淡的： pale blue eyes

v 失去血色，变苍白：His face paled and he looked terrible

bouquet

和bush 小树丛有关，表示一小束花：She sent me a lovely bouquet when I was sick

personalized

personalize v 使个性化：All our courses are personalized to the needs of each student

adj 个性化的：In a small company, you will receive more personalized service

match

v 匹配/和...相配：

Does this shirt match these trousers ?
As a couple they are not very well matched

v 比得上/敌得过：It would be difficult to match the service this resturant provides

n 相配的物品 / 般配的一对：

The curtains and carpet are a good match
Jack and Jill are a perfect match for each other

n 比赛/竞赛： The football match last night was great

n 火柴：The Little Match Girl

quite

adv 相当/很：

He's quite a serious person
The children are quite safe here

quiet

adj 安静的：

Be quiet, I have something to say
All I want is peace and quiet

perfect

per 通过/以什么为工具，具有by或者by means of的意思：

Kilometers per hour 以一小时为度量，走了多远

percent 以100为度量，有多少

perfect后面的fect和fact有关，字面意思是做完的事情，衍生为完美的：

You have a perfect English accent

v 使完美，重音靠后：

As an English teacher, he works very hard to perect his teaching skills

owe

和own属于自己的有关

v 欠：

She still owe her father $3000
I owe you a drink for helping me move

v 归功于/归因于：

I owe my success to my hard work
He owes his life to the staff at the hospital 他能保命得亏这家医院的医护人员

Today we are gonna talk about different colors and their interesting meanings in English idioms and expressions.

red

in the red 负债/亏损/赤字：

The comany is $500,000 in the red
We are already running in the red

see red 变得生气、大怒（看见眼睛变红）

I see red whenever I hear that man's name
It always causes me to see red whenever he tells a lie

green

green thumb  园艺高手

My mom has huge green thumb
All my friends say I have a green thumb

green with envy 非常嫉妒

They were green with envy at us
People around you may be green with envy

get the green light 得到批准

If we want to go out, we must get the green light from the teacher
Whether the company will get the green light for its plan is uncertain

green hand 新手 new hand

It takes time for a green hand to become skilled

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence 东西总是别人的好

blue

feel blue 感到闷闷不乐

I feel blue on Mondays
The sky is really blue, I also feel blue

out of the blue 突然地

The decision comes out of the blue
Her ex-boyfriend called her out of the blue during her honeymoon

once in a blue moon 千载难逢

She visits us once in a blue moon
This is a chance once in a blue moon

blue collar 蓝领

Nowadays, many blue collar workers make more money than white collar workers

black

black eye 被打的乌青的眼圈

He had a black eye after the fight
I gave him a black eye 我把他揍的眼睛发青

black and blue  青一块紫一块

The policeman beat the thief black and blue

black sheep 败家子，害群之马

He is the black sheep of our class
Tom is the black sheep of his family

in black and white 白纸黑字

I don't understand why you don't believe me ! Look, it's written here in black and white !

white

white elephant 不实用的东西，花瓶，累赘

That vase is a white elephant
My new car turned out to be my white elephant

white lie 善意的谎言

It was just a white lie

silver

born with a silver spoon in one's mouth 含着金钥匙出生的人（生在富贵人家）

I don't think she has ever had a job. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth

Every cloud has a silver lining 每朵云都有一条银边（黑暗中总有光明）

She got fired but found a better job. Every cloud has a silver lining

purple

born in the purple 出生豪门/皇室

He was born in the purple and was brought up in the grand palace

grey

grey area 灰色地带（法律不知道该不该管）

This market now is still a grey area

Young bumps into Leo and Leo starts to ask him about his new place.

Leo: Hey Young ! How is your new place ?

Young: It's great, but I need to buy myself a new sofa

myself 属于自身代词（反身代词），翻译为我自己。用于强调个体/群体自身：I can do it by myself

类似反身代词：yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves  oneself

Leo: Did you hear about the online sale at The Big Furniture Store ?

sale 降价促销，online sale线上打折

Did you hear about ...

Did you hear about her divorce ?
Did you hear about the accident yesterday ?
Did you hear about the meeting on Friday ?
Did you hear about the fire last night ?

Young: No, I didn't

Leo: You should go and check it out for yourself

check it out 去看看

Young: Thanks, I will.

In the resting area, Young opens an internet page and loads af furniture website, then clicks through the pages until he reaches the sofa section

Young: It's been ages since I shopped for furniture.

shop 购物

Young: Wow, I see what he means. Everything is on sale !

on sale 打折  means things are offered at a discounted price for a certain, limited period of time

I see ... 我明白...

I see your point
I see I was mistaken about 我明白我错怪你了
Now I see why you like him
I see where problem is

Young looks through a few pages online and stops on the one he likes

Young: Oh, I love this one. I like the big rounded edges on either end

either 两个中的任何一个

- Which one do you like ?  - I don't mind. Either (one) is fine
We can either eat now or after class
Either you leave now or I call the police !

经常以 either ... or 形式出现，表示 要么... 要么 ...

生活中，附和对方的肯定句时，用too

- I like fish    - I like fish too / Me too

附和对方的否定句时，则用either

- I don't eat meat - I don't either

neither 即 not whether 两者都不：

- Which one do you like ? - Neither

经常以 neither ... nor 形式出现，表示 既不 ... 也不 ...

Neither my mother nor my father went to university
I neither know nor care about what happened to him

Neither do I  相当于 I do not either，提前Neither属于强调句，强调否定

- I don't eat meat - Neither do I

Young: The size is perect and the price is awesome as well

Leo: How are you doing with your search for a new sofa ?

How are you doing with ... 你在 ...的进展如何了

How are you doing with your new job ?
How are you doing with your new classmates ?
How are you doing with your new boss ?
How are you doing with your English learning ?

Young: I've found the right style and shape. Now I just need to decide on the color.

decide on ... 在某事上做决定

Young: Would you care to help me choose ?

care 在意/关心  care to do 有没有心/原不愿意做 ...

Would you care to ...

Would you care to dance with me ?
Would you care to have dinner with me ?

Young asks Leo to help him choose the sofa, Leo replies:

Leo: I have no idea about the color scheme in your house ?

have no idea about 不知道

color scheme 颜色方案

Young: Everything in my apartment is of a dark shade.

of 引导从属关系，房间属于dark shade（深色调）

Leo: Then maybe you should go with this one.

Young: The black ? I was thinking the same or maybe the dark grey.

Leo: Both are great. The sofa is for yourself to enjoy.

You will be using the sofa in your house, so you can make the decision.

Young: OK, the dark grey it is.

Young selects the dark grey one and goes to the delivery part.

Young: How much does it cost to get it delivered ? Wow, it‘s free. I do love a good bargain.

a good bargain 物美价廉的东西

How much does it cost to ...

How much does it cost to become a member ?
How much does it cost to fly to the United States ?
How much does it cost to rent a car ?
How much does it cost to go there by ship ?

Young: Done, Thanks for the tip !
Leo: You are welcome !

sale

出售sell的名词形式：

I haven't made a sale all week 我整整一周没出单
Is this painting for sale ?
Sales department 销售部

sales 降价出售，大减价：I bought this in the January sales

furniture

furnish 配备家具  They have furnished the room very simply

furniture 布置的家具的总称，集合名词，没有复数形式

一件家具：A piece of furniture

edge

边缘：

Don't put the glass so near to the edege of the table
I sat down at the water's edge

边缘的阶段：The company is on the edge of falling down

刀锋/刀刃： Be careful with that knife, it's got a very sharp edge

优势：She showed the edge over the other people in the interview

search

v 搜索：

The police searched the woods for the missing boy
I searched the Internet for the best answer

n 搜索：

After a long search, they finally found the missing papers 文件
He went into the kitchen in search of a drink

scheme

和shape有关，形成一套计划/方案：A training / savings scheme
n （欺诈、阴险的）计谋：She has created a scheme to avoid taxes
v 密谋/图谋：She seemd to feel that we were all scheming against her

shade

和影子shadow有关，背阴的地方/阴凉处：The sun was hot, and there was no tree to offer us shade

n 色调/色度：Dark shade , Rich shade饱满的色调，Soft shade 柔和的色调

v 为...遮挡光线：She shaded her eyes against the sun

deliver

de脱离/离开liver自由。liberty中的前缀也是自由，Statue of Liberty

v 运送/投递：The furniture store is delivering our new bed on Thursday

v 助产/接生/分娩：

She delivered her third child at home
The baby was delivered by a nurse

v 发布/宣布：Deliver a speech 发表一个演讲

delivery 名词形式：free delivery 免费送货  pay on delivery 货到付款  delivery room 产房

bargain

n 便宜货/化算货：This coat was only half-price. it's a real bargain

v 讨价还价/谈判：He said he didn't want to bargain

tip

和top有关，顶点/尖端：The tip of your finger/nose

n 指点；实用的提示： Useful tips on how to saving money

n小费，v给消费，和tap有关：

They tipped the waiter $20
We don't need to leave a tip for the waiter, because there's a service charge 服务费  in the bill

Choosing a mattress

Customer: Hi! I want to buy a mattress. Can you guide me?

Salesman: Sure. What is the size of your bed?

Customer: It’s a king size bed.

Salesman: What kind of mattress do you want to buy?

Customer: Something quite comfy, but it should support my back.

Salesman: Alright. This section displays all kinds of double comforter king size mattresses. You can check them and choose the one you like.

Customer: What is the price range of these mattresses?

Salesman: They are from $150 to $300.

Customer: Is there any guarantee on them?

Salesman: Yes. The guarantee period differs from brand to brand. You can get up to 7 years guarantee on most brands.

Customer: Alright. Thanks for your help. I will come back with my husband on the weekend.

Salesman: Sure. You are always welcome.

选床垫

顾客: 你好!我想买个床垫。你能给我一些指导吗?

售货员: 当然。您的床是多大的?

顾客: 特大号床。

售货员: 您想买什么样的床垫?

顾客: 舒服就行，不过得能托住我的后背才行。

售货员: 好的。本展区展出各种规格的双人床大号床垫。您可以试一试，然后选择一个您喜欢的。

顾客: 这些床垫的价格范围是多少?

售货员: 从150美元到300美元不等。

顾客: 有质保吗?

售货员: 有的。不同品牌的保修期不同。大多数品牌都有长达7年的保修期。

顾客: 好的。谢谢你的帮助。周末我会和我丈夫一起再来看看。

售货员: 当然可以。随时欢迎您的光临。

 

mattress [ˈmætrəs] n. 床垫
guide [ɡaɪd] v. 指导
comfy [ˈkʌmfi] adj. 舒服的；轻松的（等于 comfortable）
support [səˈpɔː(r)t] v. 支持，支撑
display [dɪˈspleɪ] v. 展示，陈列
comforter [ˈkʌmfə(r)tə(r)] n. 被子
range [reɪndʒ] n. （变动或浮动的）范围，界限
guarantee [ˌɡærənˈtiː] n. 担保；保修单
brand [brænd] n. 品牌

double comforter 双人被
king size 特大尺寸的
all kinds of 各种各样的
the price range 价格区间
differ from 与……不同
up to 一直到……

 

First, you need to prepare a piece of paper and a pen. Then, watch the video clip from the TV series Friends below and try to write down every single word in it. You can listen to each sentence for five times. If you can’t write down some words, just leave some blanks. After your dictation, you can check the answer and learn the words and expressions you don’t know.

（首先，你需要准备一张纸和一支笔。然后，看下面这段节选自电视剧《老友记》的视频片段，试着写下其中的每一个单词。你可以把每个句子重复听五遍。如果你写不出来一些单词，就留下一些空白。听写完成后，你可以检查答案，学习你不知道的单词和表达。）

In this video clip, Ross and Rachel are buying a new couch. They’re discussing it with the salesman.（在这个片段里，罗斯和瑞秋正在买一个新的沙发。他们在跟销售员讨论沙发。）

 

Rachel: Oh!

Ross: Yeah. I still don’t know. I’m sorry. I just want to make sure I bought the right couch. I need a couch that says, “Kids! Welcome here!” but that also says, “Come here to me.”

Rachel: You say that to kids?!

Ross: No! No! No! The “Come here to me” is, you know, for the ladies.

Rachel: Ross, honey, it’s a nice couch. It’s not a magic couch.

Salesman: Well, you pick the great couch.

Ross: Yeah?

Salesman: Yeah. Can you just sign right here please?

Ross: Oh, sure! Oh, oh! What’s…? The delivery charge is almost as much as the couch.

Rachel: Wait! No! That’s ridiculous! Come on! He lives three blocks away!

Ross: Yeah. You know what? I’ll take it myself. Thank you. Alright Rach, come on! Let’s go!

Rachel: Yeah!… Are you kidding?

Ross: Oh, come on! It’s only three blocks, and it’s not very heavy. Try it! Come on! Come on!

Rachel: Oh!… Oh, oh, I can do it!

Ross: Yeah!

Salesman: You two are really gonna enjoy the couch!

 

couch[kaʊtʃ]n. 长沙发（sofa泛指沙发）
honey [ˈhʌni]n. 蜂蜜；亲爱的，宝贝儿
magic [ˈmædʒɪk]n. 魔法adj. 神奇的；有魔力的
ridiculous [rɪˈdɪkjələs]adj. 可笑的，荒谬的
block [blɒk; blɑːk]n.街区

 

delivery charge运输费用
as much as 和……一样多

Young is at home. He sees his new game next to the TV and decides to open the box and puts the game into play. He picks up the control and notices something strange about the game.

Huh ?  What's this ?

He clicks a button on the control, selects the option, and then the screen sucks him in

Oh No!

Now, Young is inside the game. He looks at himself, looks around and wonders where he is.

What? Where ami I ? Am  I really in the game ?

A notice appears on the screen: Your mission: Complete three tasks.

Young then touches the words in front of him and the first task appears.

Oh, I didn't mean to do that ! But I'm here now ! Let's have a try !

I didn't mean to... 我不是故意...

I didn't mean to  hurt you
I didn't mean to break it, it was an accident
I didn't mean to be late
I didn't mean to forget this meeting

So the first task is locating the tree with a triangle. This should be pretty easy. But there are so many tall trees !

Then a timer appears on the screen and he only have 60 seconds

60 seconds. I'd better get a move on and find the triangle.

get a move on 赶快行动/赶快动起来

Time's ticking away.

tick away 流逝

Only 20  seconds left, where is it?

He takes a little while but then finds the right tree.

Just in time !

刚好赶上

He touches the triangle. Thck clock stops. Message appears: Taskl 1: Complete. Then task 2 appears. Task 2: Get The Ball

New timer appears. Timer has 5 minutes on it

Task 2: Get the ball. OK. I'm looking for a ball, but where on earth is it ?

on earth 到底，作副词  What on earth are you talking about ? How on earth did you find me ?

A message appears on the screen: Do you need a hint ? YES/NO

I better select Yes or else I'll be here all day !

or else 否则

He select YES, and a hint appears: Look up !

Oh, there it is ! How on earth did something circular, like a blue ball, get stuck up there ?

What/Where/How/Why  on earth ...

Wher on earth have they gone ?
How on earth did that happen ?
What on earth are you doing ?
When on earth can you learn English well ?
Why on earth didn't you work hard ?

Young sees the hint but all of a sudden the timer changes. It deducts two minutes for getting a hint

Oh, I need to hurry.

He tries to climb the tree but fails.

I'm good at climbing but this tree is too tall

be good at ...

I'm good at remrembering  names.
She's good at spoken English
I'm good at my work
He's very good at telling lies.

He looks around, grabs things nearby and starts throwing them at the ball, but keeps missing

This task involves a lot of energy

sth involves a lot of  ...

This plan involves a lot of difficulties and expenses 费用
International travel involves a lot of waiting around the airport
Learning English well involves a lot f practice
The  job involves a lot of brainstorming

 Young finds a big item and hits the ball out of the tree at last

Finally !

Message appears: Task 2: Complete. Then Task 3 appears. Task 3: Locate The Box. New timer appears. The timer have 5 minutes on it.

Now I have to locate the box.

A map box appears. there's a pin 大头针  to show the search area. The area is a rectangle shape.

OK. So from the looks of this map, it must be over there in the rectanglar area.

He touches the map, and get transported in that area.

I'm crazy about interactive games but I did not enjoy that !

I'm crazy about: I'm crazy about music / girlfrinds / Learning English / travelling

OK, so the box is somewhere in this area. I hope I can find it before time runs out.

run out 用完/耗尽

Young searchs around and eventually finds the box behind a tree

Here's the box. I found it at last ! What now ?

Message appears: Task 3: Complete. Novice mission completed.

Novice 新手：I'm a complete novice in skiing

Well. I seem to have completed this novice mission.

The box opens. A square object flies out.

Oh, a cube ? I guess I should see what it does.

He touches it and get transported back to his home.

Wow ! that was one crazy game ! I'm glad to be back in the real world !

mission

miss发送ion名词后缀， mess同源age。早期指传教士被派出完成任务。missionary 传教士

任务（带有使命/信念的）：

Her mission in her life was to work with 帮助 the homeless
Your mission is to get there before our enemy

task 表示一般的需要去主动解决的任务，mission突出使命，被动授予

hint

和hunt捕捉同源，暗示/提示：

Can you drop a hint for me ?

select

se分离lect收藏   secret分开存放/秘密  collect 收集。选出来

There is a choice of four prizes, and the winnder could select one of them.
He hasn't been selected for the team

circular

圆形的/环形的：The full moon has a circular shape

climb

v 爬/攀登/爬升：

I hate climbing ladders
The plane climbed quickly to  a height of 30,000 feet 英尺

v 价格/身份地位等的攀升：

Our costs have climbed rapidly in the last few years.
He quickly climbed to the top of his company

involve

in在里面volve转。汽车品牌Volvo最早生产旋转的轴承。转入其中/卷入其中/参与

The test will involve answering questions in English 用英语回答问题
Parents should involve themselves in their children's education

使陷入/使牵涉：He was involved in a murder case last year

rectangular

rectangle：长方形 The pencil-box is a rectangle

square 正方形

长方形的：His room is rectangular.

interactive

inter相互act行动，互动：You need to interact with others in order to make friends

交互性的：Interactive teaching methods 互动式教学法

cube

立方体。魔方：Rubik's cube

立方体形状的东西：Cut the meat into cubes 肉切丁

Today let's summarize all kinds of pronouns in English。所谓代词：代替名词、名词性短语，或者一句话的词，例如：

Mr. Young is my English teacher. He is thirty-three years old. 指代人
Learning English is not easy. It takes time and hard work.  指代名词性短语
He always stays up late and I don't like this 指代句子

代词分类：人称代词、物主代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词（连接从句）、关系代词。

并列作主语的时候，单数主格人称代词I习惯放在最后：

You and I（你和我），He and I（他和我），You, he and I（你我他）等。

原因：Note that there's nothing ungrammatical about putting me first; it's simply considered more polite to put oneself in the final position. （请注意，把我放在第一位没有什么不合文法的；把自己放在最后一位被认为更礼貌。）

“我和你”，到底是you and I，还是you and me？

看在句子里的语法成分。比较：

You and I are going to the party.（I是主语）（相当于：You are going to the party. I am going to the party.）

Sam is going to the party with you and me.（me是宾语） （相当于：Sam is going to the party with you. Sam is going to the party with me.）

人称代词he和she的修辞用法：

a. 表示动物的性别：What a sweet little dog. Is it a he or a she?（多可爱的小狗啊！是公的，还是母的？）

b. 表示车、船：What a nice car! How much did she cost?（这辆车真棒！买它花了多少钱？）

c. 表示国家：China is a great country. She has a long history.（中国是一个伟大的国家。她有着悠久的历史。）

it的特殊用法：

a. 指代任何一件事：

You saved my life. I will never forget it.（你救过我的命。我永远不会忘记这件事。）

How’s it going?【你（身边的一切进展得）怎么样？】

b. 不知性别的孩子：

What a beautiful baby—is it a boy?（好漂亮的宝宝——这是个男孩吗？）

c. 时间、环境、距离、天气、金钱等：

— What time is it? — It’s 9 o’clock.（——现在几点了？——九点。）（It=The time 当下的时间）

It’s too noisy here.（这儿太吵了。）（It=The environment 这里的环境）

How far is it from our city to Beijing?（从我们市到北京有多远？）（It=The distance 两地的距离）

It’s sunny today.（It=The weather 天气）

It’s about 1000 dollars.（It=The price 金钱，价格）

it作形式主语和形式宾语。根本目的：当动词不定式、动名词（短语）、从句等作主语或宾语时，为了更快让对方抓住表达重点，避免主语过长（头重脚轻）：

形式主语：

It is my pleasure to meet you.（见到您是我的荣幸。）（To meet you is my pleasure.）

It is no use crying over spilt milk.（覆水难收。）（Crying over spilt milk is no use.）

It doesn’t matter where you came from. All that matters is where you are going.（你出身卑微并不重要。重要的是你是否志存高远。）（Where you came fromdoesn’t matter. Where you are goingis all that matters.）

形式宾语：

I find it hard to learn English well.（我发现学好英语很难。）（I find to learn English well hard.）

I think it no good reading without understanding.（我觉得光看不懂是没用的。）（ I think reading without understanding no good.）

I think it very important that we take part in the discussion.（我认为我们参加这次讨论是很重要的。）（I think that we take part in the discussion veryimportant .）

Your car is bigger than my.  你的车比我的大（错）

Your car is bigger than mine. 你的车比我的（车）大（对）

This book is my and your is over there. 这本书是我的，你的在那儿（错）

This book is mine and yours is over there. 这本书是我的（书），你的（书）在那儿 （对）

作主语或宾语的同位语，起突出作用：

I myself don’t like cooking.（我自己不喜欢烹饪。）
I like the house itself but not the price.（我喜欢这座房子本身，但是不喜欢这座房子的价格。）

当动作的发出者也是动作的承受者时，也会用到反身代词：

I love myself.（我爱我自己。）
He hurt himself.（他伤到了他自己。）

Lesson 5: I put on my helmet and get on my bike.

Lesson 7: It's raining. No, it's pouring!

Lesson 8: It's my first time driving to work.

Lesson 9: They are prepared to go above and beyond.

Lesson 9: We are a great team.

Lesson 10: I never limit myself to just one point of view.

Lesson 11: Please don't passhis work to me.

Lesson 12: I'm not myself today.

Lesson 14: People were checking their phones all the time.

Lesson 14: Is it so difficult to put your phone down for two hours?!

Lesson17: Young: Excuse me. You dropped your work card.

Lesson 18: Doris: Leo works in my team. He is an English teacher from the UK.

Lesson 20: Young: I'm gonna visit my friend. She has just had an operation.

Lesson 20: Young: Yes, it was just a minor operation, but I want to go and see her anyway.

这些常见代词多数可以同时做为代词和限定词。所谓的限定词（determiner，简称det.），指的是限定名词范围、且往往不便作形容词的一类词的统称。包括：

冠词：

He’s in the garden.（他在花园里。）
I want to buy a book.（我想买一本书。）

指示代词：

This time last year we were on holiday.（去年这个时候我们正在度假。）
Those cars are on sale.（那些车正在廉价出售。）

形容词性物主代词：

His father is a professor in college.（他的父亲是一所大学的教授。）
I can’t find my phone.（我找不到我的手机了。）

不定代词：

Did you catch any fish?（你钓到鱼了吗？）
Every coin has two sides.（凡事皆有两面性。）

下面逐个看一下这些既可以做为代词，也可以做为限定词的：

both  两者都

Both my parents are teachers.
- Which one do you like ? - I like both

each 两者或更多中的每一个

There are five questions, each question is worth 20 points 这里是限定词
There are five questions, each is worth 20 points 这里是代词

either 两者中任一个

You can park on either side of the street
- Which one do you like ? - I don't like either

neither 两者都不

Neither one of us is interested in video games 限定词
Neither of her parents likes her boyfriend 代词

all 三者以上肯定

All of the students in our class have watched the movie 代词，后面的of表示从属关系
All the students in our class have watched the movie 限定词（所有的）

none 三者以上否定

None of the sutdents in our class have watched the movie 代词

many 许多（可数）

How many people were there ? 限定词
There are fifty people at the meeting. Many of them are parents 代词

much 许多（不可数）

How much sugar do you take in your coffee ? 限定词
I spend too much on clothes  代词

some 某些（可数/不可数均可）

Some people find this more difficult than others 限定词
There are still some wine in the bottle 限定词
He is in some kind of trouble 限定词
Some of us have been there before 代词

few 很少（可数）

Very few people can afford to pay thoese prices
Few of the children can read or write yet

little 很少（不可数）

They have little money
We did little on sunday

a few 少量/有些（可数）

I need to get a few things in town
If you can't fit 装不下 all bags in your car, I can take a few in mine

a little 少量/有些（不可数）

This sauce needs a little salt
I could only hear a little of what they were saying

other 其他的，限定词

Are there any other questions ?

others 名词属性，其他的XX

Others have met similar problems

one 一个
the other 两者中的另外一个
another 很多个中的另外一个（an other ）

I have two dogs, one is Husky, the other a Labrador
Would you like another drink ?

Lesson 14: People were checking their phones all the time.

Lesson 22: Young: There's only a SPA. It must have been the other location after all.

Lesson 23: Young: Me, too. I read a fun fact about time zones the other day.

Lesson 23: Young: Do you know that in both Russia and America, they have 11 different time zones. But in China, we only have one, Beijing Time.

Lesson 24: Leo: We are talking about customs in other countries.

Lesson 25: Young: I've tried a lot of the dishes before and none of them are bad.

Lesson 25: Young: They serve some of the best salads here. They also have a few different vegetable dishes.

Lesson 26: Young: You both like fish, don't you?

相互代词：表示相互关系的代词。英语里的相互代词只有两个：

each other  特指两者之间“彼此

You two should help each other.
They looked at each other and laughed.

one another 泛指“任何两个”

We all should try to help one another.
I think we've learned a lot about one another these days.

只有四个：this, that, these, those。唯一的难点是that：

Who told you that?（谁告诉你那件事的？）（代词作直接宾语）

It won’t be that easy.（这件事不会那么容易的。）（副词作程度状语）

That book isn’t mine.（那本书不是我的。）（美：形容词作定语；英：限定词作定语）

不定代词的定义：不明确代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词

thing: something, anything, everything, nothing（某事，任何事，每件事，没有什么）

body: somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody（某人，任何人，每个人，没人）

one: someone, anyone, everyone, no one（某人，任何人，每个人，没有人）

Lesson 27: Doris: I'm trying to buy something to wear for the end-of-year work party.

Lesson 27: Young:What is she doing in there?Doris, is everything ok?

Lesson 28: Doris: I can't watch anything violent or scary.

Lesson 29: Young: Nothing better than a morning coffee.

Lesson 42: Young: Everything in my apartment is of a darker shade.

因为不定代词本身就是“形容词/限定词+名词”的合成词，some, any等习惯置于前定语的最前部，所以把前定语的位置占完了

I’m looking for someplace safe.（我想找某个安全的地方。）（= someplace that is safe）

I want something different.（我想要某种不同的东西。）（=something that is different）

You can’t do anything illegal.（你不能做任何违法的事。）（=anything that is illegal）

疑问代词有五个：

who（谁，主格与宾格）: Who did this?（这是谁干的？）

whom（谁，宾格）: Whom/Who are you talking to?（你在跟谁说话？）

whose（谁的）: Whose book is this?（这是谁的书？）

what（什么）: What’s going on?（发生什么了？）

which（哪一个）: Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?（你想喝咖啡还是茶？）

Lesson 21: Young: Who's this?

Lesson 22: Young: I found two locations. Which one is it?

Lesson 27: Doris: What do you think?

Lesson 41: Young: Whose is this?

Young sits at the table in the rest area, watching the rain out of the window. Leo walks in

Look at the weather

Hey, Young. I'm soaked

soak 浸泡 soaked 湿透了

Can you believe how heavy the rain is?

Can you believe ...
Can you believe that guy ?
Can you believe how nice they are ?
Can you believe them ?
Can you believe what he said to me today?
Can you believe what this book tells ?

I know ! It's been bad all week. Where has the good weather gone ?

It was supposed to be sunny, I'm not a fun of such wet weather

It was supposed to be ... 本来应该..  We use this sentence pattern to describe something that has changed and is now different from what we thought it should be

It was supposed to be fun here, but now it's not
It was supposed to be a two-week mission, but he completed it within three days
It was supposed to be a secret, but now everyone knows it
It was supposed to be a very short meeting, but now it's been on for three hours
Actually, it was supposed to be my first championship 冠军身份，夺冠

Me neither. I prefer spring and the cooler weather

Me neither，即 I don't like such weather either

- Do you like playing badminton ? - No. I prefer playing basketball

How do you like the spring in BeiJing?

How do you like... 你如何评价/你觉得怎样
How do you like the firm?
How do you like this English class?
How do you like this university ?
How do you like your new boss ?
How do you like the autum in the UK ?

How do you like your steak ? 您的牛排要几分熟 Rare/Medium/Well done

Young asks Leo about his opinion about BeiJing, and then Leo replies:

It's nice, but it's very short. Where I come from, the spring is much longer

The spring is much longer  where I come from

What's the weather like in summer ?

What's the weather like in 哪里的天气怎么
What's the weather like (there) in your hometown
What will the weather be like in Paris next month

Young asks Leo about the weather in London, Leo replies:

It's hot, but not as hot as it is in China. The temperature rarely reaches above 26 degrees

The weather in UK is not as hot as the weather is in China

I haven't travelled for a long time. Maybe the UK should be my next destination

I haven't ... for a long time
I haven't seen you for a long time
I haven't enjoyed myself for a long time
I haven't  learnt English for a long time
I haven't heard that name for a long time
I haven't been to this market for a long time

Just don't go during the autum months as it rains frequently

as it rains frequently as引导的原因状语从句

How about the weather in winter

It's a little cold and try in winter. I'd go in spring. The temperature is nice, not too many showers, and you can see the blossom on the trees

I'd go in spring 要是我更愿意春天去

on the tree 长在树上：on有接触的含义。There are many apples on the tree. In spring you can see the blossom on the trees
in the tree 藏在树中：There is a bird nest in that tree

Leo suggests going the UK in the spring, and explains why

Sounds amazing. Well, it looks like it will be raining all day. Best go start work

It's best for as to start work

See you later

soak

v 浸泡：

Soak your arms in warm water.
The vegetables should soak in water first
Please soak the beans for twenty minutes

n 浸泡：Showers are all right, but there's nothing like a good long soak in the bath 淋浴很不错，但是没法和在浴缸里泡澡相比

heavy

重的：He tried to push the heavy door open

沉重的：Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility

剧烈的/大量的：A heavy blow to the head. 当头重击  Heavy traffic繁忙的交通  Heavy rain/snow 大雨/雪  A heavy smoker/drinker 一个烟鬼/酒鬼

重型的：Heavy weapon/machine

wet

湿的：

My bike got wet in the rain
The paint is still wet
You will get wet if you go out on a rainy day

下雨的/多雨的：We've had  wet weather all week. This is the first wet day for two month

hot

热的：It's too hot in here, can we turn down the heating ?

辣的：相当于spicy，hot food 就是spicy food

热门的/火热的：Global warming is a very hot topic  nowadays.  They are one of this year's hot new brands 他们是今年走红的乐队之一

长相火辣的/脾气火爆的：hot girl. hot temper

temperature

temper 脾气

local temperature 本地气温  body temperature体温

rare

罕见的：This is a very rare disease.  The bird is now a rare sight in this country 这种鸟已经很少见的

rarely 很少地：We rarely see each other  now.  He rarely go to the restaurant

reach

到达：

We won't reach the city until five o'clock
Daytime temperatures can reach 40 degree Celsius / ˈselsiəs /
I might reach Miami at four o'clock in the afternoon

能伸到/够得着：He reached for the phone and knocked over a glass 他伸手拿手机时碰倒了被子

可到达的距离：

I like to keep a notebook and pencil within my reach
Make sure that you keep all dangerous things out of the children's reach

degree

数量/程度/水平：

I have to warn you that there's a degree of danger 一定的危险性involved in this
There's some degree of truth in what she said
Wather freezes at zero degrees Celsius 注意复数

刻度：用右上角的小圆圈表示。

Wather boils at 212 degree Fahrenheit and 100 degree Celsius
A right angle is an angle of 90 degree 直角90度

学位/课程：bachelorr's degree / master's degree / doctor's degree

frequently

frequent 频繁的：

She is a frequent visitor to the US
The most frequent cause of death is heart disease

frequently：

They see each other very frequently
The buses run less frequently on Sundays 周末公交车发车间隔较长

blossom

花朵/花簇：The trees are in blossom 树上开满花

开花：The cherry tree is beginning to blossom

bloom 用法和blossom一样：

The apple trees are in full bloom
These flowers will bloom all through the summer

The sun, the earth, the moon. The moon spins around the earth, the earth spins around the sun. And sessions occur / əˈkɜːr / . Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter.

In spring, leaves are green. Flowers blossom. The weather is warn. Butterflies fly. Birds sing. Sometimes the weather is cloudy. Sometimes the weather is rainy. Open your umbrella.

In summer, the weather is sunny and hot. You can go to the beach. You can drink cold juice. You can swim in the sea. You can sail / seɪl / on  a sailboat.

In autumn the weather is cool. Leaves are red and brown. Sometimes the weather is cloudy. Sometimes the weather is rainy. Open your umbrella.

In winter, the weather is cold. Somtimes the weather is snowy. You can make a snowman.

Young sees a reminder on his phone about his upcoming flight tomorrow, he turns on his phone and starts to look at the weather.

I' going away on business to Xi'an for three days.

on business 出差
I will be on business next week

I have never been there before.

I have never done ...
I have never tasted it before
I have never been to America before
I have never been so excited moved before
I have never heard the name before
I have never watched this TV series before

Let's have a look at the weather report in Xi'an for the next few days.

The phonse shows various weather conditions for each day

It seems I'm gonna need a number of different outfits.

a number of 一些
I need a number of students to join this experiment

seem 似乎/可能

it seems ...
It seems that it's gonna be a very busy day today
It seems to be human nature to worry
It seems that you are right
It seems that we shouldn't come here today

Young says he need a number of different outfits because the weather in the following days, and then he goes over 走到 to his wardrobe

OK. Let's see what I should take.

On Monday there will be thunderstorms, An umbrella is a must. There's no doubt about that.

His course is a must for beginners

There's no doubt about ... 是毫无疑问的
She's lying. there's no doubt about that
There's no doubt about his ability in this job
I love my family very much, there's no doubt about that
There's no doubt about the importance of time
He is the most outstanding professor. There's no doubt about it.

It's gonna be cloudy with light rain on Tuesday, but will brighten up by lunchtime on Wednesday. I can take some sweaters and a few pairs of pants.

brighten up 完全明亮起来，变晴
You can buy some flowers to brighten up the room

I'm trying to decide which ones to take. I know what I'll do, I'll take theme all. Always good to have a few extra outfits.

(it is )always good to ...
Always good to talk to you guys
Always good to meet your friend in another city

I've got some clothes for the cooler weather, but I'm missing something. Oh, of course ! I've not  packed  any work clothes.

work clothes 工作服，制服

He puts everything in the luggage 行李箱, seals it shut, and checks the flight information. Then suddenly he realizes he checked the wrong city on the weather app.

What ?! I checked the weather report for the wrong city? What's wrong with me.

What's wrong with...
What's wrong with your cellphone, I can't reach you 打不通
What's wrong with eating meat
What's wrong with the car engine / the TV

What's wrong with you  结合语境，可能是：你TM有病啊

In our text, Young finds out that he had chosen the wrong city, which means all he did before is a waste of time, so he says:

Now I need to do  it all over again.

doubt

作名词：

I'm having doubt about his ability to do the job
I never had any doubt that you would win

作动词：

There's no reason to doubt her story
I highly doubt what you said
Some people doubt his score in the tournament锦标赛

cloudy / windy / rainy / snowy / sunny

We will not go picnic if tomorrow is cloudy

light

光：It's a north-facing room, so it doesn't get much light
灯：Could you please turn on the light
明亮的：It gets light very early in summer mornings
浅色的：light blue / light green
点燃/点亮：lighed或者lit  He lit his fifth cigarette in half an hour. Fireworks lit up the sky. He lights his cigarette in the dark

轻的/轻松的

He's a few pounds lighter than he used to be
She felt a light tap on her shoulder
A light wind is blowing
I want some light reading for the summer holidays
Many hands make light work 众人拾柴火焰高

brighten

使明亮/鲜艳：It was rainy this morning, but is brightened up after lunch
使眼前一亮：Her eyes brightened when she saw him enter the room

straighten 使变直  darken 使变黑/变黑  enrich 使丰富

sweater

毛衣： 北美叫法，英国jumper
Put on a sweater if you feel cold
With the weather getting colder,  you should put on your sweater

extra

额外的：Recently he's been working an extra two hours a day.   Do you need an extra week for you project ?
副词：An extra large (XL) T-shirt

What's your favorite season ?  My favorite season is winter, because in winter I can slide on a sled 滑雪撬. I can ski 滑雪. I can ice skate滑冰. I can make a snowman. I can have a snowball fight with my friends.

What's your favorite season ?  My favorite season is summer, because in summer I can go to the beach. I can drink cold juice. I can sunbathe / ˈsʌnbeɪð / . I can sail on a sailboat. I can swim. I can have a picnic.

When it's winter, I put on my winter clothes / sweater / jacket / coat / scarf  / hat / boots

When it's summer, I put on my summer clothes / T-shirt / sunglasses / shorts / flip-flops 人字拖

Young is sitting outside ( at the seating area 休息区）and  enjoying a drink on his break. Alice come along and sits down. Young starts asking about her recent vacation.

Y: Hey, Alice. You're back !

A: Yes, I got back to Beijing late last night.

late last night 昨天深夜

Y: I take it you had a nice trip.

take 把...当作

I take it ... 依我的理解
- I'm not sure if I have time tomorrow. - I take it (that) you won't come to my  birthday party.
I take it you don't agree
I take it that you are a member of the team
I take it the second story is more scaring scary

A: It was great, Thank you !

Y: Sounds nice. But I forgot where you went. Where did you go again ?

A: I went to Hangzhou, have you ever been there?

Y: Of course. I was impressed by the beautiful view of West Lake. I'm dying to go there again.

I was impressed by ...
I was impressed by your warm welcome
I was impressed by his knowledge and vision 它的远见卓识让我印象深刻
I was impressed by his speech
I was impressed by his hard work

I'm dying to... 我非常渴望
I'm dying to have my own car
I'm dying to take a vacation
I'm dying to know how what you feel think about me
I'm dying to have a baby
I'm dying to meet you at the next exhibition

Young speaks highly of Hangzhou. Alice says:

A: I couldn't agree more with what you said.

I couldn't agree more with 我完全同意
I couldn't agree more with your suggestion / his idea / this plan / your point of view
I couldn't agree more with you more

Y: Where did you stay?

A: I stayed at the Rose hotel. Just opposite West Lake.

Y: That's one of the best hotels. How was the weather when you were there ?

A: It was mostly sunny, but the weather was kind of humid at times.

time 作为次数可数.  at times 有时/偶尔

To be honest, you're impossible at times 你有时让人难以忍受

Y: It's very different compared with Beijing's weather. right ?

compared with ... 过去分词短语表被动

A: Definitely. It was nice to experience a different climate for a week. To my surprise, the weather is great in Beijing today. I still feel like I'm on vacation.

To my surprise ... 让我吃惊的是
I pushed the door, and to my surprise, it was unlocked
I wrote him a letter, to my surprise, he replied
To my surprise, the little girl won the first prize

Y: Yes, the weather has been fantastic over the past week. Clear skies every day, not a cloud in sight.

A: I hope the weather is here to stay.

Y: Me too.

trip

短途旅行：We went on a trip to the mountains

travel 长途旅行：travel around the world.   某些时候可以混用：A trip to America. 但是有时不能：field trip 学校组织的野外考察

tour 读音和turn转有关，school tour学校考察，转一圈。 巡回演出：A concert tour

journey:  Have a good journey. This word emphasize that an act of travelling from one place to another 强调过程。可以是抽象的过程：Your journey of learning English will be very interesting

impress

im即in，进入。press 按。按进去

Don't try to impress everyone，不要试图讨好所有人

humid

读音上和human有关，两者都和泥土有关

New York is very hot and humid in the summer
Travellers didn't expect this extremely humid weather

compare

对比： We compared the two reports carefully

把..和...相比；比作：

People compared him to William Shakespeare
Chinese people always compare beautiful women to the moon

作为名词：beyond compare 无与伦比， Her beauty is beyond compare

experience

经验：

In my experience, people generally smile back if you smile at them.
They have no experience in organizing major events

经历，可数：It was interesting hearing about his experiences as a policeman.

export 专家：He is an export in  child education

experiment 实验/试验：Do you think the experiment will work ?

clear

透明的/清澈的：衍生出天气晴朗、声音清晰、记忆清晰、内容易懂

The water is so clear, we can see the bottom of the lake
We could see hundreds of stars in the clear sky
The voice on the phone was clear and strong
I have clear memories of visiting my grandfather's farm as a child
Are you clear ? 你听明白了吗 Are you clear about this plan ?

作动词，使清楚、清理

It took several hours to clear the round after the accident
After the thunderstorm, the sky cleared 放晴了
I went for a walk to clear my head

sight

视力/视觉：The old woman has lost her sight
视力的范围/视野：Out of sight, out of mind 眼不见心不烦
风景：The flowers at the flower show were a beautiful sight

climate

气候：climate change

Hi, there ! I'm going to teach you what the weather is like .

What do you see through the window ? That's right. It's the sun. When we can see the sun, we say it's sunny. Sunny.

What do you see now ? Oh, there are clouds. When we see many clouds in the sky, we say it's cloudy. Cloudy.

What do you see through the window ? The rain. When there are clouds, droplets fall down  and we say it's rainning. Rainy.

Can you see that through the window ? Wow, it's thunder and lightning. When we see thunder and see lightning comming out of the clouds, we say there's a storm. Stormy.

What do you see through the window ? Wow! There is snowfall. When it's cold, and snowflakes fall from the sky, we say it's snowing. Snowy / ˈsnoʊi / .

What do you see through the window ? Trees are moving and the wind is blowing heavily. When  you see things moving or flying around in the street, that's because it's windy. Windy.

Young turns on the TV and chooses a movie. and then he says:

I've wanted to watch this movie for a long time ! I hope it's as good as people say.

as good as...
Is this school as good as people say ?
Life is never as good or as bad as people say ?

Young is about to watch a movie when he hears a noise. He goes to the window and looks out:

What was that ? Is it raining ? Oh, wow ! It's a thunderstorm. I've not seen weather like this for ages.

what was that 针对刚才的噪音

for ages 很久

I can't understand this erratic weather. Half an hour ago the sky was clear, and now it's thunder and lightning.

lightning 和动词lighten点亮有关，当名词专指闪电

He looks at the TV:

Is it OK for me to watch TV during the thunderstorm ?

Is it OK for ... to ..
Is it OK for me to smoke here ?
Is it OK for me to leave now ?
Is it OK for me to stay here for one more another hour ?
Is it OK for me to bring my girlfriend ?

In our text, Young thinks about  if it's OK to watch TV during a thunderstorm. And he says:

I guess it will be OK.

All of a sudden all the electric is off, and he says:

What happened ?

He grabs the TV control and tries to turn it on again, but it doesn't work. Then he tries to find a torch and moves around the room to check what happened.

It must be a power cut.

I must be ...
I can't find my keys, it must be left at home.
You look so tried, it must be tough really hard to have two jobs.

I wonder if others have also lost power. Let me call my neighbor and see.

He managed to find the phone in  darkness. He tries to open it but it's out of power and turns off.

That's just perfect !

This is a typical irony.

My phone is dead. I wish I had charged it earlier.

dead 电子产品不能正常使用的状态

I wish I had 是虚拟语气subjunctive mood，对过去情况的虚拟，对应回不去的事实。因此用过去式
I wish I had a cottage beside a lake

I'm making my every effort to find my power bank. But even with the flashlight, it's too hard to find it.

make every effort 竭尽全力。 make an effort 耗费精力
I'm  making my every effort to do sth
I'm making every effort to impress my new boss
I'm making every effort to  pass the exam
I'm making every effort to learn English well
I'm making every effort to help my friend
With my team, I'm makeing every effort to save endangered animals.

bank 库，power bank 电库/充电宝
A power bank is a must / necessary during your journey.

flashlight 美式 torch 英式

Looks like the storm is not gonna ease up. Plus, it's pretty late. It might a good idea to just go to bead and sleep through it.

sleep through  把雷暴睡过去
Despite the pouring / ˈpɔːrɪŋ /  rain outside, she slept / slept / through  尽管外面倾盆大雨，她还是一觉天亮

It might a good idea to ...  如何如何可能是个好主意
It might a good idea to  go there by boat / boʊt /
It might a good idea to have a picnic this weekend
It might a good idea to join a fitness club
It might a good idea to hold the party outside 在室外开派可能是个好主意
It might a good idea to travel by high-speed train

ease up 缓和
Looks like the situation will ease up after the peace talk 和谈
The rain is starting to ease up, so we can go for a walk now

Young says he wants to sleep through the thunderstorm, and then he get into bed.  All of a sudden the power comes back on.

That's just typical. Just as I'm about to sleep, the power comes back on.

That's just typical 真是绝了，当一个事情发生在很巧妙的时候，让你觉得好气又好笑

I'm about to 我正要...
I'm about to tell you something very funny
I'm about to learn English
I'm about to move to another city
In fact, I'm about to go to the hospital
I'm about to take a walk along the river side

You may ask, what's the difference between "I'm about to" and "I'm going to".    about 即 on by out 比后者更加紧迫。示例：

I'm going to buy a new car tomorrow. 不会说  I'm about to buy a new car tomorrow，因为太紧迫就不可能等到明天了

erratic

和名词error有关，与mistake相比，error通常指“不按特定路线运行的错误”，例如电脑程序错误。mis-take拿错了，通常是人为错误

erratic 动作/行为不规则的、没规划的

She can be very erratic; one day she is friendly and the next she'll hardly speak to you懒得搭理你
He  drove in an erratic way down the road 他七拐八拐的在路上开车
You have no choice but to live with his erratic behavior

flashlight

手电筒。英式对应torch。torch的同源词是turn，本义是火炬（把易燃物拧在一起）
It's dark inside. Switch on your flashlight

effort

精力/努力/力气

You should put more effort into your work
He passed the exams without too much effort

plus

介词，加，加上：

What is six plus four ?
The rent will be 300 pounds a month, plus gas and electricity
The cost is 20 yuan plus five yuan for delivery

连词，另外，而且：

I've got too much on at work. Plus my father is not well 我工作负担太重了，而且我父亲身体也不好

形容词，实际更大/更多：

This car costs  $200,000 plus 价位在20w以上
I got A plus in  the exam

typical

典型的，具有代表性的：

This is a typical Chinese building
I must look like a typical tourist with my shorts and my camera 穿着短裤拿着相机，我看起来应该想是典型的游客
They want to dine in a typical German restaurant and enjoy some local food

Starting from today, instead of learning five sentence patterns in each lesson, we'll be focusing on new sentence patterns as well as colloquial expressions.

Hey, Leo. I'm glad I've bumped into you.

bump into sb/sth

撞到某人/某物.  When it's dark, we may bump into things easily.  Excuse me, I didn't mean to bump into you.
碰巧遇到某人. I bumped into your friend on the street.

Oh why's that?

为什么这么说呢？

I haven't seen Doris for ages.

I haven't ... for ages. 我很久没有...了. I haven't been to a gym for ages. I haven't heard from you for ages 好久没有听到你的消息了. I haven't seen you for ages. I haven't been to Beijing for ages

Is she away on business or something?

Also here's a very useful colloquial expression: ... or something. Web use this expression to show  what we say is just a possible example and there are other possibilities.
The cat hit a tree or something. Are you crazy or something? 你是疯了还怎么了.  I must have been dreaming or something. Maybe we can go to the movies or something.

In our text, Young is not sure if Doris is away on business or something. Leo says:

Didn't she tell you ? She had to go back to America.

That sucks! I never got to say good bye.

That sucks 这也太无语了

"I never got to do sth" means that one never had the opportunity to do something in the past, and that gave hime some feeling of regret. E.g  I never got to eat his cake. You left in such a hurry, I never got to say  thank you.

Me neither. It was a last-minute decision.

last-minute 突然的，仓促的

I'm really gonna miss her face around the office.

miss her face 想念她的身影

Me too, Doris was a bubbly character.

Bubble - Bubbly 活泼的,起泡的

Yes. She had a quite contagious smile.

contagious 有感染力的

She definitely knew how to brighten up the room.

definitely 程度副词，绝对的意思. brighten up the room 使屋子里的氛围活跃起来

So, what about her replacement?

A guy replaced her position.

What's he like.

We often use "What's sb. like" to ask about a person's character. In comparison / kəmˈpærɪsn /,  "What's sb look like" is used to inquire about one's appearance and dress.
e.g. What's your new boyfriend like? What's your new boss like? What your friend's mother like?

When talking about the new guy's character, Leo says:

I haven't formally met him yet, I only saw him in passing, but he looked rather serious.

in passing: 顺便/稍带，路过的时候.  He only said it in passing他只是顺带提了一下。I only met him is passing, but we didn't talk.

Leo says that the new guy looks rather serious. Young replies:

Well, maybe he is just a little shy. Don't forget he is new and doesn't know anyone here yet.

You are right, I shouldn't judge hime before we've been properly introduced.

judge 评价. 在我们正式认识之前，我不应该去评价他。

That's the spirit!

这才是该有的态度。I'm pretty tired but I will finish my work on time. That's the spirit!  I won't quit my dream just because other people tell me that It can be realized, That's the spirit!

Why don't you offer to have lunch with him together?

offer to 主动提出

That's not a bad idea.

Well, I best head off. Good luck and let me know how it goes.

I best head off 我得走了

Thanks, I will.

bump

碰，撞.  She bumped her head against a tree.
颠簸而行.  Web bumped along the dirty road in our car. 我们坐在车里沿着土路颠簸而行
碰撞的声音. We heard a bump from the next room.
隆起，肿块.  How did you get that bump on your forehead? 你额头上怎么起了个包啊？
bumper 机动车的保险杠. The traffic is bumper to bumper 形容交通很堵

character

charac -> carve雕刻，衍生为性格，特点
性格 It's not his character to tell lies.
特色 I'd prefer an old place with a bit of character. 我偏爱有特色的老地方
角色 He's the main character of the movie
与众不同的人  Ted is quite a character —— he's 70 now and still riding that motorbike
字符  Chinese character

contagious

有传染性的  This disease is highly contagious
有感染力的  His passion is very contagious

强调通过接触（contact）传染。infectious 强调通过通过传染源传染，不一定需要解除

definitely

define

下定义  This word if very hard to define
明确 We need to define the task ahead very cleary. 我们需要明确今后的任务
确定界限，描出轮廓  The mountain was sharply defined against the sky. 那座山在天空的衬托下轮廓分明

definite

确定的，明确的  We need a definite answer by tomorrow

definitely

确定，决定   He definitely said he'd be here他绝对说过他会来

definition

定义，清晰度  HD  high definition

replacement

replace

代替，取代 The factory replaced most of it's workers with robots
放回原处  The librarian / laɪˈbreriən / replaced the books on the shelves

replacement

更换  The replacement of car parts  汽车零部件的更换
替代品  We need to find a replacement for her

formally

formal  正式的，正规的，形式上的，表面上的，名义上的

We should wear a formal dress to the dinner tonight  今天的晚宴我们要穿正装
We had little formal education 他没怎么受过正规教育
He is only the formal leader of the team 他只是这个团队形式上的负责人

formally

正式的  The center will be formally  opened next year.

form  形式

rather

would rather 做副词和would联用，表示宁可，宁愿  Kids would rather play than study.
rather than 而不是 What made you choose this one rather than that one.
相当 It's rather cold today, isn't it?

judge

法官，裁判  The judge's decision is final
判断，判定 You shouldn't judge a person by his appearance
批判比赛，担任裁判  I have been asked to judge the children's basketball game

properly

适当的，恰当的  I have had sandwiches but I haven't eaten a proper meal我吃了个三明治但是还没有好好吃顿像样的饭 Give a proper title to the passage
The television isn't working properly 这台电视机不正常工作  Keep the food properly in the fridge 在冰箱厘米妥善的保存食物

spirit

The players have a very strong team sprit
I have been in high / low spirits latey 我最近我情绪高涨/低落

I haven't been to the British Museum for ages. I haven't heard from my cousion for ages. I haven't played the guitar / ɡɪˈtɑːr /  for ages

We bumped into that famous actor during our trip last year. What a surprise it is that you bump into that celebrity on the street. Be careful of the desk, you might bump into it in the dark.

Can you tell us the reason your last-minute decision to come here. I made a last-minute decision and bought a flight to Poland / ˈpoʊlənd /

He adds in passing that this book will be released next week. 他顺便提到，这本书下周会出版。The coach only mentioned it in passig and moved on to the next topic.

It is heartbreaking that your mother never got to see her grandchild before she died.  I never got to tell her I loved her. I never got to ride the roller coaster / ˈkoʊstər / 雪橇 托盘。过山车

What is your brother like? He is a bit shy and warmhearted.

Mr. Flinch will be away on business for half a year.

He is the main character in the movie who likes places with character.

As Jessi has resigned, we need a replacement for her.

Don't worry, this disease is not contagious.

They would rather spend more money on hiring a nanny than spend more time on the baby.

Her next album / ˈælbəm / will definitely be a hit.

This week, I started working in a new office. It's every busy, and lots of people work here.

Eric works in my department, I like him because he is helpful and kind. Yesterday we went for lunch and he told me some funny stories, He's so humorous.

Sharon   / ˈʃærən / is my boos , I like her because she is outgoing and honest, it's very easy to talk to her.

Greg / ɡreɡ / works in the finance department , I don't like him because he is selfish and argumentative. He got angry when I asked him for some help.

Amy  / ˈeɪmi / works in the marketing department, She's talkative, so I like talking to her sometimes. I'm a bit shy though, so I just try to be polite. We go to lunch together sometimes.

Hey Leo. What are you doing?

Oh, nothing!

He quickly hides his phone and looks embarrassed.

Come on ! You can tell me! No need to be shy!

OK. Well, I recently broke up with my girlfriend.

break up 彻底中断，分手

Leo say that he has break up with his girlfriend, and then he says:

So I decided to download a dating app.

Why did you break up?

We broke up because she was selfish and argumentative. She got angry at the smallest things.

She sounds like a lot of trouble.

她听起来爱找麻烦啊

So you're looking to get back onto dating scene?

scene 场景

I am, but I'm very picky, It's hard to know if I like someone just from a picture.

if I like ... 为know的宾语从句，from a picture为地点状语

It's hard to know 很难知道

It's hard to know if he is a honest man
It's hard to know if the plane can arrive on time
It's hard to know if everything will go well next year
It's hard to know if he will come tomorrow

Tell me your type. I might have a single friend that ticks all the boxes.

tick 打勾  box 方框  tick all the boxes 符合所有条件

I guess... I would prefer someone who's about the same height as me.

who's about ... 为someone的定语从句

OK, keep going.

Here's the first colloquial expression we will learn today: keep going. We use this expression to encourage others to say or do whatever they're saying or doing at the moment.

I'd also like to date someone that dresses smart.

that dresses... 定语从句  smart 聪明的，整洁漂亮的，时髦的

I'm not really into people who look scruffy.

into 口语表示对sth感兴趣

I'm really into weekend trips
I'm not really into sports
I'm really into watching movies
I'm not really into spicy food

What about thier personality?

Well, she must have a good sense of humor and confidence.

sense of ...感  sense of direction 方向感 sense of justice 正义感 sense of time 时间观念  sense of value 价值观念，价值观

have/has a good sense of ....

Most athletes / ˈæθliːts / have a good sense of balance
He won't get lost, he has a good sense of direction
He has a good sense of smell

Leo continues to talke about his ideal girlfriend:

And of course, she needs to be around my age.

I think I have someone you might interested in.

be interested in sb/sth 对某人/某物感兴趣

Her name is Alice, and she is an old pal of mine.

pal 朋友，伙伴，相当于friend

Really?

Yes! How about I talk to her?  And If she's interested, I'll let you know.

Sure ! why not ? At this point, I've got nothing to lose !

I've got nothing to lose 我没什么可失去的了

Great ! I'll let you know what she says.

Thanks, Young!

No thanks needed. That's what friends are for!

download/upload

Could you download some music for me?
You can upload this video on the internet.

亦可作为名词，表示下载/上传这件事情，或者下载/上传的数据

This is a free download

selfish

自私的

Don't be so selfish
She never considers anyone but herself , she's very selfish

-ish后缀的形容词：childish 孩子气的  foolish 愚蠢的  stylish  有格调的 bookish 书呆子气的/学究的 clownish 滑稽的/小丑似的

argumentative

argue 以争吵的方式辩白，证明自己的观点正确： 争论，争吵，论证

The children are alkways arguing
He argued that they needed more time to finish the project  他论证到他们需要更多的时间完成项目

argument:  We had an argument with the waiter about the bill

date

日期  What's the date.  What date is it today. What's today's date
约会  I'm sorry I can't have dinner with you tonight. I have a date
约会的对象  Who's your date for the party?  你约谁去聚会啊

作为动词：注明日期、确定年代、和…约会

Scientists have been unable to date these fossils
They dated for five years before they got married

dating 约会相关的

scene

场景，情景，电影的镜头

Scenes of everyday life 日常生活场景
The scene of the accident 车祸现场

The movie opens with a scene in a New York apartment

make a scene 当众出丑  She made a scene in the middle of the party 她在聚会的时候大闹了一场

tick

打对勾，做记号
Tick 'yes' or 'no' to each question
I've ticked the names of the people who have paied

对勾，记号
Put a tick by the names of the people who have accepted the invitation

钟表的滴答声  tick tock
The ticking of the clock kept her awake
The only sound is the soft tick of the clock

height

高度 

What's your height and weight
The plan flew / fluː / fly过去式 at a height of 3000 meters

scruffy

邋遢的  He looks a little scruffy

personality

个性，性格 He has a strong personality
个人魅力，气质；有鲜明个性的人  Their son is a real personality
名流 The show is hosted by a popular TV personality

character 不单单可以表示人的性格，还可以表示物体的特性

confidence

自信，信息

I have every confidence in you 我对你完全完全有信心
As she grew  / ɡruː / older she gained in confidence 随着她的成长，她增强了信心

She broke up with him last month

They with break up 断绝关系 with you and humiliate 羞辱 you for what you have done

To be honest, I'm really into this sport

These children are into hide-and-seek

It seems your are interested in ancient Egypt

People do not interested in politics

A good sense of balance is necessary for athletes

Actually, he is an old pal of mine

You have a letter from your Chinese pen pal

An employee may tick all the boxes on paper but might not be suited to the job in practice 实际上

In a peaceful age 和平年代 I might 表推测时预期比may更加不确定 have written ornate or merely descriptive books, but now I want to tell tragedies of the people

The most selfish people are the ones who do not love themselves

The scruffy boy lives in the other district

These slightly scruffy facilities belong to my club

Don't care about those rude, critical 爱挑剔的 and argumentative people

He has a very pleasant personality

Sport personalities 名人 have attended this event

Having a sense of humor means you have the ability to let go 放手 and not take everything so seriously

What is she like? She is cheerful and fun to be with. What does she look like? She's brunette / bruːˈnet / 深色的，浅黑皮肤的女人 . She has a pony-tail and blue eyes. She is very pretty. How old is she? She is six years old. What is she wearing? She is wearing a T-shirt, a red skirt and red shoes.

What is he like? He is confident and positive / ˈpɑːzətɪv / 乐观的. What does he look like? He has dark short hair, black eyes and a big smile. He is handsome and muscular / ˈmʌskjələr / 肌肉发达的. How old is he? He is around thirty years old. What is he wearing? He is wearing a gym suit.

What is he like? He is mean / miːn / 刻薄的吝啬的不善良的 to other kids. What does he look like? He has short brown hair and green eyes. How old is he? He is seven years old. What is he wearing? He is wearing a blue Polo shirt, black trousers and white sneakers / ˈsniːkər / 板鞋.

What is he like? He is passionate about music. What does he look like? He has medium / ˈmiːdiəm / 中等 length blond hair and black eyes. How old is he? He is around 20 years old. What is he wearing? He is wearing an elegant black suit, black shoes and red bowtie / ˈboʊtaɪ / 领结.

Hey. Thanks for agreeing to meet me for coffee today.

agree to do something

Sure. I was happy to get your message.

was 描述收到信息的时候

How have you been recently ?

现在完成时询问近况，回答： I have been great 我最近一直很好

But Young hasn't finished his questions yet, He continues to ask Alice:

Did you do something with hair ?

Yes, I did. It's nice that you noticed.

You are looking great. How's life treating you ?

"How is life treating you" is also a very good colloquial expression that you can use when you meet someone you haven't seen for a long time

Alice asks Young how's life treating him, Young replies:

Busy as always.

as always 介词短语做方式状语

I know the feeling. So, why did you invite me here ?

OK. I hope you don't mind me asking this

me 宾语  asking this动名词短语也是mind的宾语。等价说法 I hope you don't mind my asking this.

But...are you still single ?

Why are you asking ?

Well, I have a work colleague named Leo, and I think you would a great match.

Oh, well, to be honest. I'm not sure if I'm ready to go on dates right now.

go on dates 去约会

To be honest, I'm a little disappointed.
To be honest, the house is not quite our style.
To be honest, I really don't want to go there.
To be honest, she's not as beautiful as she's  in the photo.

In our text today, Alice says she doesn't want to go on dates. But why ? Let's move on:

I kind of have my eye on someone.

have my eye on sb 看上/喜欢上某人

Oh, sorry. I didn't realize.

Don't worry about this, I don't think he knows. Unless he's playing hard to get.

play hard to get 欲擒故纵

Well, Leo is a good looking chap. He reminds me a bit of Tom Hardy.

sb/sth remind(s) me of ... 让我想起
You remind me of your father when you say that.
Fresh grass always reminds me of childhood summers.
He reminds me of my English tutor.
You reminds me of my ex-girlfriend.

In our text, Young said that Leo reminds hime of Tom hardy, the main character of the movive Venom. Alice replies:

Really?

Yes. Kind of. They have the same style of beard.

He's also a really humorous guy who always tells funny stories.

who always tells funny stories. 定语从句

As long as it's just as friends. I'm happy to meet him.

as long as 延伸为只要...就
I will help / take good care of you as long as I live.
As long as you have your health, nothing else matters.
As long as you like it, I'm fine.
As long as you are happy, I'll do anything.

Nice. I'll let him know. Can I give him your number ?

Yes. And hey, maybe the two of us could hang out more in the future if have spare time.

hang out 出去玩/闲逛  spare time 空闲时间

That would be awesome. Are you still a sporty person ?

sporty 爱好/擅长运动的

Yes. I often play badminton on weekends.

Maybe you can take me next time. I've become very lazy recently.

It would my pleasure. Well I'd better get back to the office. I've got a pile of work with my name on it.

Of course. I've got the bill covered.

I have got the bill covered.  Today's meal is on me.

Thanks Young, I hope to see you again soon.

honest

honor 相关  荣誉 荣耀 尊重
She's completely honest 她很诚实
To be honest with you. I don't think it will be possible
Honesty is the best policy

chap

He's a friendly sort of chap

beard

和barber的前缀barb有关

hang

hung/hung
There were several expensive suits hanging in the wardrobe
A heavy good necklace hung around her neck

垂落 The tree branches hung with snow

停留，悬浮在空气 Smoke from the houses hung above the village.  The sound of the bells hung in the midnight air

绞死 He was found guilty and hanged later last year.  The woman tried to hang herself with a sheet. 过去式分词均为hanged

get the hang of it 在某件事掌握了窍门。It's not difficult once you get the hang of it. Once you get the hang of it, it's a piece of cake !

unless

You can't get that job unless you have experience

remind

Could you remind him about the dinner on Saturday ?
Did this remind you of something ?

spare

备用的/空闲的 We've got a spare bedroom if you'd like to stay. Take some spare clothes in case you get wet. I havn't had a spare moment this morning.

抽出/拔出/留出/匀出 We can spare only one room for you.  I'd love to have a break. but I can't spare the time right now.

免得/豁免  They asked him to spare the women and children.  Spare the rod, spoil the child 省下棍棒宠坏孩子  spare no effort 不遗余力 We will spare no effort to find out who did this.

备用品 I've lost my key and I haven't got a spare.

cover

The light was so bright that I had to cover my eyes.
Snow covered the ground

包含/涉及  This book covers what we've just discussed in more detail

足以支付 $1000 should cover all the costs.

掩护  cover me

盖子 / 罩子  I keep my computer under a cover. She threw back the cover and jumped out of bed.  Everyone ran for cover when it started to rain. Her face was on the cover of every magazine

As long as the weather is good, we will go skiing tomorrow.

当然也可以是字面意思：This list is as long as your arm 这个清单超级长

The necklace reminds me of my ex-girlfriend. 让想起，remember是记得 I still remember our first dating / meeting

To be honest, I just don't want to go

I'm a sporty person and don't want to sit behind a desk all day

I would like to hang out more with you

I have my eye on that coat

Do you mind me asking what happened ?

He has decided to grow a beard

I won't go to the party unless I'm invited

In her spare time, she does a lot of drawing

The mountain is covered with snow

She thought he was a very nice chap

What is she like? She is nice and friendly. What does she look like ? She is beautiful. She has long wavy red hair and blue eyes. She is slim and tall. How old is she ? She is around 18 years old. What is she wearing ? She is wearing a short black dress and black shoes.

What is he like ? He is intelligent and self-confident. What does he look like ? He is bald. He has a black beard and moustache. He is thin and tall and he has green eyes. How old is he ? He is in his mid-forties. What is he wearing ? He is wearing  a blue shirt and grey trousers.

What is he like ? He is honest and hard-working. What does he look like ?  He has grey hair and brown eyes. He is tall and plump / plʌmp / 胖乎乎圆滚滚的. How old is he ? He is middle-aged. What is he wearing ? He is wearing an orange T-shirt, blue overalls and black boots.

What is he like ? He is very shy. What does he look like ? He has short black hair and black eyes. He is medium height and thin. How old is he ? He's kind of yong. What is he wearing ? He is wearing a checked shirt, brown trousers and black shoes.

Leo and Alice hang out. Alice sends a text message: I'm already here , I'm wearing a black sweater. Leo looks at his phone and then enters the place. He looks around and sees a girl in a black sweater. He sits down and instroduces himself: 

Hi, nice to finally meet you, Alice !

Alice ? my name is not Alice.

Oh, I'm so sorry!

He gets up, looks around and feels embarrassed.

I can't believe I sat at the wrong table. I really thought that was her. Dark hair, brown eyes, and a black sweater.

Notice the tenses here, both "thought" and "was" are in past tense

Leo ? Is that you ?

Alice ?

Yes, I wasn't sure if it was you, as I saw you go to another girl's table

see sb doing sb. This structure is called "see + bare infinitive" and is used to describe witnessing an action

I mistook her for you.

mistake 认错/看错, mistake sb for sb, You must be mistaking me for someone else

Thank you.

Why ?

I think looks much prettier than me.

I disagree with that. I think you look beautiful.

disagree/agree with： I'm afraid I have to disagree with you on that issue 在那个问题上我不同意你的看法

Thanks. So what's it like working with young ?

What is it like doing sth, 做某事的感觉怎么样，it为形式主语，真实主语为后面的动名词短语
What's it like living in London?
What's it like working in the restaurant?
What's it like falling in love?
What's it like studying in Spain ?
What's it like being a CEO ?

Alice asks Leo what it is like working with Young. Leo replies: 

 

Young and I actually work for different departments. But we often bump into each other around the office.

So what do you think of him ?

He's always kind and helpful. Whenever I have any trouble at work, he is the first person to offer advice.

I'm glad that hasn't changed. When we were at college together, He was always willing to help others.

Sb. be willing to do sth.
I'm willing to give it a shot 我愿意试试
They are willing to help us
I'm willing to discuss this problem
The landlord is willing to rent to the house to me
If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket

 

It's one of the things that really attracts me to him!

Attract sb to sb/sth 吸引

Oh, no ! Did I really just say that ?!

Did she just say she is attracted to him ? Hmmm, interesting.

Sb. be attracted to sb/sth
They were attracted to each other at the first sight 一见倾心
She was very beautiful, but I wasn't attraced to her

In our text, Leo finds out Alice is attracted to Young, but he's not very sure yet, so he asks:

So, are you seeing anyone right now ?

see sb 见某人，或者与某人交往. Are you seeing anyone at the moment

I'm not seeing anyone, but I kind of like a guy.

What am I doing, Why did I say that, Oh, I think he knows, How embarrassing!

From the look from her face, she must really like him. It's gotta be Young.

It's gotta即It has got to be，肯定 / 必须是，肯定推测时常用句型。have got to do 必须/不得不做
This is too good, it's gotta be a dream
No one else had been here before, It's gotta be him
It's gotta be my dad's idea
If there's anyone can do this, it's gotta be you.
It's impossible. He's gotta be kidding

Young's such a great guy. He's tall, charming, and so kind. Every girl's dream.

embarrassed 尴尬的，I was really embarrassed, but then I saw the funny side of it.
Alice looks embarrassed. Leo says:

Don't worry. Your secret is safe with me !

Now, how about we order something to eat ?

Sounds good to me !

mistake

mis错，take拿，字面意思拿错了，表示错误。
Don't be afraid of making mistakes
作动词，表示误解、误会
She mistook my meaning completely
作动词，表示错误判断
She mistook me for someone else

advice

建议：He offered some useful advice. Let me give you a piece of advice 让我给你一个忠告
动词形式advise，表示劝告：I strongly advise you not to go there.
suggest的字面意思是提议，后面通常接名词性结构：He suggested an Italian restaurant for the party. I suggest going out for dinner. I suggest that you talk to my boss
advise作为劝告，通常用advise sb to do sth：I advise you to make a plan before doing your homework  My parents gave me some good advice

attract

She tried to attract the waiter's attention; What attracts me the most is her charming smile
attractive 迷人的：She's a very attractive lady
attraction 有吸引力的事物：旅游景点tourist attraction

be

可以表示存在/生存：To be or not to be, that's a question 生存还是毁灭，这是个问题。I think , therefore I am 我思故我在

interest

作名词：利益，好处。This company looks after the interests of its employees 这家公司关心员工利益
作名词：利息。You should put the money to a savings account, where it will earn interest
使感兴趣。Drawing really interests me
分词：分别有动词、形容词性两种特征的词。英语中大部分分词除了可以做动词，也都可以做形容词。现在分词作形容词往往有主动含义；过去分词作形容词则有被动含义

interesting 主动散发出兴趣这一特征，This is a very interesting lesson; He is a very interesting man; She is quite an interesting woman
interested  感兴趣，受到影响想去看看，be interested in sth. I'm very interested in learning languages

embarrass

使尴尬，使难堪。I‘m sorry, I didn't mean to 成心 embarrass you

embarrassing 使人难堪的。That was a embarrassing situation for me
embarrassed 感到难堪的。He looks a bit embarrassed

charm

魅力/魔力：He is a man of great charm
charming 富有魅力的：She's got a very charming smile 她的笑容很有魅力

college

学院  I met my husband when we wre in college

Now let's summarize the key English grammar points in Unit 13.

Attributive clause, 也叫形容词性从句，它是大句子中起限定、修饰作用的从句。例如：

This is the girl ( that ) I'm looking for
A teacher is a person who teaches
She just broke the cup ( which ) I love
I know a place where the food is first-class
He  really likes the book that he bought yesterday        先行词（被修饰） 为the book，that为关系词，指代主句中的the book
He's the man who saved my life                                           先行词为the man，who为关系词指代the man
I'll never forget the day when we met

关系词分为两种：

关系代词：指代主句里的先行词，引导从句具体说明人、事、物的特点。例如who、whom、whose谁的/什么的、that 无选择性、which 有选择性（哪一个）

who 指人，在从句中作主语，非正式文体中亦可作宾语，作宾语时可省略。

An English teacher is a person who teaches English
The man ( who ) I hugged is a writer
I'm not really into people who looks scruffy
I would prefer someone who's about the same height as me
He's also a really humorous guy who always tells funny stories

whom 指人，作宾语，常常省略

She always says hello to everyone ( whom ) she meets

whose 指人或者物

You were the ony one whose advice he might follow
This is the classroom whose window was broken

that 可以指人或者物，正式文体中通常用来指物。可用作主语/宾语，非正式文体宾语可以省略

Is she the woman that you love ?
I haven't watched the movie that you recommended
Can you think of any book that explains English grammar well ?
He doesn't like the thing ( that ) he saw in his company 作宾语可省略

which 可以指物，可用作主语/宾语，非正式文体宾语可以省略

He remembered the song which/that was played on his last birthday
She just broke the cup which/that I love

先行词是明确指代（那个）用that，不是明确指代，具有选择性，用which（哪一个）。

不具备选择性的例子：最高级、带序数、带有the only、the very、the last等：

The smartest woman that I  have ever seen is now my girlfriend
The first thing that I'm going to do tomorrow is to visit him
He is the only one that I have told my secrets to

或者是不定代词：all anything everything nothing none some little few much 范围明确，不具备选择性：

All that costs you is just time
He did everything that he could to prove his loyalty to her
None that has happened during the past few years means anything to him 过去几年发生的事情对他毫无意义
There are some movies that I really like in my computer

主句的主语是疑问词who/which时，只能用that：

Who is the girl that is smiling ?
Which is the cover 封面  that have grabbed your attention ?

既有人又有物的先行词，只能用that，因为which不能修饰人：

The patients and their belongs that were still in this hospital needed to be transferred to another one

关系副词：指代主句里的先行词，在从句中作状语，具体说明时间、地点、原因这样辅助性的信息。例如 when  where why

when 指代主句中表示时间的先行词，在从句中作时间状语。等价于 介词+which

This is the time when we should stand by 支持 each other
This is the time in which we should stand by each other
This is a year when / in which he will get a promotion

where  指代主句中表示地点的先行词，在从句中作地点状语。等价于 介词+which

I know a place where / in which the food is first-class
This is a city where / in which past and present meet

why 指代主句中表示原因的先行词，在从句中作原因状语。

The reason why she didn't pass the test is that she was too nervous

Young comes across 遇到 Leo

So, come on ! Spill the beans

spill the beans 撒豆子，表示泄密/说漏嘴 It's a big secret, we should not spill the beans
We had prepared the surprise party for Andy, however, Kate accidently spilleds the beans to him

In our text today, Young tells Leo to spill the beans, which means that Young wants to hear a secret from Leo.

how did you go with Alice ?

Well, She told me she already liked someone else and was only looking to make friends.

look to 寻求/期待。转述reported speech即间接引语。改为直接引语：She told me, "I already like someone else and am only looking to make friends" 直接引语人称/时态保留原话，间接引语则人称/语态需要根据情况修改

She told me the same. But I was kind of hoping you guys would hit it off anyway.

kind of 有点   anyway 无论如何  

hit it off 合得来/投缘   They hit it off from the start; it was almost love at first sight 他们开始就处的很好几乎是一见钟情
Does Alice hit it off with her stepmother ?

In the text, Young was hoping Leo and Alice would hit it off, but things don't look great. Young continues:

So, what happened.

We chatted a lot. Alice said she came back from Germany because she missed her life in China.

改为直接引语：              I came back from Germany because I miss 不需要ed因为现在不是不想了 my life in China

She also talked a lot about you.

Oh ? What did she say ?

Alice said, " Young looked out for me in college". She said you were always there for her.

引号包围的原话转述，direct speech即直接引语。转述时，可以用冒号也可以用逗号，但是逗号常见

look out 小心留意  Look out pickpockets while travelling  look out for sb 为某人而小心，照顾某人

be there for sb 这里是在某人身边陪伴

Alice said that Young was always there for her back in 用于描述回忆，在大学时  college, what is Young's attitude toward 美国人习惯，英国人用to更多 this ?

I like helping others. So was there any spark between the two of you ?

spark 火花

Definitely not. From  what I can tell, She really likes this other guy.

this other 就是前文提到的那个其他人

From what I can tell 据我所知。
From what i can tell, He is telling the truth.
From what I can tell, he won't come to the party tonight
From what I can tell, there's no hospital nearby
From what I can tell, She is the best student in her class
From what I can tell, He is dating another gial

Did she mention who this guy is ?

No, she didn't. But , It didn't take me long to figure it out.

figure 认为 figure out搞清楚
It seems impossible to figure out on which day William Shakespeare was born

It didn't take me long to 没过多久我就
It didn't take me long to finsh the work
It didn't take me long to get back home
It didn't take me long to finsh my lunch
It didn't take me long to realize that something went wrong
It didn't take me long to full asleep last night

In our text, Leo says he knows who the guy is, What is Young's reaction:

（thought）I wonder how Leo figured it out.

But, I'm not at liberty to say. I said to Alice, " Your secret is safe with me."

at liberty 处于自由状态，这里是不太方便的意思。Her secret is 不用was因为现在也是安全的 safe with me

So that means she told you ? Come on, man ! I won't tell her you told me.

so that means 也就是说
You can't be late, so that means you need to hurry up
I'm sick, so that means I can't go to work

In our text, Young wants to know who Alice likes

We chatted for about two hours, and all she wanted to talk about was you.

She mentioned you like a hundred times, What do you think ?

like 和 about差不多意思，好像，差不多

What !? You mean she has a crush on me ?

crush 挤压，作为名词表示迷恋（特别是暗恋） Tina had a  crush on Rob all through high school

Here secret is safe with me.

Leo's phone starts to ring:

I need to take this, it's my boss.

（thought）How did I not realize ?

spill

本义为摧毁，浪费。洒出/泼出/溢出。spilled/spilled  spilt/spilt

I spilled coffee on my shirt
He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilled all over the floor
She dropped the glass and spilled juice all over the floor
It's no use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收

作名词，洒出的东西
Could you wipe up that spill, please
Many seabirds died as a result of the oil spill

spark

火花/火星：
Sparks were flying out of the fire
We still have a spark of hope 我们仍然有一线希望

导火索：The girl was the spark of this fight

生气/活力：As a writer, he seemd to lack creative spark

引起/导致：Winds brought down power lines, sparking a fire

mention

提及：Nobody mentioned me about it;  I promise never to  mention it again
Psychologist Glenn mentions 指在文字中提及 in his paper that music education enhances children's language skill

名词：提及/简短的陈述：The event didn't even get a mention in the newspaper

figure

fig- 形成/创建  fiction 小说，虚构的故事

体型/轮廓
She got her figure back after having the baby
I could see two figures in the dark 我在黑暗中能看到两个人影

画出来的几何图形
Please see figures 8  and 9

数字
His salary is now in six figures 他的薪水现在有六位数
The figure 7 is written on the board

人物
Jackson is a leading figure in the music industry

搞清楚figure out：
I can't figure out why
You can't figure out the distance between us
I hope you have figured out the meanings of the word 'figure' here

liberty

liber- 自由 deliver 使脱离/使自由，运送

自由/自由权
The Statue of liberty is a world known neoclassical 新古典主义的statue

freedom 来自古英语，突出人身自由。freedom of speech。liberty强调自由意志。You are at liberty to do as you please 你可以随意行事

crush

挤压 压碎
His arm was badly crushed in the car accident
The car was completely crushed under the truck
You should cursh the garlic first

使嫉妒震惊/伤心
He was crushed by the news of the accident

彻底击败/碾压
China crushed Japan by 40 to 0 in the match

拥挤的人群
I had to struggle through the crush to get to the door

迷恋
She has a crush on one of her teachers in the college

Young checks his alarm clock, He said:

It's still so early.

Ever since Leo told me about Alice, I haven't been able to have a good night's sleep.

ever since 自从
Ever since the confirmed case appeared, we have been taking nucleic / njuːˈkleɪɪk / acid test every three days.

I can't stop thinking about what he said.

I can't stop doing
I can't stop eating because it's really good
I can't stop crying over the sad news
I can't stop missing you
I can't stop working because I have to finish it by six pm
Learning that 得知 she has passed the exam, she can't stop laughing

I recall, Alice always had the cutest smile when she was talking with me.

recall 回想，相对于remember更加正式

I recall ...
I recall my visit to South Korea in 2020 我回想起了2020年去韩国的事情
She recalled that her boss came out of his office at about 10 pm
I recall the days when we are together
I recall  she was only twenty when we first met

Young now goes back in time to see the first time he met Alice  when they were students together, he said:

How could I miss all the signs ?

sign 迹象

How could I ...
How could I remember ?
How could you say that ?
How could I miss this opportunity ?
How could you do this ?
How could he miss our performance ?

Now let's move on to the text, and see what Young recalls about Alice:

She put her hand on my shoulder, but I thought she was just being friendly.

being friendly 当时在表现出友好
He was polite 他很有礼貌/他活着的时候很有礼貌；He was just being polite 他只是想表示礼貌
I'm just being good to you 我只是在对你好

She said She liked her boss's cooking, but she was just being polite
I tell him that he's getting fat, I was just being honest

Let get back to the text, Young continues to think about Alice:

Now I think about it, the last time we met, she did say she wanted to hang out with me more.

did 强调

Young goes back in time 回忆过去, He looks closely at Alice's face and starts to notice all the kind expressions she showed towards him.

I do find her attractive.

I remember the first time I set eyes on her in the classroom, I thought she was stunning.

set eyes on sb 把眼睛放在某人身上

stunning 震惊的/惊艳的

I just always thought she took me as a friend.

take sb/sth as ... 把某人某事当作
People take Marconi as an outstanding inventor

I should ask her out.

ask sb out 约某人出来
I wanted to ask him out, but I just couldn't get up my nerve 鼓不起勇气 to do it

I remember we spoke about  playing badminton togeter, it wouldn't be the most romantic environment, but I will attempt to impress her.

I will attempt to 相当于I will try to 但是更正式
I will attempt to answer all your questions
I will attempt to improve my English
Listen, he will attempt to escape the prison tonight

Young sends Alice a text message, the message reads:  'Hi, Alice. I hope you're OK. I was wondering if you are free tomorrow. I thought we could play a round of badminton together'

a round of 一轮
We might need a new round of negotiation

Done !  Wow ! That was fast.

Alice already replies to Young. The text message reads:  ' That sounds great ! Let me know what time, and I will book the court.'

I best try to find where I last left my badminton gear !

ever

adv：每个时间，在任何时候。辅助其它词起强调作用：I will never ever do that again

adv：已往的任何时候，曾经。Have you ever been to New York ? It's raining worse then ever.

总是、始终：
I will love you forever and ever and ever
They don't know how to control the ever growing / increasing population

在疑问句中强调疑问词，究竟/到底：What ever have you done to him ?  How ever did he do that ?

recall

记起/回忆起：She didn't recall that man's name. Can you recall what happened ? I can't recall what happened on Monday

记忆力：You have an amazing power of recall

使联想起：His paintings recall the style of Picasso.

召回：The company has recalled all the cars with problems.  All the faulty cars have been recalled

shoulder

肩膀：Her head was resting on his shoulder

山肩：That village is located around the shoulder of the mountain

stun

使震惊：They were stunned by the view of the traveling spot

使昏迷（打昏）：The fall stunned me for a moment

stunning 令人震惊/非常有魅力的：
You look stunning
It's not stunning that social media brings feelings of loneliness

attempt

企图：He attempted to escape though a window.

名词，尝试：
I passed my driving test at the first attempt
It is actually a good first attempt. 这初次尝试其实不错

court

法庭：She will appear in court tomorrow

球场：A tennis / badminton court . There performance on court was stunning

puppy love： puppy 小狗。 年轻人的爱情，青少年的初恋

My son is only sixteen. but he's already in love, isn't it too early ? Don't worry. it's only puppy love, it won't last

For most people, puppy love is unforgettable

Love at first sight 一见钟情

I know it sounds crazy, but it really was love at first sight

Do you believe in love at first sight ?

fall in love with someone 坠入爱河

Slowly but surely, she started to fall in love with him

Have you fallen in love with him ? 你是不是爱上他了

Love is blind

Love is blind and lovers cannot see the pretty follies (folly 愚蠢的事情/想法) that themseleves commit

There is a saying, love is blind.

in a relationship

relationship可以表示恋爱关系： A close friendship betwwen two people, especially one involving romantic feelings

The most important thing  in a relationship is Trust

Are you in a relationship ?

A match made in heaven 天作之合

I think we are a match made in heaven

You are not my type 你不是我的菜

He is not my type

break up 分手 离婚

I thought you were going to break up with him
My boyfriend just broke up with me

pop the question

pop 突然提出

突然提出问题，通常是Will you marry me?

She waited for years for him to pop the question
I don't know if I'm ready to pop the question

tie 打结 the knot 绳结   喜结连理，结婚

They tied the knot after being in love for 8 years.

She's planning decided  to tie the knot with here boyfriend at next June

Actually, this ten phrases also stand for different stages in love. which stage are you in now ?

Young looks around, he checks the name of the place with the information Alice sent to him. And he says:

This must be the place

He goes towards the entrance, and gets a message from Alice. The message reads: I'm already inside. See you soon

I'd better go inside and find her

He walks in, and he says:

Hey, Alice. Sorry I'm late.

Don't worry about it, it's funny to see some things  never change

it形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to ...

It's funny to see a man pretending to be a woman
It's funny to know the fact
It's funny to see a money riding a bike
It's funny to hear the the news

What do you mean ?

You're unbelievably / ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbli / lucky!  what do you mean

Don't you remember ? When we were students, you were always the last to show up to an event.

You weren't much better, though !

though 然而   This is a very good coloquial expression if  want to show that someone else is not much better no better than you in something

My first year in town was a disaster, And the next three weren't much better

Neither of us ever arrived on time.

Well, you know what they say ? It's a woman's prerogative to be late.

You know what they say, When in Rome, do as the Romans do.  入乡随俗
You know what they say, Every road All roads reach lead to Rome

prerogative 特权  Ben makes all the big decisions, that's his prerogative as company director

I see you are still quick off the mark with your witty comments.

quick off the mark 行动敏捷，反应快。反义词 slow off the mark 反应迟钝
If someone is quick off the mark, they do something before most other people
If you are always that slow off the mark, you will never win the race.

In our text today, Young says Alice is quick off the mark, Alice replies:

Come on then! Let's what you got!

Let's what you got 看看你有什么；看看你几斤几两

Welcome to the party ! I got three bottles of whiskey. Let's see what you got 让我们看看你带来了什么
I got an A plus in the test. Let's see what you got 你考的怎么样

What's your favorite beverage ?
Coffee. Would you like some ?
Let's see what you got.
I have espresso / eˈspresoʊ / 意式浓缩, I have regular coffee, I have different flavors

I'm ready for it! Look at the two of us. We are both so competitive.

It is gonna a good match, I think it could go either way, but I' gonna try my best.

I think it could go either way, but I' gonna try my best. 虽然谁输谁赢说不定，但是我不会手下留情的

Aren't you forgetting something ? Your racket ! We won't get very far without it.

This is actually a kind of humor, OK. Alice looks embarrassed. She goes to pick up her racket.

You seem to have become more forgetful as you're got older.

forgetful 健忘的

Young says the sentence in a jokey way

You seem to have ...
You seem to have  got yourself into a lot of trouble
You seem to have done very well at school
You seem to have bought the entire whole market  买的太多了
You seem to have changed to another person
Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-marker swings

Young jokes about Alices, Alices says:

Don't be cheeky !

For that, I'm gonna put you through your paces today.

for that 就冲你这这句话

The coach wanted to put the young boxer through her paces before he agreed to bring her on 带入 the Olympic team

Bring it on !

放马过来吧 .  This is also the last very useful coloquial expression today which is useful to reply to anything that you're ready to face

I have a very diffcult question that I bet you don't know how to answer.  Bring it on !
The scariest ride at the amusement park ? Bring it on!

offical

官方的，正式的：

The offical photos of the president's tour of India
English is the offical language of about 45 countries

官员，要员：A goverment offical

prerogative

优先权，特权：In many countries education is still the preragative of the rich

mark

记号： marker 马克笔 mug 马克杯

标记：Don't bother her, She is marking exam papers.

留下痕迹：A dark carpet won't mark as easily as a light one

标志，以什么为特征：The argeement marks a new phase in international relations 这一协议标记着国际关系的新时期的到来

标明方位：The route has been marked red on the map

Mark my words 记住我的话

There are dirty marks 污点 on her pants
There is a white mark 斑点 on the horse's head
I've put a mark 记号 on the map where I think we should go for a picnic
A question mark 问号  A exclamation  / ˌekskləˈmeɪʃn / mark 叹号
I get a full mark 满分 in the test

witty

wit 说话的风趣  He is known for his sharp wit  他以他犀利的幽默著称

wit 说话风趣的人 She is a well-known wit who makes many people laugh

wit 头脑，智力 He need all his wit 绞尽脑汁 to find his way out

witty 风趣的，诙谐的

She is a witty talker
He was witty and very charming

comment

评论：

He made some bad 负面的 comments on the game
My mum always comments on what I'm wearing
You really can't comment until you know the facts

No comment 不发表任何评论

competitive

compete

竞争：It's diffcult for a small shop to compete with big supermarkets
对抗：The two athletes are competing for the gold medal
参加比赛：Are you compete in the 100 meters ?

好胜的： He is a very competitive man
有竞争力的： We need to work harder to be/remain competitive with other companies

competition：

Competition is getting hotter day by day
The team put on a good show in the competition

cheeky

cheek 脸颊

厚脸皮的，放肆的：

You're getting far too cheeky!
He's got a cheeky grin
Her son is a cheeky little money 放肆的小淘气鬼

Our time is almost up.

How about whoever loses the next point has to buy the other dinner ?

介词    介词宾语（整句话）
              主语                                               主动词+动词构成谓语动词，the other简介宾语，dinner直接宾语

Sounds good to me !

Looks like I will have a freee meal today.

What would you like to eat ?

Noodles ?

There's a noodle restaurant in the city center that I've always wanted to try.

                                                         地点状语提前，强调  定语从句

noodle restaurant 名词修饰名词，两者都侧重。形容词修饰名词，形容词仅仅起到修饰作用

convenience store 便利店 convenient store 方便的商店  Is there a convenience store in the neighborhood ?
a dust bug 装灰尘的袋子  a dusty bug脏兮兮的袋子

Alice tells Young that she want to have noodles, Young replies:

Are you sure that's a good idea ?

What do you mean ?

You used to get meat sauce  all down your white jumper.

Oh my god, how do you still remember such things ?

I've always been good at holding onto memeries about those I care about.

hold onto 在某事上抓住不放，这里表示牢牢记住
They couldn't hold onto there jobs 他们无法保住工作

I've always been good at... 我一直都很擅长
I've always been good at languages and design
I've always been good at telling cold jokes
I've always been good at drawing and dancing
I've always been good at art
Nick has always been good at finding cheap flights

We don't care about sex or age

Young says he can remember things that he care about, what he wants to say is that he cares about Alice. Alice replies:

Wow, Young. You always did have a way with words.

你之前就是这么花言巧语

'You always have a way with words' you can use this colloquial expression to reply to someone's witty comments.

So many college girls were after you, but for some reason, You didn't never seem to be seemed interested in any of them ?

after you 喜欢

for some reason 由于某些原因，不知道为什么
for some reason, I always fell cold in this room
for some reason, people like watching his videos
for some reason, He doesn't want to talk to me anymore
for some reason, She hasn't eaten anything for two days
Are you angry with me for some reason ?

Alice wonders why Young didn't like any of the girls after him, what is Young's reaction:

I should be honest and tell her.

Well, back then, I had a crush on you.

back then 那个时候

What ? Why didn't you tell me ?

I was worried about that it would ruin other friendship.

I was worried about your safey
I was worried that you wouldn't come
I was worried about her opration
I was worried if he could finish his task on time
I was worried we wouldn't have enough money

In the text, Young was worried about,  that once he told Alice he liked her, Alice would turn him down 拒绝他. Alice replies:

And, what about now ?

It's been a long time,  but, My feelings for you have never changed.

I'm so happy to hear you say that. Let's grab your stuff and get out of here.

After you.

After you ! Lady first !

I can't explain it, but it this just feels right.

I can't explain it, but it just feels wrong  我解释不清，但是这感觉不对啊
I can't explain it, but I can figure out a way to solve  / sɑːlv / this problem

point

点：This is a good point to watch the race
尖：Be careful with that needle, it has a very sharp point
小数点：one kilogram equals two point two pounds

观点：

You made some interesting points in your speech.
from my point of view
I see your point
We disagree with every point she makes

意义：There's no point arguing about it
时刻：I don't know what to do at this point
得分：That athlete has won the most points

指向：She point her finger in my direction.  The man pointed a knife to her

sauce

调味汁，酱汁，沙司。tomato sauce.   The tomatoes give extra flavour to the sauce

memory

回忆：The photos bring back 唤起 lots of good memories

记忆力：He has a very good memory.  As he aged/ gets older, his memory got worse

ruin

（严重的）破坏：

The country was ruined by the war
The bad weather ruined by trip
My life is ruined and I suppose I only have myself to blame

（名词）毁灭/废墟： The car accident meant the ruin of all her hopes.   The old building was left into ruin 那老房子沦为了废墟

friendship

-ship 形状/形态  membership 会员身份  ownership 所有权  citizenship公民身份

Their friendship blossomed into love
Your friendship is very important to me
Your friendship means a great deal to me

stuff

stuff like this, stuff like that  等等等等

可以代表任何物品：What's this black stuff

泛指说或者做的事情：

What the stuff she has been saying about that man is just not true
We did some really interesting stuff today

装满：The thief stuffed his bag with money

explain

解释：It was difficult to explain the problem to beginners.    Let me explain.  It's pretty hard to explain

Object Clause：在一个大句子，宾语位置不是一个单词/短语，还是一个子句（连接词+完整句子）的情况，属于名词性从句。

课文中的例子：

I guess she was stuck in traffic
I remember I wanted to be a doctor when I was a kid
I know what I'll do
I wonder if others have also lost power

 从属连词that的省略，因为没有实际意义，通常都会省略。除非需要提醒读者后面的是宾语，具体情况：

句子中有两个或者更多宾语从句，第二个和以后的that不能省略：

They said (that) the meeting was very important, and that we mustn't late 第二个如果省略，就变成我们不能迟到，而不是他们说我们不能迟到

谓语和宾语之间有插入语的时候：

We all know, without any doubt, that knowledge is power  没有that结构显得松散

为了表示强调，整个宾语从句前置时：

That he has never been to the States, I simply don't believe.  他从来没去过美国？我简直不敢相信

当that引导的从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时：

He can't tell her that he loved her.  没有that结构显得松散

系动词 + 一些表示主观情感的形容词（系表结构）在逻辑上属于谓语的表达，后面跟着从句时，某些专家也认为这个从句可以看作宾语从句：

这些形容词包括：afraid/angry/anxious/sure/glad/happy/pleased/pround/sad/sorry/surprised/worried ...

I am sorry that you cannot spend New Year's Eve with me. 我很遗憾你不能和我们一起度过除夕   that 后面也可以看作是补充sorry的原因，即原因状语从句

He was worried that she would say no

Everybody were angry that the employer didn't paly them enough

I'm sure it will take some time
I'm afraid we are fully booked until the 20th of April
I'm not sure if I'm ready to go on dates right now

连接代词或者副词连接的宾语从句：

He began to understand what he had done
I don't know who took my bag

I can't imagine how he did it
The can't understand why I refused this offer
She wonders when he will tell her the truth

Now I understand why you still haven't got a dress
Do you know where Area C Meeting Room 4 is ？
I can't believe how close the subway station is
Wow, I see what he means
Can you believe how heavy the rain is ?
OK, let's see what I should take
Did she mention who this guy is
I wonder how Leo figured it out
I best try to find where I last left my badminton gear
Let's see what you got

if引导的宾语从句：

We all doubt if tomorrow will be better

I wonder if I should introduce myself
Let me call and see if they can squeeze me in today
Hello, I'm calling to ask if you have any appointments available today
Can you recall if you have a membership card here
It's hard to know if I like someone just from a picture

宾语从句中的时态呼应：宾语从句中的时态，往往受到主句时态的影响：

主句是现在、将来时态时，从句一般不受影响：

He says that he likes vegetables
He has told me that she is the most beautiful girl he's ever seen
He will definitely tell you that he used to be a handsome guy

主句是过去时态时，从句一般要变为相应的过去时态：

现在时态变成过去时态：

I don't know that he is a big fan of yours
I didn't know that he was a big fan of yours 我当时不知道（那时）他是你的粉丝

He thinks  that she is lying
He thought that she was lying

I hear that you have won a big prize
I heard / hɜːrd /  that you had won a big prize

He wants to know what she has been  studying
He wanted to know what she had been studying 他（那时）想知道她（那时）在研究什么

I can't believe I sat at the wrong table  时态不受影响
I really thought that  that was her
Well, she told me she already  liked someone else
I thought she was just being friendly

将来时变为过去将来时：

I hope that we will see each other again
I hoped that we would see each other again

She thinks that he will be waiting for her 她认为他会一直等着她
She thought that he would be waiting for her

What ?! I didn't realize it would take so long to find a single outfit
She told me the same, but I was kind of hoping you guys would hit it off anyway

几种特殊情况，从句时态不受主句影响：

从句内容是客观规律/现象：

This proved that the sun raises from the east

只有一种形态的情态动词：must /  ought to / need / had better 不存在时态变化：

He said that she must be honest to him
The scientists warned that the public had better do their bit 尽一份力 to protect the environment

如果说话人说话的时候，将来时态仍然有效：

She told me just now that her father is ill 刚刚说的，现在肯定没好

Hey Leo, How is you week so far ?

so far 到目前，时间状语

According to the news, so far eight workers have been killed

So far so good.

Today is my six-month anniversary since I joined the company.

six-month 六个月纪念日，不要复数

Wow! Congratulations!

Thanks ! I was just thinking about how silly I felt after my first day.

how silly ... 宾语从句

Oh ?  What happened.

Well, it was time to clock out and head back to my place.

I headed out the building. Then I went to the place I had seen earlier in the day where I can take the shuttle bus to the subway station.

I jumped on it and not long after, the bus set off. That's when something odd happened.

not long after 不久以后

set off 设置为off的状态，即出发
The clock said then minutes past eleven when we set up

That's when 就在那时...
That's when I heard the phone ring
That's when I made a decision to stop
That's when the accident happened
That's when I saw your girlfrind

Young asks Leo what happened:

Did the bus break down ?

break down 坏掉，分解

Did your car break down again ? It did !  And that's the third time in two weeks

No, it didn't. But instead of turning left, it turned right at the crossroads.

instead of 代替，而不是
Now, instead of  swimming upstream, we relax, meditate, sleep watch movies, or listen to music

crossroads 十字路口，加s是因为这路口有很多路
He stood at the crossroads, not knowing where to go

I thought that maybe the driver knew an alternate route.

alternate 交替的，备用的

Then minutes had passed, I decided to check my location to see where we were.

It turns out, we were heading in the opposite direction to the subway station.

Oh, no! Did you ask anyone around you for help ?

I wanted to , but I felt too embarrassed. If I only ask someone to help me.

felt  / felt /

If only 如果...就好了
If only I weren't so nervous 如果我没有那么紧张就好了。虚拟语气，所以过去式were
if only I had known you then  如果我当时就认识你就好了
if only I knew her name
if only we cloud take the day off tomorrow
if only the clock had rung / rʌŋ /

So where did you end up ?

end up 最终到达/陷入：到达或陷入一个没有计划或预期的地方、状态或情况

I ended up going to the south of the city.

I have no choice but to wait and see. Luckily, we had stopped outside a subway station.

I have no choice but to ... 除了...我别无选择
I have no choice but to accept your advice
I have no choice but to believe what you're saying
I have no choice but to leave
I have no choice but to stay here
I have no choice but to  remove your name from the list

So I headed to the subway entrance and spent the next hour and a half going home.

I made a fool of myself. After that, I never made the same mistake again.

 I made a fool of myself  我出丑了

anniversary

周年纪念日：

Today is our wedding anniversay
Our annual anniversary sales started on Monday 我们一年一次的周年促销在周一开始了

silly

愚蠢的（单纯/可笑）和 foolish 不同

Her work is full of silly mistakes
I felt silly in this clothes

laughed oneself silly  笑得傻里傻气，笑得不受控制
That movie was hilarious / hɪˈleriəs / ! We laughed ourselves silly from beginning to end

odd

奇数的： 1, 3, 5 are odd numbers

不成对的：

You are wearing odd socks
I threw  / θruː / away the odd earring

古怪的：There's something odd about that man 那人有点怪

alternate

alter 改动：

Prices didn't alter much during this year

alternate 使轮流 交替：

She alternated between happiness and sadness
The volume alternates between very loud and very soft

alternate 轮流的，交替的：

He has to work on alternate sundays
It meets in alternate years in China and Korea

She alternately cried and laughed through the hours

alternate 替代者

He was sick, so his friend took part in the meeting as his alternate
Our caption is on leave, so he is selected as the alternate

route

路途 路径 航行：

Which is the best route to take
I live in a bus route so I can easily get to work
He tracked the route on the map

Alice comes in when Young and Leo are talking:

A: There you are , I tried calling you, but you didn't answer.

There you are, 你（们）在这啊。This is a very commonly used colloquial expression for us to show that we have found who or what we've been looking for:

There you are ! I've been looking for you everywhere.

Y: Sorry. My phone was on silent.

on silent 处于无声状态，这里是静音模式. We're starting the meeting soon, please put your phone on silent, Thank you.

never mind 没关系，用于回应道歉

- I'm sorry I broke your favorite cup. - Never mind
- Sorry to interrupt your conversation. - Never mind

Alice continues to ask Young and Leo:

A: Never mind. What are you guys doing ?

Y: Leo was just telling me about the time he took the wrong shuttle bus.

                                                                                   后置定语从句

A: Did he tell you about the time he first met me ?

L: Oh, no ! I thought that would remain a secret !

reamin a secret 保持秘密状态： Our plan must be remain a secret

Y: We're all friends here. So what happened?

A: I had arrived a little early, and had already found a  table. I had sent a text to Leo to let him know that I had arrived. All of a sudden, I saw him walk through the door. I could see him looking around, but I couldn't catch his eye. Then, I noticed that he was heading over to another table. I looked over and saw that the giral was wearing the same color outfit as mine. He sat down at this girl's table, and I could see that he started to introduce himself.

All of a sudden， 突然间

All of a sudden, she didn't look sleepy anymore
All of a sudden, he couldn't see anything
All of a sudden, everyone became silent
All of a sudden, she stopped laughing
All of a sudden, the door opened and he entered the room.

walk through 走过，穿过： I walk through the gates and enter the restaurant.

see sb doing sth 看到某人正在做某事  I saw him climbing the tree

catch somebody's evey 眼神没有对上

head over to 从另外一头走

口语中用 this girl's table 有拉近距离的感觉

L: I didn't realize you saw it all.

A: I could tell you  were really embarrassed at the time, so I didn't want to make it worse.

tell 辨别，看得出 I could tell 我能看出...

I could tell he was angry from his expression
I could tell that that girl doesn't like him
I could tell that he really wants to learn English well
I could tell that she was very disappointed

L: Well now I feel even more embarrassed.

Y: There seems to be a pattern forming.

There seems to be ... 好像

There seems to be an accident ahead
There seems to be an accident on the bridge
There seems to be a connection between there two things
There seems to be no problem at all
There seems to be something wrong with the toilet

forming 现在分词做伴随状语。后面的课文有更多关于非谓语动词的知识

L: What do you mean ?

Y: Well, first, you chose the wrong shuttle bus, and the you went to the wrong table.

L: Maybe I should get myself some glasses!

glasses 眼镜：Her father cleaned his glasses with a paper napkin

silent

寂静的：The empty house is completely silent，等价于quiet

沉默的：

I have the right to remain silent.
Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law
Instantly everyone was silent

silence 寂静：

A loud thunder broke the silence of the night
The stundent listen in silence as theire teacher teaches the lesson

silence 作为动词：使安静/使沉默：

The teacher raised his voice to silence the class

remain

保持（之前的状态），依然： remain silent. 相比之下，keep 可以是保持之前的状态，也可以表示从现在开始 keep silent

Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health remains bad poor.

sudden

突然的：Don't make any sudden movements .   They often make sudden attacks on people

突然发生的事：all of a sudden

pattern

模式：My lessons all follow the same pattern.  The day follows the usual pattern 这一天和平常过的一样  All three attacks followed the same pattern

（重复的）图案：The curtains have a floral pattern

模范、典范： This system sets the pattern for others to follow

form

出现、产生、形成：

A crowed formed around the accident
A solution began to form in her mind
The friendship they formed in school lasted a lifetime

名词：形式、外表、表格：

Swimming is a great form of exercise
The human form 体型 has changed litter over the last 30,000 years.
Please fill in the form with black ink
I filled out a form on their website

Man: Hello.

Woman: Honey?Umm, are you at the club?

Man: Yes.

Woman: Ahhh, I’m at the mall now and I found this beautiful leather coat. It's only a thousand (dollars).Can I get it?

leather [ˈleðə(r)] n. 皮，皮革

Man: Well, sure. If you like it that much.

Woman: Okay! Um, I also stopped by the Mercedes dealership and saw the newmodel, you know, the one I really like…

dealership [ˈdiːlə(r)ʃɪp] n. 特许经销商（店）（尤指汽车经销商）

Mercedes [mɜ(r)ːˈseɪdiz] n. 梅塞德斯（人名）；梅赛德斯·奔驰（汽车品牌）

model [ˈmɒd(ə)l; ˈmɑːdl] n. 模型；模式；型号；款式

Man: How much?

Woman: 120 (thousand dollars).

Man: Well, at that price, I want it with all the options.

嗯，按这个价格，我想要所有的配置

Woman: Great! Oh, and one more thing. The house we wanted last year is back on the market there.They're asking 1.5 (million dollars).

back onthe market 回归市场

Man: We’ll make them an offer, but come in at 1.4(million dollars).

offer [ˈɒfə(r); ˈɔːfər] n. 主动提议，提供；出价，报价

make them an offer 给他们一个报价

Woman: Alright! I love you, baby!

Man: I love you, too.

Woman: Okay. Bye!

Man: Umm, does anybody know whose phone this is?

Leo:  What about you, Young ? Do you have any funny stories ?

Young: I don't think so.

so 代词，如此，代表上句话。This is a very useful colloquial if you want to say that you don't agree with other people's opinions.

- I think this class is very easy.  - I don't think so.

Alice: What about the time I tried to teach you to draw ?

What about the time 那一次怎么样，后面是定语从句

Young: It was indeed very funny.  Watching you drawing is one thing, but drawing by myself is another story.

... is one thing, ... is another

Love is one thing, marriage is another
Listening music at home is one thing, going to a live concert is quite another 完全是另外一回事
Talking is one thing, doing is another
Beauty is one thing, character 品格 is another

In our text, what Young wants to say is that watching Alice drawing is easier than drawing by himself, Alice says:

Alice: It was OK for a first attempt.

It is OK for ... 对于...已经可以了  We use this sentence pattern to express that what others have done is already pretty good.

She didn't finish the task on time, but is was OK for a green hand.
you didn't get a full mark, but is was OK for a beginner

Leo:  So, when did you first get into drawing, Alice ?

get into 进入，进入某个领域/处境

He failed to get into that college
Don't let yourself get into bad habits

when did you first get into ...

when did you first get into acting / cooking / computer games
when did you first get into your family business

Alice: From a very young age, I've always enjoyed drawing. It was a fun thing to do with my mom. My mom is very good at it,  and she used to sit me down and show me how to draw. Looking back on my childhood,  every year for my birthday, she would purchase me many drawing books and pencils

To draw with my mom was a fun thing

sit me down 让我坐下来

look back on sth 回头向某事看，回想起

Looking back on last year, I really wish I had tried harder
Looking back on that time, he did a good job

purchase sb sth 谓语+双宾语

Alice saied her mother would buy her many drawing books and pencils on her birthday in the past, but she hasn't finished yet.

Alice:Even now that I'm older, my mom still keeps up with the tradition

keep up 完全保持

keep up with sth 紧跟着某事，保持某事，不落后

She likes to keep up with with the latest fashions

keep up with sb 赶上某人，不落后

He can't keep up with his classmates in learning English
She started to walk faster and the children had to run to keep up

Alice:My mom also told me that when she was small, her mother also coached her. It's kind of a family tradition now. When I have my own child, I will also teach them so that they can carry on the custom.

kind of 有点...

so that 以便... 就是so后面跟着that引导的从句

carry on 带着继续向前，不简单

tradition / custom 传统

Leo: That's really something!

这可太牛

That's nothing 这不算什么

He is somebody 他是牛人  He is noboday 他是个小人物 I want to be someboday one day 我有天想成为一个大人物

On hearing Alice's story, Young says:

Young:  It just reminded me of a cliffhanger that happened to me when I stopped off to visit my family.

cliffhanger 悬念，想不到的事

stop off 中途逗留

Alice: How about we buy a drink and you can tell us about it after ?

Young: Sounds like a plan,  what do you think Leo ?

Leo: That's a great idea.

indeed

in reality 确实。He's very poor in deed.  A friend in need is a friend indeed 患难见真情

purchase

pur向前chase追赶，延伸为购买，比buy更加正式，在非商务场景中使用，可以显示出对购买行为的重视

They purchase the land for $1 million

也可以作为名词，表示购买的东西：How do you wish to pay for your purchase ?

tradition

传统：Asia has a long tradition of tea-drinking.

custom 还可以表示习惯，等于habit：It was her custom to get up early

coach

长途客车：We'll go to the airport by coach

衍生为私人教师，教练

（针对个人/小组的）指导，训练：She coaches students in French. usually for exams.

Traditional Spring Festival activities

Spring Festival, Chunjie, is the first day of the Chinese lunar calendar.

When Chunjie is approaching, people are busy purchasing goods, cleaning the house, cooking traditional food, making Spring Festival couplets and hanging Spring Festival pictures.

Having a family dinner is the main activity on Chunjie. Dumplings are essential to the dinner. Dumplings represent reunion and goodwill. The whole family gathers to enjoy quality family time.

On Chunjie Lunar New Year's Day, People in new clothes visit each other and give money to kids to send good wishes.

During Chunjie holidays, all kinds of celebrations are held, including temple fairs, performances and Lantern exhibitions, which last nearly half a month.

festival[ˈfestɪvl] n. 节日
lunar[ˈlu:nər] adj. 月亮的，月球的；阴历的
calendar[ˈkælɪndər] n. 日历
approach[əˈproʊtʃ] v. 靠近，临近；接近于
couplet[ˈkʌplət] n.（尤为押韵等长的）对句，对联
essential[ɪˈsenʃl] adj. 必不可少的，非常重要的；
represent[ˌreprɪˈzent] v.代表；为……代言（辩护）
reunion[ri:ˈju:niən] n. 重逢；团聚
celebration[ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn] n.庆典；庆祝活动
performance[pərˈfɔ:(r)məns] n. 表演；演出
exhibition[ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] n. 展览品; 展览；展出

be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
purchase goods 购买商品/货物
Spring Festival couplets 春联
hang Spring Festival pictures 贴年画
be essential to... 对......来说是必不可少的

Young: Well, one afternoon I have just finished shopping and was walking to my car with my shopping bag.

Young: All of a sudden, I felt some dust land on my arm.

dust 不可数     land 落下

feel sth do sth

Young: I looked around, and couldn't work out where it was coming from

work out 解决，想清楚。口语中可以表示锻炼

Don't worry, everything will work out
How often do you work out.    We are working out

I couldn't work out ...

I couldn't work out where the music was coming from
I couldn't work out where things went wrong
I couldn't work out the answers to these questions
I couldn't work out why he didn't pass the exam

Young: Suddenly, I realized it was coming from the ceiling. It was an earthquake ! At first I wasn't sure what to do, but then it dawned on me: I need to get myself to safety. Debris and bricks were falling from every direction.

dawn 黎明，破晓。开始，变得明朗  down on me在我身上变得明朗

Young: I need to find the exit. But as I was running toward it, a part of the ceiling collapsed and blocked the way. I couldn't get out. I had to find a safe place to hide and wait it out.

to hide and wait 两个动词共用一个不定式标志词to，做目的状语

wait it (the earthquake) out

Young: The ground was still shaking, and I couldn't keep my balance. I fell to the ground. I ran back to the open car door.

Young: I tought it was better than staying out in  the open. When I got into the car, I shut the door and just kept praying for it to be over. I was so scared that I couldn't catch my breath.

I was so... that ...

I was so tired that I could sleep for a whole day.
This place is so big that it can hold at least 2000 people.
I was so nervous that I sweated a lot.
This movie is so boring that so many people fall asleep

Young recalls that he was too nervous to catch his breath:

Young: Then I heard a crack and the car started to fall.  I was on B1 level, but the car felt through the ground and onto the B2 level. At that point, I must have passed out from the fear.

crack 爆裂声

pass out 晕过去，后面是from 引导的原因状语从句from the fear，源于恐惧

Young: After some time, I woke up.

some time 一段时间，time作为时间是不可数的

I would like some time to consider

some times 几次，若干次，time作为次数是可数的。也可以作为倍数，几倍

I called him some times yesterday, but he didn't answer the phone
This room is some times bigger than that one

sometime 合成词，某个时候，长作副词。作为形容词：以前某个时候的

We should try it sometime 我们将来有时间应该试试
He is a sometime student of mine

sometimes 一些次/若干次，表示有时，偶尔

Sometimes it's best not to say anything

Young: I tried moving, but I could only move my arm a little. I heard a noise, then I saw a light and I could hear people calling out !

call out 大声喊

Young: I raised my arm as high as I could, so that they would hopefully find me. Thankfully, after a while, two people came running over and helped me out.

came running over 现在分词短语做伴随状语。除了并列句，一个英语句子只能有一个谓语动词，如果句子出现第二个动词，就不能是谓语动词，即需要作为非谓语动词 —— 如果这个第二动词是主语主动发出的，就得用现在分词形式，相反，如果是主语被动承受的，就用过去分词：

The storm left, causing much loss to the city.  causeing.. 为伴随状语，即伴随谓语left一起发生的
He stood there, lost in thought.  他站在那，陷入了沉思

After hearing Young's story, Leo says:

Leo:  On my goodness ! That sounds like a terrifying experience !

On my goodness ! 我的天啊，口语里表吃惊

experience 作为经验不可数，作为经历则是可数

Alice: Are you OK ? Did you injure yourself ? 

Young:  I came away, with only cuts and bruises. I'm just grateful to be alive !

came away 离开，这里表示脱险。with引导的介词短语作伴随状语

grateful 感激，庆幸

I'm grateful ... 我很感激

I'm very grateful to have the opportunity to be here.
I'm very grateful to have your help / for your help

earthquake

quake 摇晃。earthquake专指地震：The bridge broke down in the earthquake

dust

灰尘/尘土：The furniture was covered in dust

去除灰尘：She stood up and dusted herself off. 她站起来拍掉身上的尘土

ceiling

房子内侧顶部：A large room with a hight ceiling

上限：They have set a ceiling on the money they could spend

外面的顶叫 roof

dawn

黎明：We woke up at dawn

开端：The dawn of a new time

动词：破晓，He left the house just as the day was dawning

动词：变得明朗，Slowly the terrible truth dawned

debris

碎片：Falling debris rained on us from above.  A number of 一些 people were killed by flying debris

brick

砖头/砖块：He built the house with bricks，可数

collapse

倒塌：The roof collapsed under the weight of snow

崩溃/瓦解/失败：He thought his whole world collapsed when his wife died

晕倒/倒下：He collapsed and died of a heart attack 

做名词的例子：

I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage
He was taken to hospital after his collapse at school

block

一大块：A block of ice   A block of stone

街区：My friend and I live on the same block

建筑：an office block 写字楼

阻塞/阻挡： A fallen tree is blocking the road

balance

平衡：Try to keep balance between work and relaxation

保持平衡：How long can you balance on one leg ?   She tries to balance home life and career

余额 —— 收入和支出平衡剩下的钱

pray

祈祷/ preɪ /：He prayed that nobody would notice his mistake

祷词 / prer /：My prayer is that one day he will be successful in his career

crack

使破裂/使裂开： A stone hit the window and cracked the glass.  The ice cracked as I stepped onto it

破解/攻克/粉碎：Police have cracked a major crime group  大型犯罪团伙

裂纹：Cracks appears in the dry ground

terrify

使害怕：Flying terrifis her

terrifying 令人害怕的： That is a terrifying moive

terrified 受到惊吓的：She was terrified by that sound

injure

injury （尤指对身体的）伤害：Two players are out of the team because of injury

使受伤：She fell and injured her shoulder

bruise

使出现伤痕，擦伤，撞伤： 

She slipped and badly bruised her face 
Bananas and other soft fruits bruise easily

青淤，伤痕：His arms and back were covered in bruises

grateful

感激的：I'm so grateful to you for all that you've done

alive

on-live，表示活着的 We don't know whether he's alive or dead 

awake 醒着的 asleep睡着的

Haiti earthquake

A woman clings to life and her rescuer after surviving a building collapsing around her. 一名妇女在一栋倒塌的建筑物中幸存下来后，紧紧抓住自己的生命和她的救援者

Moments later, a child is pulled from beneath the rubble too.  过了一会儿，一个孩子也从瓦砾下被拉了出来

Friends, family and neighbors must carry each other to safety. 朋友、家人和邻居必须搀扶彼此到安全的地方

Homes and shops have been reduced to bricks and dust in the wake of the 7.2 magnitude earthquake. 一场7.2级的地震过后，房屋和商店全都化为砖块和灰尘

It's a reminder that man's efforts are no match for nature's power. 这次地震提醒我们，人类的努力无法与大自然的力量相抗衡

The extent of the damage is still not known and the head of Haiti's civil protection agency told a press conference he couldn't say a specific number of people killed. 目前尚不清楚损失的程度，海地民防局局长在新闻发布会上表示，他无法说出具体的死亡人数

Tonight it’s suggested that more than 200 have died. 今晚有消息称已有超过200人死亡

 

cling [klɪŋ] v. 抓住，抱紧；黏附，粘住
rescuer [ˈreskjuːə(r)] n. 救助者
survive [sə(r)ˈvaɪv] v. 幸存
beneath [bɪˈniːθ] prep. 在……下方；在……表面之下
rubble [ˈrʌbl] n.（倒塌的墙或建筑留下的）瓦砾，碎石
reduce [rɪˈdjuːs] v. 减少，降低；（通过破裂、燃烧等）使变成，使化为
magnitude [ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd] n. 巨大，重要性；震级；规模
reminder [rɪˈmaɪndə(r)] n. 提醒物，引起回忆的事物
extent [ɪkˈstent] n. 程度；范围
damage [ˈdæmɪdʒ] n. 损坏，损失
specific [spəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 明确的，具体的

cling to 依附；紧握不放
in the wake of 伴随着……的到来
no match for 不是……的对手
civil protection agency 民防总局
press conference 记者招待会

不同时间发生的动作、情况需要用不同形式表示，这些形式就是时态。四时x四体=16种时态

四时：现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时

四体：一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体

有些时态用的较少，比如过去将来完成进行时：站在过去的时间点上，描述将来正在完成进行的动作。例句：She said she would have been waiting for me for two hours by 9 o'clock 她当时说，到九点的时候，就等我两个小时了

例句： was/were doing

I was hoping to treat my friends tonight
I was riding a bike and it started to rain
At lunch, many people were waiting in line
I was just thinking about where to spend my summer vacation this morning
When we were in college together, he was always willing to help others
I recall, Alice always had the cutest smile when she was talking to me
She put on her hand on my shoulder, but I thought she was just being friendly
Leo was just telling me about the time he took the wrong shuttle bus
Then, I noticed he was heading over to another table
Suddenly, I realized I was coming from the ceiling
Debris and bricks were falling from every direction
The ground was still shaking and I couldn't keep my balance

例句： had done

 I wish I had charged it earlier
Then I went to the place I had seen earlier in the day where I can take the shuttle bus to the subway station
Then minutes had past
Luckily, we had stopped outside a subway station
I had arrived a little early and had already found a table. I had sent a text to Leo to let him know that I had arrived
Well, one afternoon I had just finished shopping and was walking to my car with my shopping bag

例句：will do

That will be nice
I'm sure it will take some time
From 2pm to 7pm, that will be a long afternoon
Yes, I will definitely need one
Everything will be OK
By the time I get there, the meeting will be over
Alright, I will give it a shot
As soon as I freshen up, I will go explore my new surroundings
Don't worry about it, I will make you a beautiful bouquet
Well, it looks like it will be raining all day.
I know what I'll do, I'll take them all
Great! I'll know what she says
Looks like I'll have a free meal today
When I have my own children, I will also teach them so that they can carry on the custom

现在进行时表将来：I'm going to sth / I'm gonna do sth

Oh, my bus is arriving
I'm not giving up
I'm gonna celebrate
I'm going to Shanghai
I'm just going to wear a simple shit and my work pants

站在过去的角度描述将来 would do

I hope the weather will be great   - He said that he hoped the weather would be great
I will be there before lunch - He said he would be there before lunch

have/has been doing  表示一直在做某事

I've been waiting for her for ten minutes
I've been working for ten hours
I've been checking the tings off my list
I've been waiting at the check counter for 10 minutes

Leo: Hey, a little bird told me that tomorrow is your birthday.

a little bird 某人  We use this expression to show that we know something but choose to keep it as a secret

A little bird told me that you haved been caught by for cheating in the exam.
Don't ask me too much, just a little bird told me.
A little bird told me that you were on a date last night

Leo: So, how are you feeling ?

Young: I has been one hell of a busy year for me. But, I'm feeling on top of the world.

one hell of 非常的，强调作用

on top of the world 在世界之巅  We use this expression to show that we are extremely happy.

Leo: That's awesome. Any regrets?

省略句 Do you have any regrests?

Young:  No major regrets. But, I didn't take enough time off to relax.

take time off 抽出时间来...

I didn't take enough time off to visit my parents
I didn't take enough time off to learn English
I didn't take enough time off to read
I didn't take enough time off  to exercise

Leo: Well, why don't you plan yourself a little vacation ?

Young: That's not bad idea. I'm gonna try my hardest to travel to more places over the next year.

over the next year 在明年的一整年

Leo: Anywhere in particular ?

Do you have anywhere that you want to travel to in particular ?  in particular介词短语做地点状语

Young: Not really. I love visiting new places, experiencing new cultures, and learning more about the local people.

Leo:  Sounds like you should go on a road trip.

road trip 公路旅行，自驾游

Young: I've always wanted  to go on one actually. Maybe I will plan a road trip to Tibet, starting from Beijing and working my way across the entire country.

work my way 开动我的路线

Leo: I envy you so much right now!

right now 现在

Young: I think it's very important to have a good work-life balance. That's something I want to work hard on before my next birthday.

work hard on sth 在某事上努力

That's something I want to  那就是我想...的事情

That's something I want to talk about right now
That's something I want to experience when I have a chance
That's something I want to buy when I have enough mony
That's something I want to do when I have a chance

Leo:  Me too !  I love my work, but I want to take some more time for myself as well.

Young: Well, why don't you come along ?

 come along一起去

Leo: I'm not sure my boss will give me the time off.

Young: You won't know unless you ask. It's worth a shot

time off 休假

unless you ask 条件状语从句

You won't know... unless you ...

You won't know if she will go with you unless you ask her
You won't know if you can do this unless you try

it's worth a shot 这值得一试。worth作为形容词，表示值得的：

Learning English is worth you time

Leo:You are right

hell

地域： I'll go to hell for this

悲惨的经历：He's been going through hell after his wife died 他妻子死后他一直在苦痛中挣扎

该死，见鬼：What the hell / on earth do you think you are doing ?

regret

v 后悔，惋惜：If you don't do it now, you'll only regret it.  如果现在不做，你一定会后悔的

n 后悔，惋惜：：I have no regrets about leaving this city

particular

particle 颗粒，很小的部分：Particles of dust. There's only a particle of truth in what he saied.

particular 尤指的，专指的，特定的某个部分：

Is there any particular place you want to go ?
There is a particular student you need pay attention to

entire

完整的：I had spent the entire journey to sleep.  The entire village was destroyed.

worth

值多少钱的：Our house is worth $200,000

be worth doing 值的做：

It's worth noting that ...
There is nothing worth reading in this newspaper.

n 价值：The winner will receive ten dollar's worth of books

Travel Plan

Man: We should all take a holiday together this summer.

Woman: That's a great idea. Where do you want to go, Jane?

Jane: I want to go somewhere fun and cosmopolitan. I want to experience the busy streets of a new city and experience its real culture.

Woman: That sounds okay, but I think I prefer somewhere more relaxing. I'd like to go somewhere with beautiful scenery, somewhere with mountains and lakes. There are too many tourists and too much pollution in cities.

Man: I'd prefer to go somewhere a little more historical. It would be good to visit some castles or some places where major battles took place in the past.

Jane: I'm not that interested in history. Places like that would be boring for me. Going to a city would be much more interesting.

Woman: But it will be so crowded and busy. I want to relax, not worry about traffic and crowds. We should go somewhere with lots of nature.

Man: But those kinds of areas feel a little cut off and they don't have modern conveniences like good Wi-Fi connections.

Jane: How about a beach holiday? We can rent a place on the beach and drive into the city or to nearby historical sites.

Woman: That sounds like a good compromise.

 

cosmopolitan [ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən] adj. 国际性的，国际化的
experience [ɪkˈspɪəriəns; ɪkˈspɪriəns] n. 经验; 经历 vt. 体验;经历
scenery [ˈsiːnəri] n.风景;景色
castle [ˈkɑːsl; ˈkæsl] n. 城堡;堡垒
major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] n.专业;主修课程 adj.主要的;大的;重要的 v.主修;专攻
battle [ˈbætl] n. & v. 战争; 斗争; 争论
convenience [kənˈviːniəns] n.方便;便利;便利的事物(或设施)
compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz; ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz] n.妥协;折中

take a holiday 度假
take place 发生，举行
cut off 与世隔绝的
How about … ……怎么样？

Young: Hi Leo, I' glad I caught you! I hear congratuations are in order.

caught you 终于碰到你了

in order 处于顺序之中，表示妥当/适宜。这里就是该祝贺你了

Leo: Wow ! News does spread fast !

spread 扩散，传播

"News does spread fast"（消息传的真快）is a very useful coloquial expression, you can use it to response when you know that someone has heard something that has just happened.

Young: Yes, I heard you got a promotion. Why didn't you tell me about it ？

I heard ... 我听说

I heard that you had an operation, are you OK now ?
I heard that you just got married. Congratulations.
I heard that you had a car accident, are you OK now ?
I heard that you changed your job, is that true ?

Leo: I wish I could have told you,  but they asked me to keep it private for the time being.

could have done 本来可以做到，虚拟语气 。I wish I could have done 用于表示已过去的事情的一种懊悔：

I wish I could have been there yesterday
I wish I could have gone to the movies with you last night
I wish I could have gone with you then
I wish I could have spent more time with my family last year

这里的have是助动词，另外一个句型：I wish I could have sth ... 我希望我有...：

I wish I could have a big house
I wish I could have more holidays

for the time being 字面意思是针对现在正在进行的时间，即暂时

Young: I understand. When do you start ?

Leo: I'm waiting for the new contract, but I think I'll start next month.

Young: Well, congratuations again, what is your new role ?

Leo: They will put me in charge of a new English learning project.

put me in charge of something 把我放到负责...的位置上

Young: That's great ! do you get to handpick your team ?

handpick is a compound word, and it means to select by one's hand or personally

get to...

means to be given permission or opportunity to do sth  获得允许或机会做某事：You'll like here once you get to know her 一旦你有机会了解她你就会喜欢她的
到达某个地方或达成某个目标 I finally managed to get to the party after a long day at work
开始做某事 Let's get to work and finish this project

Leo: Yes, I'm looking forward to choosing people that will be able to help make this project a real success.

Young: It sounds like you have it all planed already.

have sth done 让某事被做完

Leo: Well, I'm preparing myself. I know it's gonna be a challenging role. To be honest, I'm a bit nervous about the interviews. I've only ever attended interviews, but I've never conducted one before.

I know it's gonna be 我知道这会是... This is a compound sentence pattern that combines two patterrns we've learned before.

I know it's gonna be a great trip
I know it's gonna be a very diffcult task, but you must complete  / kəmˈpliːt / it.
I know you will not disappointed me / I know  you won't let me down
I know it's gonna be a hard descision, but you have to make it

Young: You'll be fine. Just have confidence in yourself, your manager gave you the role for a reason.  You've got this !

You've got this / You got this 你可以搞定的，用于鼓励

Leo: Thanks Young, you are always so supportive. You're gonna be the first person I come to if I'm having any trouble.

                                                                                                                                                           定语从句   条件状语从句

Young: Any time! I'm always happy to lend an ear or try to offer advice.

any time 随时

lend an ear 倾听

spread

v 展开 / 传播 / 蔓延 / 扩散：

The bird spread it's wings.
The fire spread rapidly because of the strong wind.
The disease spread easily

n 展开 / 传播 / 蔓延 / 扩散，或者涉及的区域：

The spread of the disease in the last few years has been terrifying
The company has a wide spread of hotels in the world
We have a wide spread of contracted hotels in the country

contract

/ ˈkɒntrækt / n 合同/契约   a contract of employment

/ kənˈtrækt / v

收缩，缩小： Glass contracts as it cools
染病： He contracted COVID-19 while he was travelling

role

角色：She is still growing into her new role as a mother

作用/职责：Schools play an important role in society

success

v succeed

接替/继任/继承： He succeeded his fathere as the boss of the company
成功/实现目标：  Our plan succeeded

success 成功： Confidence is very important to success 信心对成功来说非常重要

success 成功的事物：I hope our project will be a success

nervous

nerve 神经：Every nerve in her body was tense

nerve 衍生为勇气/胆量： I don't have the nerve to tell him what I really thought of this suggestion.

nervous 神经紧张的/担心的：After the acccident, she was very nervous about driving again

attend

v 出席/参加：Over two hundred people attended her wedding.
v 注意/专心： He hadn't been attending during the lesson.
v 随同/跟着去：The President was attended by several members of his staff手下

conduct

指挥/带领： The guide conducted us around the travelling spot.

（按照特定方式/路线）实施/进行：We are conducting a survey to find out what our cu stomers think of their local bus service

传导（电/热）：Copper conduct electricity but plastic does not

作名词，重音前放：

经营方法/实施办法：People think highly of him for his successful conduct of this activity
行为/举止/表现：The club has a strict code of conduct   code of conduct行为准则

support

支持：Whatever you do, I'll support you. Your support is very important to us.

supportive：支持的/拥护的/给予帮助的： They were always supportive to each other

Ken: Hi, I have a 10 a.m. appointment with Ms. Atwater.

Counter: Can I have your name please?

Ken: Yes. Ken O’hern.

Counter: Oh, yes. Mr. O’hern. She’s waiting for you in her office. Please follow me.

(Knock on the door)

Counter: Your 10 o’clock is here, Mary.

Mary: Oh, please come in.

Ken: Hi, Ms. Atwater. I’m Ken O’hern.

Mary: It’s nice to meet you, Ken. Please call me Mary.

Ken: It’s a real pleasure to meet you, Mary.

Mary: Please have a seat, Ken.

Mary: I was just reviewing your CV (curriculum vitae / kəˌrɪkjələm ˈviːtaɪ /  ). I’d like to start by getting to know more about you. Tell me a little bit about yourself.

Ken: Sure. Well. I’m fairly new to this area. I grew up in Canada, but have been living and working in the US for the past 10 plus years. I’m quite fortunate that my job is also my hobby and passion. I love what I do for a living. The best way to describe myself, I’m a frequently headhunted tech sector specialist with 10 years’ experience in EDTech and international business development. I’m now looking to develop my team-building skills, where innovation is vital for business success.

肯恩：当然可以。嗯，对这个区域非常地陌生。我在加拿大长大，但是在过去的10多年里是在美国生活和工作的。我非常地幸运，我从事的工作是我的爱好和热情所在。我热爱我赖以生存的工作。描述自己的最好方式：我是一名经常被猎头聘用的技术领域的专家，拥有10年的教育科技和国际业务开发的经验 。我现在想要发展自己的团队建设技能，而创新对于企业的成功至关重要。

Mary: That all sounds quite interesting.

appointment [əˈpɔɪntmənt] n. 约会；预约；约定
fortunate [ˈfɔ:rtʃənət] adj.幸运的；
passion [ˈpæʃ(ə)n] n.强烈情感；激情
frequently [ˈfri:kwəntli] adv.频繁地；经常
headhunt [ˈhedhʌnt] v. 物色，挖走（人才）
sector [ˈsektər] n.区域，部分；（尤指商业、贸易等的）部门
specialist [ˈspeʃəlɪst] n.专家
development [dɪˈveləpmənt] n.发展
innovation [ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn] n. 创新；改革
vital [ˈvaɪtl] adj. 必不可少的；对…极重要的

do ......for a living以......为生/谋生
be vital for对......来说是至关重要的

Leo: That's enough about me ! What about you and Alice ?  Are you still together ?

Young: Yes, we are.  Everything is so great !

Leo: How long has it been now ?

How long has your relationship with Alice been now ?

Young: Next week, we will be celebrating our six-month anniversary.

will be celebrating  将来进行时：

  This time tomorrow we will be lying on the beach.

Leo: Has it already been that long ?

Young: I know, right. Feels like only yesterday that  we started dating

Leo: Have you got any special planned to celebrate ?

get something done 让某事完成

Young: I have an idea, but I would like your opinion.

Leo: Sure, what have you got in mind ?

 "what have you got in mind"(你觉得呢) is a very useful colloquial expression that you can use to show you want hear another person's opinion towards something:

- What should we have for lunch ?  - I don't know, what have you got in mind? 
- What do you want to do in the coming new year ? - I'm still thinking about it, what have you got in mind? 

Young: I was thinking of aksing her to move in with me.  Her housing contract is almost up,  and it would save us both money as we practically live together alreay.

housing contract 住房合同   up这里是形容词，到期的/到点的 Time is up.

as 引导原因状语从句

practically 实际上 adv

Leo: Oh, well. Just make sure you do it in a romantic way,  rather than talking about saving money.

 rather than sth 相比某事而言，而不是某事

Just make sure 只需要确保：

Just make sure you always have a goal
Just make sure to lock the door when you go out
Just make sure you won't go out at night
Just make sure to visit your grandfather

Young:  Of course. I will be cooking her a nice meal and while / waɪl / eating,  I will give her a little box.

Leo: Let's hope she doesn't think there's a ring in the box.

Let's hope 但愿：

Let's hope everything will go according to the plan
Let's hope our country will become stronger and stronger !
Let's hope he won't get angry.
Let's hope she won't change her mind.

Let's move on to the text, Leo reminds Young that giving a little box to Alice might not be a good idea, because Alice might mistake that there is a ring in the box, Young replies:

Young: That never crossed my mind. Well, maybe I can place a key on the table. Then, when she sees it, I can ask her  if she'd like to move in with me.

Leo: She is one lucky girl.

a/an 都是one的弱读形式: His mother is one generous woman.

Young: I would say I'm the lucky one. Alice is really special. I'm certain that I want to spend my future with her.

I would say 我想说...

I'd say that we have about a 50-50 (fifty fifty ) chance of winning this game today.
I would say, this is not a good idea
I would say he is the best candidate perfect person  for this job
I would say tomorrow isn't a good time

I'm certain that 我确定...

I'm certain that he has seen me.
I'm certain that I can solve this problem
I'm certain that you will do better next time
I'm certain that he will give you a chance

Leo:  That's really nice, I have got my fingers crossed.

get my fingers crossed 表示祝好运   I'ill have / keep my fingers crossed for you.

opinion

动词形式opine 选择想法、发表意见、判断、以为。正式的措辞：I'm not going to opine on this problem 

 What's your opinion about this decision ?

adopt 字面意思：去选择

领养： They've adopted a baby girl
接受/采纳/采取：We need to adopt a different solution toward this problem
选定/选用某人：He was adopted as the new boss in this comany

certain

确定的，无疑的：I'm not certain who was there

不特指的，某个/某些：We have certain reasons for our decision.

Beauty and the Beast

Narrator: Our enchanted story continues on a starry night, as love begins to blossom between the Beauty and the Beast.

Beast: Would you do me the great honor of joining me in a dance?

Beauty: The honor would be mine.

Beauty: Tale as old as time,

Beast: True as it can be.  如此的真实

Beauty: Barely even friends, 本来做朋友都勉强

Beast: Then somebody bends. 却有人退让改变

Beauty & Beast: Beauty and the beast.

Beast: Oh, whenever I’m in your presence 每当我站在你的面前 , I can feel the dark clouds parting and the sun shining on my face.

Beauty: They say true love can break the curse. And I can’t imagine a love more true than this.

Beast: Oh, my darling. I can hardly wait until your transformation.

Beauty: What do you mean ‘my transformation’?

Beast: Well, you know, the curse will be broken and you can stop being a beast.

Beauty: You think I’m the beast?

Beast: Yeah, we were just singing about it. Beauty and the beast.

 

enchanted [ɪnˈtʃɑːntɪd ; ɪnˈtʃæntɪd] adj.中魔法的;着了魔的;施过魔法的
starry [ˈstɑːri] adj. 布满星星的;闪闪发光的;明亮的
blossom [ˈblɒsəm ; ˈblɑːsəm] vi.开花
honor [ˈɒnə ; ˈɑːnər] n.荣誉;荣幸v.尊敬;尊重
tale [teɪl] n. (尤指充满惊险的)故事; 历险记;
barely [ˈbeəli ; ˈberli] adv.仅仅;几乎没有
presence [ˈprezns] n. 在场; 出席; 存在; 出现
part [pɑːt] v. 离开;分别;分离;分开
curse [kɜː(r)s] n. 诅咒; 咒语;
imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] v. 想象; 设想
transformation [ˌtrænsfə(r)ˈmeɪʃn] n. 转型; (彻底的) 变化，转变，改革

Young has invited Alice to his home. He's getting some last-minute nerves and wants to make sure everything is perfect before she arrvies.

Tonight is a big night ! I just hope it will go as planed.

今晚很重要，This is a very good colloquial expression for us to show the importance of a certain night.

Look at the time, I best start preparing the meal. or else there will be no dinner to eat. I won't lie. I can't help feeling a bit nervous

I can't help sth 字面意思我不能帮助某事，衍生为无能为力，情不自禁

I don't wanna cry, but I can't help it
I can't help crying out every time I  think of that accident.
I can't help feeling sorry 难过 for the poor man
I can't help laughing every time I think of that
I can't help thinking about what he will look like

Young say he feels a bit nervous about what will happen next. He continues:

It's been a longh time since I felt this way about some. I must make sure the night goes off without a hitch. I'm going to cook her favorite meal, and I've downloaded her favorite movie. I hope she will like everything.

 He goes back to cook, and he says:

Time is ticking, dinner is coming along nicely. I should set up the table.

coming along  字面意思是：伴随着一起来。结合语境是按计划进展的意思

These past six months have been the happiest for me. I have never asked anyone to move in with me before. Alice means a lot to me

happiest即happiest six months，省略让措辞简洁 

means a lot to me 对我很重要

Your support means a lot to me
What you said means a lot to me

 She is so unique, and always makes me chuckle. I really hope she feels the same and says yes. I never pictured myself being the romantic type until I met her.

 picture 设想    being the romantic type  宾语补足语

It will be nice coming home after a long day, and being able to chill on the sofa together.

chill 放松

并列的动名词短语作为真实主语

It will be nice... 如果...会很好

It will be nice seeing you on our wedding day
It will be nice lying on the beach and listening to music

OK, table's set. Now to quickly check on the food.  It's looking great, my mouth is already watering.

Now it's time to quickly check on the food

check on sth 在某事上检查

water 浇水/流口水：Can you water the flower for me when  while I'm out away

I ought to get changed, I can't greet her looking like this.

 looking like this 现在分词短语作伴随状语

He goes upstairs and starts getting changed. Then the door bell rings:

She's early. Best not keep her waiting!

lie

异源同形词：躺 lie / lay / lain / lying

v 躺：lie in bed, lie in the bed, lie on the bed  .

A cat lay in front of the fire
I had alreay lain down when he came in
I found her lying on the ground

v 位于/坐落在：The river lies in 30km to south

v （责任/罪责/决定/选择权）在于某人：The cause of the accident lies in the carelessness of the driver

异源同形词：说谎 lie / lied / lied / lying

Don't lie to me

名词：谎言：The whole story is nothing but a pack of lies. 整个叙述就是一派胡言

unique

uint 单元  unite 团结/拧成一股绳 union 联盟  ... 都是one的同源词

unique 独一无二的：Everyone's fingerprints are unique.

chuckle

轻声笑/暗自笑：She chucked at the memory 想到这事她就暗自发笑

chill

n 和寒冷有关：寒冷，寒意

There was a chill in the air this morning

v 使冷却：I've put the beer in the fridge to chill.  Chill the wine before serving

v 放松/休息（冷静下来，别那么忙活）：

We went home and chilled in front of the TV

chill out 冷静一下，don't be so angry

Let's chill out 出去放松 tonight

adj. chilled 放松的： I'm feeling pretty chilled

Monica: Sweetie, have a seat. Okay, listen, um... Chandler and I are going to live together. Here.

Rachel: Oh, my god. That's so great! Oh! I’m so happy for you guys!

Monica: Really?

Rachel: Oh, and that was so sweet of you to ask. Oh, my god! The three of us are going to have such a good time moving together!

Moica: Yes, we are.

Rachel: Hey, roomie.

Chandler: Okay, bye.

Monica: Rachel? (clearing throat) There's something, uh, important I have to tell you.

Rachel: Are you pregnant?

Monica: No, but I’m throwing this shirt away. I think there was a little uh, misunderstanding before. Um, when I said that, uh, that Chandler and I wanted to live together... we meant alone together.  我们是说单独在一起

Rachel: (laughing) Oh. Oh, my god. Oh, that's funny. I can't believe I did that.

Monica: oh, no, sweetie. No, this is my fault. I wasn't clear. I’m really sorry. And listen. You take as much time as you need to move out, okay? There's absolutely no rush.

Rachel: Okay.

Monica: Okay. Don't you want a cookie?

Rachel: Sure. Thanks.

Monica: Maybe do you need a tissue?

Rachel: Mm-hmm. Monica, where did you get these?

Monica: I made them.

Rachel: Oh...god, they're just so yummy.

 

roomie [ˈruːmi; ˈrʊmi ] n. 住在同室的人，室友 （等于roommate）
pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt ] adj. 怀孕的
misunderstanding [ ˌmɪsʌndə(r)ˈstændɪŋ] n. 误解
absolutely [ˈæbsəluːtli ] adv. 绝对地，完全地
tissue [ˈtɪʃuː] n. 面巾纸，纸巾

have a seat 请坐
take time 不着急
clear throat 清清嗓子

动词分为：

限定形式（Finite forms）： 在作谓语的时候，会受到主语的人称、时态的限制，产生形态的变化。情态动词不受这种影响，因此也叫无变化动词（Defective verb）

非限定形式（Non-finite forms）：除了作谓语，动词在句子中还可以是各种其它成分，作为这些成分时，其形式不受限定。这时动词不做主语，因此也叫非谓语动词（Non-Predicate verb）。具体有三种类型：

不定式：

I want to become a writer
I hope to see him soon  不定式作宾语
She has a lot of things to do  不定式作定语
I've come to ask for your advice 不定式作目的状语
My idea is to rent a car  / She seems to know everything 不定式作表语

动名词：

Do you mind my smoking here ?
Stopping talking 这里表示说话这件事
Thank you for helping us
Smoking is harmful to your health 动名词作主语
Her favorite activity is shopping 动名词作表语

分词：

现在分词：

The girl reading a novel there is my friend
Did you hear him singing ? 现在分词作宾语补足语，主动动作
She sat there, reading a novel 现在分词作伴随状语，伴随sit的动作（sit是句子的重点），主动
The storm left, causing much damage to the city 现在分词作结果状语

过去分词：

The cake by him is my birthday cake
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains  和be构成被动语态
The concert held by the singer 过去分词短语作后置定语 was a great success
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday 过去分词作宾语补足语
Lost in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound 过去分词短语作原因状语

The infinitive，一般形式时动词前面加to，往往表示目的、将来、推测等，“没有做”的事。

传统语法书将不定式中的to归类为小品词（particle）：小品词都很短小，形似介词，实际上是副词，辅助后面的动词，自身没有含义。

常见的介词都可以作小品词，和动词形成很多固定搭配。

课文回顾：

It's time to get up
I decide to go with a T-shirt and jeans
It's important to ride safely
I forget to bring a unbrella
It feels so good to drive
Meetings are helpful to spot and solve problems
It looks like I've got the chance to expand my team
The first thing is to warm up
It's lovely to meet you
When we were stundents, you were alwasy the last  to show up to an event
I had no choice but to wait and see

Gerund，doing。某些动词的ing形式具有名词特性

和不定式作宾语/表语/主语时的区别：

动名词：带有动作属性的名称、代表某个动作的习惯

I forget reading the book 我忘记读书（这件事发生了，但是我忘记了）这件事
You should stop doing your homework 你应该停止作作业

不定式：目的、待定的动作

I forget to read the book 忘记去读书
You should stop to do your homework 你应该停下，去做作业

课文回顾：

I enjoy cooking
I hate washing dishes
Riding a bike is a good way to get some exercise
It's my first time driving to work
It helps to avoid tailgating
I finished my training with stretching
Cooling down is a must
I was responsible for designing classes
No one likes staying late at work on a Friday evening
Just imagine eating good food every day
I need to start arranging my work for next week
I should start by saying "I'm glad to give this presentation to you all"
So the first task is locating the tree with a triangle
OK, I hope you don't mind me asking this, but, are you still single?
I can't stop thinking about what he said
Watching you draw is one thing, but drawing by myself is another story
I love visiting new places, experiencing new cultures, and learning more about the local people
Yes, I'm looking forward to choosing people that will be able to help make this project a real success
I won't lie, I can't help feeling a bit nervous
It will be nice coming home after a long day, and being able to chill on the sofa together

用于表示主动：

I have trouble making decisions
Spanish are very friendly and welcoming and  the food is to die for
That's nice, I wish I had 如果 a relaxing weekend
There will be an important presentation today, so I had to spend the weekend preparing for it
My leader had me working for the whole weekend
Sounds amazing
Oh, God ! I think he knows. How embarrassing
I ended up going to the south of the city
I could see him looking around, but I couldn't catch his eye
Thankfully, after a while, two people came running over and helped me out
Maybe I will plan a road trip to Tibet, starting from Beijing and working my way across the entire country
I know it's gonna be a challenging role
I never pictured myself being the romatic type until I met her
I can't greet her looking like this

用于表示被动：

My hair is so long, I need to go get it cut today
I'm afraid we are fully booked until the 20th April
OK. Your appointment is scheduled for the 21st at 3:30 pm
I'm looking for a brightly colored bouquet
If you pick the color you like, I can make you a personalized bouquet
Hey, Young ! I'm soaked
It's very different compared with Beijing's weather, right ?
My phone is dead, I wish I had charged it earlier
You are right, I shouldn't judge hime before we've properly indroduced
I've got the bill covered
Did she just say she is atrracted to him
I wanted to, but I felt too embarrassed
I was so scared that I couldn't catch my breath
It sounds like you have it all planned already
Have you got anything special planned to celebrate?
I've got my fingers crossed

所谓分词，是分别具有动词、形容词这两种词性的词。

现在分词vs形容词：

The black dog doesn't bite
The barking dog doesn't bite 现在分词往往有一直做...正在做...的意思，因为它有ing

过去分词vs形容词：

Clean wather is drinkable
Boiled wather is drinkable 过去分词相对于普通形容词，往往有被动含义

Drawing interests him very much

Drawing is very interesting 主动，散发出兴趣 to him

He is interested 被动，被吸引 in drawing

现在分词+过去分词联用，表进行+被动

The house is being built

The  alarm goes off. Young looks at the clock.

It's eight clock, which means it's time for me to drag myself out of bed.

 这里的定语从句和之前学习的不同，用逗号分隔，而且去掉以后不影响主句含义。属于对主句先行词的进一步附加说明：

He's the man who has saved my life 从句对先行词具有限定作用，所谓限定性定语从句
The man, whose father is an English teacher, teaches Chinese 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，所谓非限定性定语从句

which means ...

I'm self-employed 个体经营者, which means I work for myself and I do what I love
He's only one year old, which means he can't eat by himself

He put on his slippers and dressing gown:

I still have my normal routine.  A good stretch, followed by a coffee. There's only one big difference, now I have my coffee and breakfast made for me by my amazing girlfriend.

a coffee即 a cup of coffee 

I enjoy cooking, but not as much as I enjoy eating Alice's cuisine. Her home-cooked dishes are delicious. 

home-cooked 家常的

It's certainly nice being in a relationship and being spoilt, though it doesn't come without a few small bumps along the way.

being in a relationship and being spoilt 并列动名词短语，是实际主语

though ... 让步状语从句

Don't get me wrong ! I'm so happy with Alice. Life is amazing, but she isn't known for keeping things tidy

别误解我的意思：

I don't like this painting, but don't get me wrong! It's certainly a masterpiece

sb is known for sth 某人因为某事而被人熟知，结合语境就是抱怨Alice不会整理东西。He looks around and sees her clothes everywhere.

Is it really that hard to put last night's clothes in the laundry basket ? She definitely keeps me on my toes.

keep sb on sb's toes 让某人保持在他的脚尖上，表示让某人时刻保持警惕/时刻准备起来走/随时行动

Having three kids under age five sure keeps me on my toes !

He goes down stairs and sees the coffee on the table.

She not only makes the best breakfast, but also makes the most superb cup of coffee I've ever had.  

The funny thing is, I still hating washing dishes, but it's either grit my teeth and get on with the task at hand, or be faced with a kitchen sink full of dirty plates.

grit my teeth 咬紧牙关

get on with the task 继续完成任务  at hand 手边的。 这里表示自己去洗碗

be faced with 被迫去面对

The funny thing is:

The funny thing is, on the outside, I was an honest man, straight as an arrow. I had to come to prison to be a crook. 在外面我是正直的人，但是进了监狱我却变成了诈骗犯
The funny thing is, learning English isn't hard, but keeping on learning is very hard.

either ... or ...

It's either five or six.  It's either cloudy or rainy
It's either you help me or I do it my myself
It's either him or his friend
It's either I go home or  we go to the movies together

I guess it's a small price to pay for happiness. Look at the time, why is time always running away from me on a morning ?

on a morning 具体指某个早上，后面常常跟着具体日期：On the morning of November 23rd, 2023

in the morning  泛指早上

Those dishes will have to wait util after work, I better pick up the pace or else I'm gonna be late for work.

pick up the pace 捡起节奏，就是跟上时间的节奏

drag

v 拖/拽：I drag the chair over to the window.  They dragged her from her bed

n 麻烦，讨厌的事情，不想去但是被拉着得去做的事情：

- I've got to the the dentist again - What a drag !
Having to work late every day is really a drag !

normal

norm 社会准则，行为规范，常态：

Non-smoking is now the norm in most workspaces
Older parents 大龄父母 seems to be the norm rather than the exception nowadays

normal 正常的，标准的

Her height and weight are normal for her age

cuisine

烹饪风格/菜系：Chinese cuisine

（尤指高档饭店的）饭菜/菜肴：This restaurant is famous for its excellent cuisine.

spoil

含义很多，但是都和破坏有关

v 破坏/糟蹋/毁掉

He tried not to let the bad news spoil his evening
Don't eat too much cake, you'll spoil your appetite for dinner

v 溺爱

Parents should not spoil their children
Spare the rod, spoil the child

v 食物变质

The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge

laundry

lavatory 盥洗室/洗手间。同源词

laundry 表示待洗的衣服，或者洗衣服这件事：do the laundry.  The hotel has a laundry service。或者洗衣店/洗衣房：I'll go and get my down coat in the laundry later

superb

极好的：She is a superb dancer. This car is in superb condition

Woman: Cooking for me is more than just flavors and ratios and presentation. It's a meditation on life and the journey we all take as a bowl full of ingredients on this stove called earth.

Woman: Hi! I'm Cookie and this is my boyfriend Anwar. Thanks for watching my Top Chef submission video.

Man: That girl cannot cook.

Woman: I try to infuse my creations with the same love and care as I was a child. To me there's no difference between having a baby and frying an omelet. There's like a little piece of you in each one.

Man: On our first date, she brought homemade cookies. I ate one and I got eco life.

Woman: There's something about feeding people. I feel like by nourishing them, I'm nourishing my own soul. Their satisfaction is my satisfaction.

Man: After my birthday dinner if you want to call it that, I got these really bad headaches. I couldn't poop right, so I went to the doctor and he said two words: brain parasites.

Woman: When I put on an apron, it's like I was born for this.

Man: The doctor said if I continued eating her cooking, my organs would shut down one by one and my bodily fluids would leave every pore in my body at once and I will die.

Man: I would feed the food to the dog but that would be animal cruelty. At this point I'd rather eat the dog’s food. I actually do.

Woman: What are you doing?

Man: I was just using the restroom.

Woman: Seriously, this is the fifth time you've left the toilet seat up. God! You're disgusting! You're a slob! You're unhygienic! You're just gross! I know you love my cooking and I love you, but I just can't do this anymore, okay?

Man: Are you breaking up with me?

Woman: You can keep the food I left you in the fridge. This is it.

Man: No baby! Don't go! Come back! Yes! I can eat whatever I want! I can eat whatever I want! Whoa!

 

flavor [ˈfleɪvə(r)] n. 风味，滋味，特色
ratio [ˈreɪʃiəʊ] n. 比率，比例
presentation [ˌpreznˈteɪʃn] n. 演示，展示
meditation [ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn] n. 冥想，沉思
ingredient [ɪnˈɡriːdiənt] n. 成分，原料，要素
submission [səbˈmɪʃn] n. 提交，屈服，投降
infuse [ɪnˈfjuːz] v. 注入
omelet[ˈɒmlət; ˈɑːmlət ] n. 煎蛋卷；炒鸡蛋；鸡蛋烧
nourish [ˈnʌrɪʃ] v. 滋养，抚养
satisfaction [ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn] n. 满足
parasite [ˈpærəsaɪt] n. 寄生虫
apron [ˈeɪprən] n. 围裙
organ [ˈɔː(r)ɡən] n. 器官
fluid [ˈfluːɪd] n. 液体
pore [pɔː(r)] n. (皮肤上的) 毛孔
cruelty [ˈkruːəlti] n. 残酷，残忍
disgusting [dɪsˈɡʌstɪŋ] adj. 令人反感的，令人恶心的
slob [slɒb] n. 懒惰而邋遢的人
unhygienic [ˌʌnhaɪˈdʒiːnɪk] adj. 不卫生的，不健康的

 

There is no difference between A and B A与B无差异
‘eco’ life = eco-friendly life “环保”的生活
shut down 关闭
animal cruelty 虐待动物
break up with sb. 和某人分手

Young starts walking upstairs to get dressed, Alice says:

Don't take all day up there.

Don't take all day 不要花上一整天，夸张说法，就是不要待太久的意思。We can use this expression to ask people to hurry up:

Come on ! Don't take all day !

up there 地点状语

We need to get going in ten minutes if you don't want to be late for work.

get going 进入运行的状态，表示开始、出发

we need to ... if ...

We need to get there in time if we don't want to miss the show
You need to use the English words in your daily life if you don't want to forget them
You need to practice every day if you want to learn English well
You need to work hard if you want to get a promotion

Don't worry. I'll be ready in a flash.

flash 闪光，飞驰，掠过

This is an absolute nightmare. How am I supposed to find anything to wear for work ? Everywhere is so untidy. 

hang things back up 把东西挂回原位

Is it so hard to hang things back up or throw them in the washing basket ?

it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式

I can't keep living like this. What should I do about all this mess. Should I mention something to her or just keep it to myself ?

should I ... or ...

Should I choose A or B
Should I work over time or go home
Should I drink water or coffee
Should I stay at home or go shopping with my friend

Are you almost ready?  I'll be down in a minute!

I feel it's better to mention it to her now rather than let the problem fester.

fester 恶化

I feel it's better to ...

I feel it's better for you to sleep for a while before work
I feel it's better to let him know before you do this

It's always important to be honest in a relationship. As they say, honesty is the best policy.

I'd better wait until after though. I don't want to cause an arugment at the beginning of the day.

though 表示转折

Are you ready yet? What are you doing up there.

I'm coming, I'm coming, hold your horses!

hold your horses 别着急

absolute

绝对的：I need absolute silence when I'm working.  He is an absolute beginner in this sport.

nightmare

噩梦：I had a nightmare last night

可怕的经历，很难对付的人或情形：Her holiday turned into a nightmare. The man is a nightmare to her

mess

脏乱、杂乱： The house is a complete mess

弄脏、弄乱：Don't mess my hair !

mess with sb 和某人纠缠，和某人有瓜葛：Don't mess with him, he is not a good guy.

fester

溃烂、化脓：A dirty wound will probably fester. 

恶化：Don't let small problems fester into big ones

policy

治理办法、政策：This policy isn't working well. No smoking is a policy in this company

You are up there for ages, what took you so long ?

 what took you so long 怎么用了这么久？We use this expression to show that someboday has spent too much time on something:

You are an hour late.  what took you so long?

It took me forever to find something to wear.

forever 永远，夸张说法：

It took me forever to find that place.
It took me forever to learn how to drive
It took me forever to find the key to the door
It took me forever to recall his name

 I thought it was only girls who took that long to get ready!

it is ... that/who.. 为强调句，突出only girls这个重要信息。it is ... that/who本身仅起强调作用，去掉不影响语义：I thought only girls took that long to get ready.

强调句式，突出的词不一样，则含义会有改变：

I met my ex-girlfriend at the train station yesterday

It was my ex-girlfriend that I met at the train station yesterday 强调前女友
It was at the train station that/where I met my ex-girlfriend 强调地点
It was yesterday that/when I met my ex-girlfriend 强调时间

I had just finished the noval this morning

It is this noval that I had just finished this morning
It is I who had just finished this noval this morning
It is this morning that I had just finished this noval

Alice said Young was too slow to change his clothes, Young replies:

It would have been much quicker if you had tidied up after yourself !

it would have been... if you had ...  虚拟语气

I would have made more progress if I had studied harder
The party would have been great if he had showed up
He would have come if you had called him
You would have met her if you had come earlier

What do you mean ?

Everything was all over the place. It took me over 5 minutes just to find my shirt.

Well, you know me enough well now, keeping things neat and tidy is not one of my best traits

is not one of my best traits 不是我的强项

Well, may be it's about time for you to start to be a bit more organized.

it's about time 差不多是时候了

Recently, I'm always too busy with work to worry about such things.

Can you at least try a bit harder to hang things back up rather than just throw them back in the wardrobe?

at least 至少，介词短语作程度状语

Can you at least ...

Can you at least stop makinzg troubles anymore ?
Can you at least keep the secret for me ?
Can you at least tell me her name ?
Can you at least not go out after 11pm

Fine! Have you finished moaning now ? Can we get going ?

fine 好到头了。在争论中这个词意味着妥协：好吧好吧！

I wasn't moaning, I was just saying I would be nicer not to be living in a pigsty all the time.

I was just saying 我刚刚只是在说

I was just saying the traffic was terrible today
I was just saying you don't look weell today

Don't exaggerate. It's not that bad.

exaggerate 夸张

The camera looks around and sees how messy this place is, and Young says:

Seriously ?

你是认真的吗？ This is a very useful colloquial expression to show a change from joking to being more serious.

Last night you were looking for the TV remote for over 20 minutes, and where was it ? Under a pile of clothes you had left on the sofa !

OK, OK, I get your point.

I get your point 我知道你的意思了。We use this expression to show that we have understood what we heard.

Now, let's get going !  don't want to be late for work !

trait

字面意思：勾勒出的线条。表示个人的特征、品质：

His sense of humor is one of his best traits

organize

organ donor 器官捐献者

organize 组织：

They organized a meeting between the teachers and students
You should try to organize your time better

organized 安排有序的、有条不紊的：

She's not a organized person and she always arrives late at meetings

wardrobe

ward 看 robe睡袍，衣橱：There were several expensive suits hanging in the wardrobe

moan

v呻吟：The injured man was lying on the ground, moaning

v抱怨：First he moans it's too hot, and then that it's too cold

n呻吟，呜咽：We could hear the moans of someone trapped under the bricks

pigsty

pig 猪 sty 猪圈，可以简单的说成sty，形容肮脏凌乱的地方：Your bedroom is a pigsty

exaggerate

夸大：

Don't exaggerate, it wasn't that expensive
I'm not exaggerating, it was the worst meal I have ever eaten in my life

remote

adj 遥远的/偏僻的：He lived in a remote countryside

adj 微小的/微乎其微的：I don't have the remotest idea what you're talking about

adj 冷漠的/高冷的：She was a remote lady

n 电子产品的遥控器：TV remote

Morning, Young, You OK ?

You OK 即 Are you OK，口语里面可以把不影响句子含义的词略点，高效表达

My phone has decided to give up on me.

 我的手机放弃我了，修辞用法

Can't seem to get any signal.

省略了主语 I

 Best solution is to turn on and off the airplane mode

省略了定冠词The 

Best solution is to ...

Best solution is to accept and enjoy it
Best solution is to work hard to meet the deadline
Best solution is to send a message and apologize
Best solution is to explain what happened

That normally does the trick

do the trick 管用/奏效： If the baby is still crying, a bar of chocolate might do the trick

normally 通常adv

Young tries to do it and it works:

Thank you !

So, what'up ? You are looking  a little stressed.

stressed 焦虑的/紧张的

Just some relationship troubles.

Oh, what happened ?

Well, we got in a little argument over how messy she is. She never tidies things away.  I‘m always having to walk pass so much mess.

tidy sth. away 把东西收拾好

I‘m always having to 我总是得...

I‘m always having to say the same thing
I‘m always having to go to the same place
I‘m always having to ask him to help me
I‘m always having to follow the children and clean up the room

Is that it ? Doesn't seem like a big problem at all.

Is that it ? 就这？

Well, this morning I tried to have a conversation with her about it, but she got a bit annoyed.

about it  介词短语作地点状语，表示关于哪里（她邋遢这个事）

To be honest, she sounds just like me .  Whenever I'm a rush, I forget to tidy up after myself. I too prefer a clean and tidy home, but it's easier said then done when you're against the clock

against the clock 赶时间

something is easier said then done 说起来容易做起来难

Now I think about it, her job is very demanding. Her boss is always messaging her at the crack of down.

message v发信息

the crack of down 破晓

Well, if it were me, I would choose to lend a hand.

If it were me, I would ... 如果换作是我，我会...    虚拟语气，因此be动词只用were

If it were me, I would listen to him
If it were me, I would try my best to finish the task on time
If it were me, I would give him a chance
If it were me, I would keep the secret

lend a hand 搭把手，帮忙

Maybe she is just busy with a lot of stuff going on recently.

with 引导的伴随（伴随主句中动作一起发生）状语

Maybe you are right, I ought to make more of an effort to help her out

more of a/an 更多的  make more of an effort 付出更多的努力

help sb out 帮助某人摆脱困境

I'm sure if you were to help her out a little,  she might see the effort you are putting in. She may also  start paying more attention to keeping things tidier

if you were to 如果你去做 ...    were 虚拟语气；be to do sth 去做某事： The most important thing now  is to stay calm

if you were to live  for 200 years, you would see a lot of new things coming out
if you were to go to college again, you would study harder

play attention to sth 把注意力放在..

I didn't paying attention to what she was saying

What you said make a lot of sense.  I should support her more.

That's the spirit

Thanks, Leo !

signal

信号/暗号：

The police officer  gave us a singnal to stop
The fireworks are a signal that the festival has started
My phone is out of signal

发信号/显示/表明：

She signalled for help
The new policy has signalled a change in the company management system

mode

n 模式：

A mode of communication / behavior
Switch your phone to silent mode

conversation

converse 轮流发言，交谈，正式措辞：She's so  shy that conversing with her can be pretty hard

conversation 交谈/谈话：

He had a conversation with his boss

annoyed

annoy 去打扰/让人烦：My boss really annoyed me in the meeting this morning

annoyed 烦恼的/恼怒的：I'm so annoyed with her that I haven't contacted her for a week

demanding

v demand 强烈要求：

She demanded an immediate explanation
I demand to see your manager

n demand 强烈的要求： A demand for higher pay 涨薪要求

n demand 需求：Good teachers are always in great demand in this society

attention

注意/专心/注意力：

Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention please ?
I knocked on the window to get attention

pay attention to:

Pay attention to what I'm saying, or you will miss the point

Mom: Sweetheart, you didn't take out the trash last night. Alex! You didn't take out the trash last night.

Alex: Uh, I will later.

Mom: Come on, honey! You know that's part of your chores. Besides, don't you want to get paid?

Alex: Fine. Pay me first.

Mom: You know I wish someone would pay me for making breakfast.

Alex: Why would anyone pay you? That's your job.

Mom: Breakfast is ready! It's time to eat. Come on, you can play games later.

Alex: Okay, uh… just bring it over here. I’m in the middle of the game.

Mom: Alex, you didn't put the garbage bag in.

Alex: You're distracting me. I just died. Thanks a lot, Mom!

Mom: Well?

Alex: I only get paid to take out the trash. If you want me to do that then you're gonna have to pay me more.

Mom: Alex! If you're going to do something you can't just do it halfway.

Alex: Yeah. Whatever.

Narrator: The mom decides that she's gonna give her son a taste of his own medicine. The next day little did Alex know he was about to learn a big lesson.

Alex: What the heck? Did the power just go out? Mom!

Mom: What?

Alex: The power's out.

Mom: Oh, shoot! I must have forgotten to pay the electric bill.

Alex: How could you forget? I mean it's your job to pay the bills.

Mom: Okay, well? Yesterday you told me my job was to cook your food, do your laundry and pay the rent. I didn't hear anything about electricity bill.

Alex: Stop it, Mom. How am I supposed to play my game when there's no power? This isn't funny.

Mom: I guess that's your problem. I’ll be in my room if you need me.

Alex: Wait! You're right, okay? I should have put the trash bags in the garbage 我应该把垃圾袋扔进垃圾桶的 . I should have picked up my toys. I’m sorry. I understand now that if I’m trying to do something, I should never do it halfway.

Mom: Do you really mean it?

Alex: Yes, uh, look. Now can you please pay the electric bill?

Mom: [Laughter] Just kidding! I actually flipped the power breakers to teach you a lesson. Here. For doing your chores.

Alex: Oh, thanks Mom. Actually, uh, never mind! You don't have to pay me to do chores anymore.

I never should have charged you in the first place. 我一开始就不该要您的钱

Mom: Oh sweetheart. I love you. Let me do the dishes so you can eat.

Alex: No, it's okay. I’ll wash the dishes. You sit down and I’ll bring you a plate

 

chore [tʃɔː(r)] n. 家务活
distract [dɪˈstrækt] v. 使……分心
halfway [ˌhɑːfˈweɪ] adv. 在…的中间; 在中途; 到一半
heck [hek] int. （表示略微烦恼或吃惊）见鬼了
garbage[ˈɡɑː(r)bɪdʒ] n. 垃圾，垃圾桶
flip [flɪp] v. 翻转

bring sth. over here 把…拿到这里来
garbage bag 垃圾袋
give sb. a taste of one’s own medicine 以其人之道，还治其人之身
electric bill 电费
power breaker 电源断路器
in the first place 从一开始，压根

英语有三种语气（mood）：

1. 陈述语气（indicative mood）表示说的内容是事实：The disease has taken thousands of lives
2. 祈使语气（imperative mood）祈求/使你去干什么： Speak slowly. Watch your steps.
3. 虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）不一定符合事实的虚拟、假设、预期、希望：
   1. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her
   2. If I had enough money, I would buy a computer

和普通句子的区别：

1. 动词时态是时间倒退
2. 用过去式的情态动词，表示主观意愿

虚拟语气情态动词：

1. would 表示意愿，我会/想去干什么
2. should 表示应该、义务
3. could 表示一种可能、推测
4. might 更弱的可能性

虚拟语气的三种情况

与现实情况相反的虚拟语气：主语谓语动词用情态+原型，从句谓语动词用过去式（倒退到一般过去时）

举例：

事实：I don't have the money
虚拟：If I had the money, I would spent it overnight

事实：We don't have the chance to talk
虚拟：If we had the chance to talk, we would understand each other better

事实：I'm not you
虚拟：If I were you, I might give up     注意Be动词的虚拟形式只有were

事实：She is a girl
虚拟：If she were a man, she would not get married

事实：It is not only an hour
虚拟：If it were only an hour, I might wait for you

课文中的例子：

So if you could have any any job wanted,  what would it be ? If I could have any job, I would be a hotel critic
Well, if it were me, I would choose to lend a hand

现代英语中，be动词用was的也有：

If I was in charge, I'd do this differently

与过去情况相反的虚拟语气：主句谓语动词用情态+have done，从句谓语动词用had done（倒退为过去完成时）

举例：

事实：I didn't go to the meeting. so I didn't meet the new colleague
虚拟：I would have met the new colleague if I had gone to the meeting

事实：I forgot to bring my laptop home with me, so I didn't finish the report before the deadline
虚拟：If I hadn't forgotten to bring my laptop home I would have finished the report before the deadline

事实：I didn't study hard, so I didn't score 100
虚拟：If I had studied hard, I could have scored 100

课文中的例子：

I wish I had a relaxing weekend
My phone is dead, I wish I had charged it earlier
I wish I could have told you, but they asked me to keep it private for the time being
It would have been much quicker if you had tidied up after yourself

与未来情况相反的虚拟语气：主句用情态+do，从句谓语用were to do

举例：

If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth
If we were to say goodbye, what would you do ?  假如我们将要分别，你会怎么做
If he should come here, he would be very popular 如果他能来这里，他会很受欢迎
If he should refuse to see me, I should be sad

课文中的例子：

I'm sure if you were to help her out a little,  she might see the effert you are putting in

 

Wish后面加的宾语从句，如果表示很难实现的希望，也会用虚拟语气：

I wish I were you
He wishes he had accepted that offer
She wishes she would go abroad

wish 引导的虚拟语气，表示希望渺茫；hope则相对希望较大：

I wish I could do that
I hope I can do that

Young bumps into Leo just as they are getting off work. Young sees Leo looking at a  job description, and then Leo talks about wanting to apply for his dreaming job.

Young: Twice it one day, what are the chances of that ?

what are the chances of ... 某事的可能性有多大

What are the chances of winning the lottery twice in a month ?
What are the chances of having the same name and birthday ?

Leo: Hey Young ! Are you also getting off work ?

Young: Yes, I haven't been able to get off work on time for ages.

两个时间状语

Leo: Do you have any plans tonight ?

Young: I'm taking your advice, and going to make more of  effort to support Alice, starting with giving the house a good tidy and cooking her a favourite meal

并列现在进行时，后面跟着并列的现在分词短语做伴随状语

Leo: That's great!

Young: What about you?

Leo: Actually, I'm spending the evening applying for jobs

说实话，我今晚要找工作，现在进行时表将来

spend time (in) sth / doing sth 花时间做某事

Young: Oh, how come ?

how come - how did that come about ...是怎么回事 相当于why

How come my phone doesn't work ?
How come humans speak so many languages ?
How come I don't know what happened ?
How come the floor is so wet ?

Young asks Leo why he was applying for jobs ?  Leo replies:

Leo: I've chosen to applying for a more challenging role.

Young: I thought you enjoyed your job here.

Leo: I do enjoy it, but now I think I'm ready to follow my heart.

 follow my heart 跟随我的内心, 听从自己内心的声音. This is a very useful colloquial expression for you to show that you want to do something that you really like

Leo: I'm hoping to find a job in recruitment. It's been my dream for a long time.

                                              介词短语做地点状语

Young: I guess if that's your dream, then I fully support your decision.

                   包含条件句的宾语从句

Leo: I appreciate that.

appreciate比thank正式一些

I appreciate the conversation / your help / your efforts
I appreciate your confidence in me.

Leo: I've been struggling with making my mind up these past few weeks.

make my mind up （up 副词，完全/彻底）下定决心

字面意思：最近几周我一直和下定决心这件事情做斗争

Young: I thins there's no need to overthink it. It's important to do what feels right for you.

Leo: You are right, as always!

Young: It can be a little scary jumping into the unknown. But if this is a career path you want to follow,  you should go for it

go for it 口语中表示为了某个目标而努力

It sounds like a great idea, go for it !
If you really like it, go for it !

Leo: I have always wanted to get into the student recruitment field.

Young: The sky's the limit. If anyone can make a success of it, it must be you !

The sky's the limit. 表示人的潜能是无限的口语

make a success of sth  在某事上取得成功

Leo: Thanks Young !

Young: See you tomorrow !

twice

两次 I've already asked him twice.
两倍  There are twice as many houses in this area as there used to be.

一次 I've only been there once
曾经 This house once belonged to my grandfather 
一旦（连词）Once I've found somewhere to live, I'll send you my address

三次 thrice，日常用的不多，用three times 代替

apply

（尤其指书面形式的）申请： He has applied to join the army.
适用于：This is an old rule, it doesn't apply anymore
运用/应用：This new technology is applied to farming.

recruit

字面意思：再次生成。招募/招聘：They recruited several new numbers to the club.

新成员/新兵：The training of new recruits

recruitment  招募/招聘：She works in recruitment表示她的工作和招聘有关

appreciate

欣赏/赏识：His talents are not fully appreciated in that company

理解/领会：I appreciate that it's a diffcult decision for you to make

感激：I really appreciate your help

career

最早表示跑道/赛道，衍生为职场赛道/生涯：He has been focusing on his career

work 具体要做的一件事（不一定有报酬）： I have a lot of work to do
job 用以谋生的工作
career 愿意穷尽一生追求的事业，涉及理想和抱负

field

平坦的一块地： People were working in the fields

场地/运动场/战场：sports field, battle field

某个专业领域：Are you still in the same field?

Unless you understand that you've got to push yourself, you're not going to make your dreams come true. You're just not. We're not wired that way. You weren't born that way. You weren't that way when you were growing up and you're certainly not that way as an adult and there's a tremendous amount of liberation that comes when you accept the fact that you're always going to need to give yourself a push. You're never ever ever ever going to feel like doing the things you need to do in order to have what you want. You're always going to need to push yourself. You're always going to need to parent yourself.

So what is the net advice on this? What is the bottom line? The bottom line is no one's coming. No one. No one's coming to push you. No one's coming to tell you to turn the TV off. No one's coming to tell you to get out of the door and exercise. Nobody's coming to tell you to apply for that job that you've always dreamt about. Nobody's coming to write the business plan for you. It's up to you.

You will always have a million excuses not to do it, not to feel like it, not to believe in yourself, they're all bullshit. The only thing that matters in your life and your business is the actions that you're taking. And the more consistently that you take action, the faster you will start to believe in yourself, because you will see proof that you are not the kind of person that sits around and feels unworthy, that you're not a victim that sits by and gets sucked into other people's stuff, that you're not that kind of person. But it starts with action!

wired [ˈwaɪəd] adj. 与生俱来的
tremendous [trəˈmendəs] adj. 巨大的;极好的
liberation [ˌlɪbə'reɪʃ(ə)n] n. 解放
parent [ˈpeərənt] v. 照顾，养育
net [net] adj. 最后的;最终的
consistently [kənˈsɪstəntli] adv. 一贯地;始终如一地
unworthy [ʌnˈwɜːði] adj. 不值得

feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
bottom line 底线
take action 采取行动
apply for 申请
sit around 无所事事

除非你明白你必须强迫自己，否则你无法实现你的梦想。你只是没有。我们不是那样的人。你不是天生如此。在你成长的过程中，你不是那样的，作为一个成年人，你当然也不是那样的，当你接受你总是需要给自己一个推力的事实时，你会获得巨大的解放。你永远不会想要做你需要做的事情来得到你想要的东西。你总是需要鞭策自己。你永远都需要照顾好自己。

那么关于这一点，最终的建议是什么? 底线是什么? 底线是没人会来。没有一个人。没人会来督促你。没人会来叫你关掉电视。没有人会来告诉你出去锻炼。没有人会来告诉你申请你一直梦想的工作。没有人会来帮你写商业计划。一切由你决定。

你总会有无数的借口不去做，不去想，不相信自己，但这些都是胡扯。在你的生活和事业中，唯一重要的是你正在采取的行动。你越是坚持行动, 你就会越快开始相信自己, 因为你会看到证据，证明你不是那种无所事事，自暴自弃的人；你不是一个无动于衷，爱管闲事的受害者；你不是那种人。但它始于行动!

Young:  I wonder where she is. She was supposed to be home by now.

was supposed to 本来应该

Young:  I had no idea that she would be back this late.

I had no idea 我不知道，这里是我没想到

后面跟着同位语从句that she would be back this late. 这里的she would be back this late和前面的idea是同位语，指的是一个事情

和宾语从句的区别：宾语从句只有一个从句作宾语，同位语从句中，从句之前已经有一个宾语了

I  had                           no idea                                            that she would be back this late
I  don't know             that would be back this late 

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：定语从句仅仅是修饰先行词，本身语义不完整。同位语从句则语义完整。定语从句中的that在句子中充当成分，指代先行词。同位语从句的that不充当成分仅仅用于引导，去掉语义不变：

同位语从句  The fact that she likes me is known to everyone
定语从句      The fact that（指代先行词fact） we just mentioned is known to everyone

所谓同位语，即和之前某个词地位相同的词语，例如：

Young, our English teach, is teaching now.

Young types a message: 'where are you' to Alice. Just then, the door opens and she walks in

Young:  I was just texting you.

Alice: Sorry, it has been a hectic day.

a hectic day 非常忙的一天

Alice: Please tell me dinner is ready.

Please tell me 求求你不要让我失望

Young:  I ordered in from your favourite restaurant

order in 订餐到家

Alice: That's great, Thank you. I‘ve been craving their food recently

crave v/n 强烈渴望，I've been craving ...

I've been craving pizza all day!
I've been craving her attention for a long time.
I've been craving a nice holiday / sleep

I have a craving for ...

I have a craving for spicy food / flying

Alice sits down and she notices how clean and tidy everywhere is

So, how was your day?

This is the second colloquial expression today, we use this expression to ask about other people's feeling for the day.  Alice replies:

Alice: It was awful. My new boss has so many unreasonable demands.  I think I'm gonna look for a new job.

Young: Really ? Please don't rush into a decision that you might later regret !

rush into 仓促进入 a decision  表示仓促作决定

Alice: I want to find a job I have a real passion for. It's always been my dream to work in education.

It's always been my dream to ...

It's always been my dream to travel around the world
It's always been my dream to meet you
It's always been my dream to become a painter
It's always been my dream to go to Paris

Young: Well, I might have some good news for you. First, take off your jacket and go get changed into something more comfortable while I set the table.

while...时间状语从句。Alice gets upstairs to change,  and Young is thinking ...

Young: Fate works in  mysterious ways

in ... 方式状语    冥冥之中自有天意  This is a great expression for us to show that dramatic things can happen in our lives

Young: I hope I can introduce Alice to my company.  The hours are good, we can commute into work together  and it will definitely give more qulity time as a couple.

The hours are good 时间安排很合适

qulity time 高质量时间/黄金时间  as a couple 介词短语作定语

Young:  I've got to talk to Leo.

hectic

早期表示高烧持续不退，现在衍生为繁忙，忙乱的： I have a hectic schedule for the next few days

unreasonable

reasonable 有道理的，通情达理的，合乎情理的：

His excuse is not reasonable 他的借口没有理由
He's a very reasonable man 他是一个通情达理之人
We sell good quality food at reasonable prices 我们以公道价格出售优质食品

unreasonable 不讲理的，不合理的，不公道的

How was being (与助be动词was构成过去进行时，整体是主系表，但作为表语的是形容词短语，而不是being ...动名词短语)  totally unreasonable about it（方式状语）   他在这件事情上非常蛮不讲理

The price for this car is a bit unreasonable

fate

fate和phone有关，两者都和说话有关，telephone就是远程说话。fate则指神说的话，衍生为命运

we want to decide our own fate
Fate was kind to me that day 那天我很幸运

mysterious

myst 和 mute有关，字面意思是不说话的、保密的

mystery 

神秘的事物、迷：This book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life

悬疑作品/电影/剧

quality

qu(ali) 疑问代词词干，读音上和what有关。ty名词后缀。表示什么种类，衍生为品质

When costs are cut, product quality suffers  一旦降本则产品质量受到影响

quanity 数量：Quality is more important than quanity

couple

一对夫妇/伴侣：The couple have no children

几个，若干个：

We went there a couple of  years ago
I thinks the trouble will clear up in a couple days

Young and Alice have finished eating, Young has cleared the dishes away. Alice says:

Alice: That was lovely, Just what I needed

这顿饭很棒，正合我意

... is just what I needed:

After a tiring day, a hot shower is just what I needed
She has bought me a bar of chocolate, which is just what I needed
Thanks for your advice, it's just what I needed
After a busy working day, a cup of hot water is just what I needed

Young: I'm glad you enjoyed it. Now let's talk about your new boss. I'm all ears!

I'm all ears! 我洗耳恭听

So what happened? I'm all ears.
Tell me your stories, I'm all ears.
Tell me about your new job, I'm all ears.
If you have any advice, I'm all ears.

Alice starts to talk about her thought. She says:

Alice: He's very diffcult to work for. To be honest, it's also not my dream job.

主   系          表            动词不定式补充说明表语   To work for him is very diffcult.

Young: Oh, so what line of work do you want to do?

line of work 行业    What line of work are you in / do you do  = What do you do for a living

What line of work do you want to get into ?

Let's move on to the text and continue.

Alice: I was thinking about applying for your company. You and Leo seem happy there, and I've always wanted to work for a large company with a good reputation. However, when looking at the website, I didn't see any job openings

was thinking 我之前想

with a good reputation 声誉好的，介词短语作后置定语

job openings 职位空缺

when (I was) looking at the website 时间状语从句前置。其主语和主句主语（I）一致，因而省略了主语和系动词，仅仅保留主要的动词现在分词形式（表示主动）。

Young: Actually, there is a role coming up.

oming up这里是现在分词作后置定语。come up up是副词，表示到头，come up就是到了跟前/来到的意思

Alice: Oh. What's it doing ?

Young: Well, Leo is looking to changing jobs, so they'll need to hire someone to replace him.

look to 期望/打算

to replace him 动词不定式作目的状语

Alice: The timing couldn't be better.

timing 时机

... couldn't be better 再好不过了

My work this month couldn't be better
If you were able to help, that couldn't be better 你要是能够帮忙那再好不过了
My life now couldn't be better
If you can buy me a gift, that couldn't be better

Alice asks about Leo:

Alice: Where is he off to ?

be off to 离开去某地：

I'm off to Tianjin tonight.

Where is he/she off to, Where are you off to. Theses are very usefull colloquial expressions, which can be used to ask someone's next destination.

I heard you're going to leave this place. Where are you off to ?
I saw your friend at the airport. Where is he off to ?

So why does Leo want to leave his job ?

Young: He's wanting to change his career and go into student recruitment.

Alice: He told me before about his dream, although I didn't know has was looking to change his job.

although = though 作连词引导让步（虽然/尽管）状语从句

Although I'm very tired, I don't want to rest.
Although the sun was shining, I wasn't very warm.

为什么不用类似汉语的Although ... but，这是因为在英语里面一个句子只能有一个主题 —— 一个主句

Although he is 80 years old, he looks very young 主题是他看起来年轻，Although则仅仅引出一个从属信息。Although是从属连词，但是but和and一样属于并列连词，连接两个重要性相等的句子 —— 相互之间是平行并列的关系，没有从属

He is 80 years old, but he looks very young两个信息都很重要。如果说Although he is 80 years old, but he looks very young母语者会听起来很混乱，他觉得前面半部分仅仅说了从句，就跳到并列句了，前面部分不完整

类似的because(从属连词，连接原因状语从句），so可以作并列连词，前后句子定位相等

Alice: I just wonder if I have enough experience.

Young: You mustn't doubt yourself, I think you would be a great asset ! And I'm sure Leo would give you a great reference.

asset 有价值的人，骨干

reference 推荐信

Alice: I have always wanted to get into the teaching industry ! I've just been waiting for the right opportunity to come along.

to come along 动词不定式作宾语补足语

Young: I'm gonna speak with Leo tomorrow at lunch, and see if he would be willing to chat to you more about the role.

be willing to do 愿意作某事

Alice: That would be great ! I hope he thinks I'm suitable for the job.

Young: I'm sure you will be a great fit.

fit这里作合适的名词

reputation

re反复put计算ation复合名词后缀。字面意思：反复计算，经过了多次评估。实际意义：名誉/名声

The company has a worldwide reputation for quality
She has the reputation of being a good doctor

however

adv 无论如何/不管怎样：

She has the window open, however cold it is outside 无论外面多冷她都开着窗口
You can do it however you like, it really doesn't matter

 然而，但是：

This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others

hire

雇佣：I was hired by the first company I applied to

解雇是fire，像开火一样打出去：He was responsiblefor hiring and firing staff

although

由all+though构成，意思和though一样，作从属连词引导让步状语从句

She walked home by herself, although she knew it was dangerous.
She'll be coming tonight, although I don't know extactly when

asset

（尤其指可以卖掉/偿还债务的）资产： His assets include shares in a company and a house in France

优点/长处/有用的人：

Her eyes are her best asset ( most attractive feature)
He will be a great asset to the team

reference

re回来fer和bear（承受）有关

bear 承受/携带/忍受： I can't bear it anymore。bear 来自brown表示熊，无词源关系

refer字面意思是拿回来,作动词表示：

提到、谈到，经常和to联用后面跟着提及的对象：I promised not to refer to the matter事情 again

涉及：The new rules only refer to company managers and directors

reference作名词：

提到/谈到：She made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans

参考/查阅：He made the whole speech without reference to  the notes in front of him

介绍信/推荐信：My old boss said he would give/write me a great reference

industry

产业：The city need to attract more industry

行业： The tourist / computer industry

勤奋/勤劳（正式说法）：We were impressed by their industry

opportunity

机会/机遇：

I was never given the opportunity of going to college
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues for their support

chance 更多表示事情发生的可能性：There's no change that he will change his mind

Hi there everybody. Thanks for joining me today.I think that there's a lot of people that are out there, watching this right now who would fall into a category of really not liking their boss. And dealing with a boss that you don't like isn't easy, but I'm here to tell you right at the outset that you need to get past it. You are not going to like every single boss that you have in your career. You might not even like half the bosses that you have in your career but you do have to deal with them. And what the first mistake everybody makes is when they don't like somebody they don't associate with somebody. And what that does is that kills your career and your relationship with your boss. It lets it atrophy. So when you don't like somebody, it's almost more important that you focus on communicating with them more. Give them updates and give them feedback on what it is that you're doing and why it is that you're doing it. Give them information from the customers, from the suppliers, from other departments. Find reasons to communicate with them more. (A) It helps build a mutual understanding. (B.) It helps assure that that relationship doesn't atrophy. (C.) And it's also good business. We don't have to like everybody that we work with. That goes for your boss, that goes for the co-worker, it goes for your employees. You don't have to like them, but you do have a responsibility to the organization to get productive work done. So even if you don't like your boss make sure that you don't stop communicating with them. Communicate with them more and focus on just getting the work done. That's the best way to get through that tough situation that all of us will most likely come to at some point in our career. Good luck everybody and have a good one.

大家好。谢谢大家今天的收听。我想现在有很多人，正在看这个视频，他们都不喜欢自己的老板。和一个你不喜欢的老板打交道并不容易，但我要从一开始就告诉你，你需要克服它。你不会喜欢你职业生涯中遇到的每一个老板。在你的职业生涯中，你可能连一半的老板都不喜欢，但你必须与他们打交道。每个人都会犯的第一个错误就是当他们不喜欢某人时他们就不和某人交往。这会毁掉你的事业和你与老板之间的关系。这会使你们的关系恶化。所以，当你不喜欢某人的时候，更重要的是你要多关注与他们的交流。给他们最新的消息和反馈，告诉他们你在做什么，为什么要这么做。向他们提供来自客户、供应商和其他部门的信息。找理由多和他们交流。(A.)它有助于建立相互理解。(B.)它有助于确保这种关系不会恶化。(C.)这也是一项好生意。我们不需要喜欢和我们一起工作的每个人。这一点适用于你的老板，同事，员工。你不需要喜欢他们，但是你有责任为你的组织完成富有成效的工作。所以，即使你不喜欢你的老板，也要确保不停地与他们沟通。多和他们沟通，专注于完成工作。这是最好的度过困难处境的方式，这些处境在我们的职业生涯的某个时刻很有可能遇到。祝大家好运，祝大家都能有一个好老板

category [ˈkætəɡəri] n. 类别，种类
atrophy [ˈætrəfi] v. 萎缩
mutual [ˈmjuːtʃuəl] adj. 相互的，共同的
productive [prəˈdʌktɪv] adj. 多产的，富有成效的

at the outset 一开始
associate with 和……来往
go for 适用于……
get through 度过，熬过（困难时期）

Alice: Thanks for agreeing to meet with me on such short notice.

meet with sb 和某人碰面，To arrange to spend time with someone, usually for a specific reason

I could arrange to meet with you any day next week

meet sb 单纯的见了某人

meet with sth 遭遇（尤指不好的）事：He met with a terrible car accident that evening

on such short notice 字面意思：基于如此短时间的通知之上。刚约就其要见

Alice thanks Leo for meeting with her on such short notice. Leo replies:

Leo: No problem. It feels nice to be able to get outside for a bit as work as been busy since I handed in my notice.

                                                                                                                   原因状语                        时间状语

hand: 用手递交、提交
hand in sth  递交某物

notice 辞职信

Alice: Actually, that's what I want to talk to you about.

Leo: Young mentioned that you were looking to change jobs.

sb have/has mentioned that ... 某人提到过

She mentioned that she wanted to go swimming with me
He never mentioned he had been to Japan before
She mentioned that she was married
He mentioned thnat he didn't like spicy food

be looking to do sth: 计划做某事：指有意愿或打算去做某事

Alice: That's right, I'm gonna try to apply for your position. But before that, I want to talk with you first.

talk with you 和你谈谈，咱俩一起说。talk to you 我冲着你说

Leo: So, why are you looking to change  jobs ?

Alice: I have a new boss, and I cannot cope with the constant messages late in the evening or asking me to work all weekend. 

cope with sth 处理/应对某事

Alice: All I want is a little quiet time after working hours, but this is too hard for me now.

All I want is... 我只想要...

All I want is the truth / a hot bath / the answer to the question / to be with you

Leo: I totally understand. 

This is a very useful colloquial expression to show that we have share the same feeling with others.

Leo: I wouldn't like it either to work on my days off

it作形式宾语，因为实际宾语太长

Leo:  Luckly it doesn't happen here. I do have a question for you.

Alice: What's that ?

Leo: Why do you want to get into education ?

Alice: I've always wanted to follow in my mum's footsteps after I knew she used to be a teacher. She loved her work  a lot. But I never found the right time or opportunity to get involved.

to get involved 后置定语

Leo: That's really good. I believe that if you can do what you like,  you are bound to be great.

that 引导的包含if引导的条件状语从句的宾语从句

bound 必然的/肯定的

You are bound to pass the exam if you study hard.
You are bound to get fired if you continue making mistakes
If you practice everyday, you are bound to speak beautiful English

Alice: I agree, I don't like doing something I don't have a passion for.

                                                                           定语从句

Alice: It's nothing but borincg stuff most of the time.

大多数情况下，都是些无聊的事情。but表示某种情况除外：

I would like to go to your party tonight, but I have an English class to attend.

it's nothing but... 除了...什么都没有。只不过就是...

It's nothing but darkness outside.
You'll buy nothing but trouble if you buy that house.
This is nothing but a borinng TV show
He is nothing but a lier

Leo: Well, the role here is good. The comany is also great to work for. I'd happily recommend you to my boss.

Alice: Really, That is so nice of you.

We can use this expresssion to tell others they are very kind and helpful to us.

Leo: No problem. It would be my pleasure.

This is a expression for us to respond to other people's thanks.

cope

vi: 处理，应对

- It's been a year since her husband passed away  - How's she coping now ?
We don't know how to cope with this situation.

constant

 con共同stant站，站在一起，连续不断的

Babies need constant attention
He's in constant trouble with the police 他不断的给警方找麻烦

稳定的、不断的：

The fridge keeps food at a constant temperature.

totally

 total 总共的：

The club has a total membership of 300
The total cost of the car is one million dollars

total 彻底的：

The room is in total darkness
He's a total stranger to me

total 总计/合计n： They made $1000 in total

total 总计达到v：Imports totaled one point five billion dollars last yeart

total 车辆完全报废v：His car was totaled in the accident

totally 完全地，彻底地

He's totally unsuited to the job

bound

bind的过去分词

bound 必然的，肯定的

You are bound to feel nervous about your interview
It was bound to happen, sooner or later

bound 受约束/束缚的，在法律/道德上有义务的

You are bound by the contract to pay before the end of the month

bound 动词，跳着往前走，和bomb有关：The dogs bounded ahead

Choosing whether or not to change careers can be tough. In order to make the right decision, it's important to evaluate the reasons you're interested in making that change. Here are four common reasons along with some things to consider before making a decision.

Number one: you're bored at work. This is a valid reason, but be sure to identify the source of the boredom. Do you occasionally have boring days or have you become bored with the work itself? It's possible to change your daily routine. But if you've lost interest in your field, making a career change might be a good idea.

Number two: you're unhappy with your income. Take a look at the potential for advancement in your current career. If there are opportunities for a promotion or a raise, you may want to stick with it. If not, you might consider seeking out a new career. However, it's worth noting that changing fields can sometimes come with an initial pay cut, especially if you're moving into more of an entry-level position.

Number three: your work is negatively affecting your physical or mental health. Be sure to pinpoint the source of this suffering. Is it specific to your particular job or do all jobs in your career cause this discomfort? This can help you decide if you need a new job in your field or a new career altogether.

Number four: you feel that your talents and abilities aren't being used to their full potential. It's important to feel value in the work that you do. Consider discussing your feelings with your supervisor first, especially if you still feel passionate about the work you do. Other duties or projects might be available that could make use of your abilities. At the end of the day, whether or not you want to change careers is your decision. Trust yourself to make the call that's best for you.

evaluate [ɪˈvæljueɪt] v. 评估，评价
consider [kənˈsɪdə(r)] v. 考虑
valid [ˈvælɪd] adj. 有效的
identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] v. 识别，鉴定
occasionally [əˈkeɪʒnəli] adv. 偶尔地
initial [ɪˈnɪʃl] adj. 最初的
advancement [ədˈvɑːnsmənt] n. 进步，发展
physical [ˈfɪzɪkl] adj. 身体的
mental [ˈmentl] adj. 精神的
entry-level [ˈentri levl] adj. 入门级的，最初级的
discomfort [dɪsˈkʌmfət] n. 不舒服，不自在
passionate [ˈpæʃənət] adj. 热情的，狂热的

along with 和……一起
be bored at 对……感到无聊
daily routine 日常生活（工作）
pay cut 减薪
stick with 坚持
be worth doing 值得做……
make use of 利用……

选择是否转行可能是一件困难的事情。为了做出正确的决定，评估你想要做出改变的原因是很重要的。以下是做决定前需要考虑的四个常见的原因。第一:你觉得你目前的工作无聊。这是一个合理的理由，但要确定无聊的来源。你是否偶尔会有无聊的日子，或者你已经对工作本身感到厌倦了?改变你的日常生活是有可能改善这种状况的。但如果你对自己的领域失去了兴趣，或许换一份工作是个好主意。第二，你对自己的收入不满意。看看潜在的晋升机会。如果有升职或加薪的机会，你可能想要坚持下去。如果没有，你可以考虑找一份新的职业。然而，值得注意的是，换工作有时会伴随着最初的薪水减少，尤其是当你进入一个更初级的职位时。第三:你的工作对你的身心健康产生了负面影响。一定要查明这种痛苦的根源。这种不适只出现在特定的工作中还是贯穿了你职业生涯中所有的工作？这可以帮助你决定你是需要在你的领域找到一份新工作还是一份全新的职业。第四:你觉得自己的天赋和能力没有被充分发挥。在你所做的工作中感受到价值是很重要的。首先考虑和你的主管讨论你的感受，特别是如果你仍然对你的工作充满激情的话。或许有别的岗位或者项目能够让你发挥自己的能力。最后，你是否想要转行是你自己的决定。相信你会做出对自己最有利的决定。

也叫副词性从句。副词可以修饰主句里面的动词、形容词、副词或者整个主句，在句子中称为状语。当副词的位置由从句充当时，就是状语从句或者叫副词性从句

修饰动词：

He cried sadly 方式状语
He cried when he heard the news 时间状语从句

修饰形容词：

I'm quite 程度状语  happy
I'm happy because  I know I did the right thing 原因状语从句

修饰副词：

He talked very 程度副词 carefully
He talked carefully so that he could calm the man down 结果状语从句

修饰整个主句：

If you can lose weight, I will buy you a present  条件状语从句

按照想强调的重点的不同，状语从句的位置可以放在句首、句中、句末，很灵活：

Wherever you go 让步状语从句, I will go with you.
He smiled because he saw me 原因状语从句
We come to this cafe every week since we started this project 时间状语从句 to discuss the latest problems

时间状语从句   地点状语从句   原因状语从句

结果状语从句   目的状语从句   让步状语从句

方式状语从句   比较状语从句   条件状语从句

Adverbial clause of condition. 从句提出一个条件，从而和主语共同构成完整的表述。分为两类：

真实条件句 -  现实或很可能变成现实的情况

非真实条件句 - 非现实或者不可能变成现实的情况，例如虚拟语气

常见从属连词：if,  unless, as long as

If you follow my advice, you will win
I won't go unless you invite me
As long as we keep trying, we will succeed one day
We will one day succeed as long as we keep trying

Do you mind if I join you guys ?
I wouldn't be surprised if there are some great restaurants out there
If you pick the color you like, I can make you a personalized bouquet
And if she's interested, I'll let you know.
And hey, maybe the tow of us could hang out more in the future if you have spare time
You're gonna the first person I come to  if I'm having any trouble
We need to get going in 10 minutes if you don't want to be late for work
I believe if you can do what you like  you are bound to be great
I don't think he knows, unless he's playincg hard to get
You won't know unless you ask
As long as it's just as friends, I'm happy to meet him

Adverbial  clause of concession.  状语从句做出一个让步/退步，从而和主句共同构成完整表述。

常见从属连词：though, although,   even though, even if, no matter  wherever / whenever, whether ... or ...

虽然/尽管 though, although更加正式

Although he didn't have enough experience, he handled 解决了 the problem very smoothly
She likes him, though she never says a thing about it 从来没提过

It's certainly nice being in a relationship and being spoilt, though it doesn't come without some small bumps along the way
He told me before about his dream, although I didn't know he was looking to change his job

如果主句和从句主谓一样，从句可以省略

He is a good man though ( he is ) rather shy
It is possible though ( it is ) diffcult

即使 even though / even if

I like her, even though/if she can be annoying 招人烦at times
We won't give up even if we should fail 100 times

无论 no matter

I will follow him no matter where he goes
He trusts her no matter what others say
I will keep trying no matter who tries to stop me
She has the window open, no matter how cold it is

疑问词-ever 可以和no matter互换

I will follow him wherever he goes
He trusts her whatever others say
I will keep trying whoever tries to stop me
She has the window open, however cold it is

whether .. or 不管 .. 还是...

Whether you come with me or stay at home, I still have to go to this party
Whether you like it or not, it's your responsibility

Young: So how did the interview go ?

Leo: It went so well. They just sent me the job offer.

just 刚刚

job offer 工作邀请

Young: That's fantastic news !

news新闻是一个概念，不可数，因此这里没有用不定冠词，如果要指定一则或几则消息，需要： a piece / two pieces of news

Leo: Thanks, but I'm not sure if I can accept the position.

Young: Why's that ?

Leo: My new company wants me to start in three weeks.

Young: Surely that's a good thing ?

 Surely 作副词：

表示确定/无疑：We'll get there slowly but surely.

可以用来期望对方的肯定回答：  - Surely  we should do something about it ? - Of course!

 In our text today, Young feels what Leo mentioned is a good thing, and is expecting Leo to answer. So Leo replies:

Leo:  It is, but it turns out that I must give a thirty-day notice if want to depart.

it 形式主语，指代后面that引导的主语从句                              if引导条件状语从句

thirty-day 复合形容词，两个或以上的词构成一个整体上的形容词，成分不需要复数

Young: You should speak to your boss.

Leo: I guess it's worth a short.

Young: You can notify him that you have a replacement in mind.  That should help to soften the blow

      主           谓         双宾语   宾语从句                                 地点状语

soften 使变软/缓和    blow 打击   这里表示缓和一下局面（因为有接替人选）

Maybe you should call you girlfriend and apologize. That should help to soften the blow.
Maybe you could invite her to dinner. That should help to soften the blow.

Leo: Is it possible for Alice to start within the next month ?

Is it possible for sb to do...

Is it possible for me to stay here for another three days ?
Is it possible for to hold the meeting online ?
Is it possible for him to see / meet with me now ?
Is it possible to learn how to drive in one day.

Young: She's gonna be available from next week.

Leo: That's perfect then.

Leo checks the schedule on his phone, then says:

Leo: It looks like my boss has some free time later, so I'll try to see if he can squeeze in a chat

squeeze in 挤进去（安排）

Young: Don't forget,  you've got to approach the subject in a good way if you want to keep him on your side.

                                                                                                                 方式状语            条件状语

approach the subject  聊起/进入主题  in a good way 以一种巧妙的方式

keep him on your side 让某人站在你这边（支持你）:

You need to keep him on your side if you want to win the game.
What should I do to keep him on my side ?

Leo:  I'll make sure to word it in a nice way about me wanting to leave.

word 用措辞表达                                            介词短语作地点状语

I'll make sure to 我一定会 ...

I'll make sure to come and visit you if I'm in your city.
I'll make sure to learn English well before we travel abroad.
I'll make sure to get home before 11.pm
I'll make sure not to tell him about it

Young: It pays for you to be completely upfront.

to be completely upfront. 完全坦率。真实主语

pay 产生利润，有回报

To be completely upfront pays for you.

It pays for sb to do sth... 作...对某人是有好处的的：

It pays for you to be honest
It pays to work hard
It pays for you to learn English well
It pays to plan ahead of time

Young: I'm sure if you explain why you want to leave, he will fully support you as best he can

As best one can 尽某人最大努力

Leo:  I hope he will give me his nod of approval.

nod of approval 点头批准

accept

接受： I offered her an apology but she wouldn't accept it.    We've offered her the job, but I don't know whether she'll accept it.

accept 主动接受；received 被动接收：I received your gift but  I can't accept it.

接纳：

We accept him one of us.
She was accepted as a member of the club

相信：The police refused to accept her version of the story.

depart

de向下/脱离part部分，脱离成为一部分：启程、出发

The plane departs at 6 a.m.

离职：He departed his job on December 16.

notify

正式通知/告知：

If your application is successful, we will notify you by mail
We notified the police that the bicycle had been stolen

blow

吹动，基本意思：The wind is blowing harder  every minute 风越吹越大

吹响/吹奏：blow the whistle

炸毁：His car had been blown to pieces

挥霍/浪费：When he get paid, he blew / bluː / it just in one night

n 重击：He got a heavy blow on his stomach

n 抽象的打击/不幸：Her death came as a terrible blow to her parents

approach

ap即ad表示朝向pro向前一步，靠近，临近：

As you approach the city, you'll see the school on the left.
Winter is approaching
It's approaching lunchtime. so let's take a break

着手处理/对付，接近并解决问题：

I'm not sure how to approach the problem

带有目的的接洽/交谈：

I'd like to ask his opinion but I find him diffcult to approach

n 方式，方法：

We need to take a different approach to the problem 采取另外一种方式来解决问题

n 临近：May birds fly south at the approach of winter

n 捷径：There is a short approach to the house

subject

sub下面ject投射，投在下面

君主制国家的臣民：Britsh subject

语法中被描述的主体，主语：In the sentence " Bob threw the ball", "Bob" is the subject.

主题： She has made a series of documentaries 纪录片 on the subject of  family relationships.

科目（艺术/科学的主题）：My favorite subject is history

受...影响/支配的：

Fly is subject to delay because of the fog
The article is ready to publish , subject to your approval

作动词，读音 / səbˈdʒekt / 使臣服/使顺从，正式用语

The Roman Empire subjected most of Europe to its rule.

upfront

坦诚的：He's been upfront about his intentions since the beginning

预付的：Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger

nod

点头（同意）：I asked him if he would help me and he nodded.

打瞌睡： He sat in front of the fire, nodding

approval

 ap朝/去prove证明，去证明，以权威身份证明：

批准：Our plan was finally approved

赞成/同意：He doesn't approve of smoking

The project has now received approval from the government

The teacher gave the student a nod of approval

He always tried hard to  win his father's approval认可

Developing a career plan can help you outline a clear path as you begin looking for a new job. While it's important to set meaningful career goals, you might become discouraged if these goals are too difficult to achieve.

Try using the S.M.A.R.T. goal method to help you create realistic and attainable career goals. S.M.A.R.T. goals are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely.

Specific. It will be much easier to reach a specific goal rather than a general goal.For example, a general goal might be: I will learn how to use Microsoft Excel. But a specific goal would be: I will complete an online excel tutorial.

Measurable. Ask yourself how much you want to accomplish and how you will know when you've reached your goal. For example, I want to increase my sales figures by 20% this year.

Attainable. While you shouldn't make your goals too easy, you don't want to make them too difficult for yourself, either. Goals that are not realistic and attainable are difficult to stick to.

Relevant. Make sure that your goals really matter. You shouldn't spend time on goals that aren't relevant and important.

Timely. Make sure your goals have clear time frames. For example, I want to find a job within three months. Without a deadline, you'll have no urgency or motivation to complete your goal.

Meeting a goal feels good and should be celebrated. Whether it's a small treat or big party, reward yourself for a job well done. 

 

outline [ˈaʊtlaɪn] v. 勾勒，描绘
discouraged [dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd] adj. 灰心的，泄气的
specific [spəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 具体的，特定的
measurable [ˈmeʒərəbl] adj. 可测量的
realistic [ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 实际的
attainable [əˈteɪnəbl] adj. 可达到的，可获得的
relevant [ˈreləvənt] adj. 相关的
timely [ˈtaɪmli] adj. 及时的
urgency [ˈɜːdʒənsi] 紧迫感
motivation [ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn] n. 动力，动机
treat [triːt] n. 招待，款待

 stick to… 坚持……
time frame （用于某事的）一段时间
reward sb. for… 因为……奖励某人

当你开始找新工作时，制定一个职业规划可以帮助你勾勒出一条清晰的道路。虽然设定有意义的职业目标很重要，但如果这些目标太难实现，你可能会感到气馁。尝试使用S.M.A.R.T.目标法来帮助你建立现实的、可实现的职业目标。S.M.A.R.T.目标法指的是：具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、相关的和及时的。具体。实现一个具体的目标要比实现一个笼统的目标容易得多。例如，一个笼统的目标可能是:我将学习如何使用微软的Excel软件。但一个具体的目标会是:我将完成一个在线Excel教程。可衡量的。问问自己你想完成多少，当你达到目标时你如何知道。例如，我想今年的销售额增加20%。可实现的。虽然你不应该让你的目标太简单，但你也不想把它们设定得太难。不现实和不可实现的目标是很难坚持的。相关的。确保你的目标真的很重要。你不应该把时间花在不相关和不重要的目标上。及时的。确保你的目标有一个明确的时间段。例如，我想在三个月内找到一份工作。没有截止日期，你就没有完成目标的紧迫感和动力。实现目标的感觉很好，应该庆祝一下。无论是小小的犒劳一下自己还是举行一场盛大的派对，都可以作为对自己出色工作的奖励。

Young and Alice are walking to the company building, Alice says:

Alice:  So what tips do you have for me ?

Young: Firstly, you need to remain calm. Don't let your nerves get to you.

get to you... 到达某人，口语中表示影响到某人

Don't let your nerves get to you 不要太紧张了：

It's time to ask for a promotion. Don't let your nerves get to you!
It's time to ask her out. Don't let your nerves get to you!

Alice: Yes. Sorry. I'm slightly nervous.

Young: I can tell.

 tell 辨别/看得出：

He's a bit angry at me, I can tell
She doesn't like me very much, I can tell

Young: Don't forget to ask your interviewer some questions about the role.

                                                                                                                         介词短语后置定语

Young: They like it when you ask questions.

                                      时间状语

 ... like it when ...  喜欢

I like it when you read to me / tell stories to me
I like it when she sings / dances
I like it when people say I'm beautiful

Alice: I wonder if I should ask about the salary. 

Young: I don't think you need to, HR will talk to you later about this. You should ask more questions about your role, and also let the interviewer know about your experience. Let's go get your visitor pass

visitor pass 通行证

Alice gets her visitor pass, this is when Leo heads down to meet her

Leo: Morning, It's nice to see you again Alice.  Have you been waiting for long ?

Alice: We just got here !  I was hoping we would arrive earlier, but the congestion was a nightmare.

congestion 交通堵塞

... was a nightmare ... 是一场噩梦

His childhood was a nightmare
That car accident was a nightmare
His experience last night was a nightmare
That math test was a nightmare

Leo: Regrettably, I have some bad news.

Regrettably 很遗憾，来自形容词令人遗憾的regrettable

Alice: Oh no !  Is the position no longer available ?

Leo: No no no. My boss has been called away on a last-minute business trip.

last-minute 临时的

现在完成时强调已经完成的事件对现在的影响

Leo: He asked his second in command to conduct your interview today.

 second in command  二把手

Alice: What a relief that is  !

relief 宽慰/缓解/救济。We use "What a relief that is ! " or simply " What a relief" to express that we're not worried or nervous anymore on hearing certain good news.

I finally got my dirving license / passed the test. What a relief !
He was OK at the accident. What a  relief !
Thanks for your help. What a relief !

Leo: He is running behind schedule. How about I take you  for a look around first ?

二把手正在赶过来见你.  runninxg behind schedule 字面意思是跟着计划后面跑，表示会晚于计划的面试时间一点过来

How about I take you 主要信息 for a look around 目的状语 first 时间状语?

Alice: I'd like that very much.

Young: Let me leave you guy to it then.  Good luck !

 leave 把 ... 留在那  leave sb to sth 把某人留在某事那里（自己先走）

slightly

slight 轻微的/少量的：

She had a slight  headache
I don't have the slightest idea what he's talking about.

slight 瘦小的：She is a vey slight girl.

slightly 稍微地：

She's slightly taller than her sister
I'm slightly upset because she forgot my birthday

salary

sal盐ary名词后缀，最早指古代罗马军队专门发给士兵购买盐的津贴，演变为薪水

She quit the job because the salary was too low.

congestion

con到一起gest携带ion名词后缀，字面意思带到一起。gesture携带手部信息的动作

congest （使）充满/挤满/拥堵：She lived on a highly congested street.

congest 使充血：The illness congested his lungs。congestion of lungs肺淤血

congestion 拥堵：Traffic congestion is very bad at rush hour

relief

relieve v缓和：

Drugs can relieve much of the pain
Traveling is a good way to relieve stress

relieve 接班： He will come to relieve me after 2 pm

relief 缓和/宽慰：

News of their safety came as a great relief
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it

One of the most important parts of a job application is the job interview. In this video you will learn what you can expect from an interview and get useful tips to help you prepare better. The job interview starts right at the first impression. Imagine you have arrived on time and you're ready to greet your new employer: how do you do this? Research shows that smiling, eye contact and giving a firm handshake are crucial for a good first impression. For example, people with a strong handshake are generally better appraised. During the interview, your nonverbal communication remains very important. Examples are an active sitting position and making eye contact with each person in the room.

The following three topics are almost always discussed during the job interview:

1) Your life course: by asking questions about your background and experience, the employer tries to get a clearer image of you; what have you done in your life, why? What kind of person are you and what qualities do you have?

2) Your motivation: the employer will also ask questions about your motivation. Why do you want to work with this organization? Why does this position appeal to you? It is important that you have a thoughtful answer to these questions. Your motivation also becomes apparent from the knowledge that you have about the company and its activities.

3) Competences : the employer wants to know if you have the skills and personal characteristics that are needed for the job. You demonstrate these by using the STAR-method. The employer also evaluates during the conversation whether he or she will work well with you and whether you will fit into the team. An employer will be more likely to select you when there is a good conversation dynamic. One way to achieve this is by giving short and powerful answers. The interviewer can then ask follow-up questions where necessary. Try to engage in conversation with all the interview attendants by asking them questions during, or at the end of the conversation.

In order to focus on your conversation partners and your nonverbal communication, you need to be well prepared. Below you'll find an overview of the most frequently asked questions during a job interview. When you can give a thoughtful answer to each question, you know that you are well prepared. This enables you to focus on having the best possible conversation. Try practicing with a friend who plays the role of the interviewer.

Well, now we have discussed what you can expect during a job interview and what you can do to increase your success rate.

crucial [ˈkruːʃl] adj. 关键的
appraise [əˈpreɪz] v. 估计
nonverbal [nɒnˈvɜːb(ə)l] adj. 非语言的
appeal [əˈpiːl] v. 有吸引力，引起兴趣
apparent [əˈpærənt] adj. 显然的
competence [ˈkɒmpɪtəns] n. 能力

the first impression 第一印象
eye contact 眼神交流
conversation dynamic 互动谈话
engage in 参与
success rate 成功率

Alice entered the meeting room, She says:

Alice: Hello, my name is Alice. This meeting room is really posh.

posh 价格不菲且高大上的

Interviewer: Definitely! It's actually the place I first came to when I had my interview. It's also where our senior-level meetings are held.

                                                                                            地点状语             时间状语从句                                         表语从句 从句总是陈述形式

Interviewer: Well, if you are ready, we can start the interview

Alice: Sure.

Interviewer: How much do you know about the role ?

Alice:  I've spent the last few days  trying hard to fully understand the requirements of the role.

                                                                      伴随状语

Interviewer: It's nice to know you did your research before coming here today.

                                           动词不定式是真实主语

It's nice to know... 很高兴知道...

It's nice to know you are on my side
It's nice to know you have a nice holiday
It's nice to know you have passed the test
It's nice to know you can speak English

The interviewer says it's nnice to know Alice did some research about the role before. Alice replies:

Alice: Yes, it's a role that I would have no trouble doing.

                                         定语从句         谓语                       非谓语动词作伴随状语

Alice: The position is exactly what I'm looking for.

  副词修饰后面的表语从句

... is exactly what I'm looking for ...正式我想要的：

A hamburger is exactly what I'm looking for
A cup of hot coffee is exactly what I'm looking for
A hot bath is exactly what I'm looking for
A comfortable holiday is exactly what I'm looking for

The interviewer continues:

Interviewer: Have you had much exposure to curriculum design before ?

exposure 暴露/接触   have much exposure to sth 对某事有大量接触（经验）

Have you had much exposure to the movie industry ?
Have you had much exposure to different cultures in the world ?

curriculum design 课程设计

Alice:  When I was in Germany, I helped design a few different materials for English learners.

Interviewer: OK. Are you working right now ?

Alice: I already resigned from my old job .

Interviewer: That's good to know. Do you have any questions for me ?

Alice: I was curious about the training. Do you provide training ?

I was curious about... 我对...比较好奇

I was curious about living in the forest
I was curious about everything I saw in the museum
I was curious about this job
I was curious about how to learn English well

Interviewer: Training is a must in this company.  It's vital for us to offer you the right support when you first start.

                                                                                                                      真实主语                                          时间状语

It's vital for us to do sth .... 做什么对我们很重要

Alice: I'm happy to hear that !

Interviewer: Well, to be honest, I already have a feeling that you will be a great addition to the team.

                                                                                                      同位语从句

addition 附加/加持

同位语从句中that仅仅用于引导从句，没有意义，从句意义完整；定语从句中that用于指代先行词，从句意义不完整：

The fact that he mentioned is very important. 定语从句
That fact that we need to protect our environment is very important 同位语从句

The interviewer seems to like Alice very much, right ? And he continues:

Interviewer:  The next thing for us to do is to set you up a meeting with HR.

set sb up sth / set up sth for sb 为某人设置/安排某事

Alice: Really ? You mean I got the job ?

Interviewer: Of course. My boss has put me in charge of finding Leo's replacement, so the job is yours if you want it.

Alice looks really excited. Interviewer checks the calendar on his phone.

Interviewer: How about one week from today ? How does that sound for a starting date ?

Alice: I honestly can not wait to get started !

Interviewer: I look forward to welcoming you on board and introducing you to the department.

                                                    两个并列动名词短语

Welcome you on board 欢迎你加入 is a great colloquial expression for you to welcome the new employee in your company

posh

英式英语，价格贵且质量好的：He likes to go to really posh restaurants

上流社会的：posh school 贵族学校

senior

更老的：senior citizen 老年居民

资历老的/级别高的：A senior officer / position

junior 年龄小的、资历/水平相对较低的

父子名字一样，就可以用Senior / Junior 区分，简写Sr. / Jr.

中学：Junior high school 初中  /  Senior high school 高中

senior 名词 上级/年长者

level

基本意思：指示水平线的工具，现在表示级别，水平：

The water level 水位  in the lake  is much higher after heavy rain.
What is the level  级别 of this course ?
Low / High pollution level 程度.
My company is on level 楼层 three ( third floor ) of this building.

requirement

要求/必要条件

Students who fail to meet the requirements of the course will fail 不能及格
I think my background meets the requirement of this position

require re再来/反复起强调作用quire和问问题question有关，反复询问。延伸为需要：

Please call this number if you require any further information

不同于need，require有客观硬性要求的含义，不是主观需要

The rules require you bring only one guest to the dinner
You are required by law to stop your can after an accident

research

search 搜寻

The police searched the woods for the missing girl
I searched the internet for the answer to this question

re反复起强调search，研究/探索

名词：They are conducting some great research into the language of dolphins

动词：She's researching into possible ways of killing cancer

exposure

ex向外pose摆放，摆出来给人看，暴露

Expose oneself to the sun
He  damaged his legs so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed

衍生含义：曝光

The reporter exposed this secret

curriculum

全部课程

简历： curriculum跑过的路 vitae一生 / CV

resign

re撤销sign签字，撤回签章。退出某个特定岗位，辞职：He resigned as manager after eight years

curious

好奇的：Babies are curious about everything around them.

curiosity 好奇心/求知欲： Curiosity killed the cat

addition

ad去d即do，去给，增加：

Shall I add your name to the list ?

补充说/继续说：He added that they would return a week later

addition 加法，增加的人/物

The latest additioon to the range of cars 这个车系的新款
An addition to the family 这家新添的一口人

board

板子：A diving board 跳水板   A bulletin board 布告牌

船的甲板

董事会（早期董事会开会就是在一块长木板）

伙食/膳食（早期食堂吃饭在长木板上）：boarding school 寄宿学校

动词：登机/船：Passengers are waiting to board 。 boarding pass 登机牌

Hi, I'm Albina from EMMOTION. Today we are going to give you ideas and tips on what to wear for a job interview. A job interview is your opportunity to make a great first impression on your potential employer. It's important to prepare your outfit in advance, so you don't have to struggle at the last minute trying to find what to wear. First impressions mean the world! It only takes a few seconds for a complete stranger to formulate an opinion on you, based only on your appearance. There is no room for experimentation in your interview wardrobe. The most important thing to remember is to look polished and professional. Here are the top 3 easy looks for women based on the company culture and the dress code within the organization. Suiting up for a formal interview is always a safe option. Gray or blue suit with a white shirt or top could be a wise move. A navy blue blazer is a great addition to your interview wardrobe. You can combine it with the light formal trousers, with a simple blouse or button-down shirt. Using a shirt with jeans or any nice, not too formal shirt with formal trousers would be a way to go. Don't forget to use formal shoes. Very high heels are not recommendable. Thank you very much for watching and good luck with your interview!

大家好，我是来自Emmotion的Albina。今天我们要给你一些关于面试着装的想法和建议。面试是你给潜在老板留下良好第一印象的机会。提前准备好一套衣服是很重要的，这样你就不用在最后时刻吃力地找衣服穿了。第一印象决定一切! 一个完全陌生的人只需要几秒钟的时间，就能根据你的外表对你形成一个印象。你的面试服装里没有试验的余地。最重要的是要让自己看起来优雅而专业。根据公司文化和着装要求，以下是最适合女性的3种着装。穿正装参加正式面试总是一个安全的选择。灰色或蓝色西装配白色衬衫或上衣可能是明智的选择。一件海军蓝的运动夹克是你面试服装的一大亮点。你可以搭配一条浅色正装长裤，再搭配一件简单的女士衬衫或带纽扣的衬衫。用衬衫搭配牛仔裤或任何不错的、不太正式的衬衫搭配正装裤子都是不错的选择。别忘了穿正式的鞋子。非常高的高跟鞋是不推荐的。非常感谢您的观看，祝您的面试一切顺利!

struggle [ˈstrʌɡl] v. 努力，奋斗，艰难前行
formulate [ˈfɔːmjuleɪt] v. 制定，构想
top [tɒp] n. 上衣
blazer [ˈbleɪzə(r)] n. 运动夹克，夹克，上装
wardrobe [ˈwɔːdrəʊb] n. 衣柜，全部服装
combine [kəmˈbaɪn , ˈkɒmbaɪn] v. 使…结合，组合
recommendable [ˌrekəˈmendəbl ] adj. 值得推荐的
experimentation [ɪkˌsperɪmenˈteɪʃn] n. 实验
polished [ˈpɒlɪʃt] adj. 优雅的

first impression 第一印象
at the last minute 在最后一刻
mean the world 意义重大
base on 基于……
dress code 着装规定
suit up 着装
a wise move 明智之举

Interviewer: HR has just messaged me back.

message sb back 给某人回消息

Alice: That was fast.

Interviewer: I told them that it was urgent. They have asked me to talk to you about the salary offer first.

                                       引导宾语从句做直接宾语                               不定式做宾语补足语

                                                                                                                                                   地点状语                           时间状语

宾语补足语：说明宾语的状态、性质、身份或动作
状语：用来描述动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等

Alice: Sure.

Interviewer: They told me they are willing to match your salary from your last job.

                                         直接宾语从句

Alice: Oh, OK. I was hoping to get a little more.

Interviewer: What figure did you have in mind ?

figure 数字

Alice: It's been a while since I had to negotiate about such things.

It's been a while since ... 自从 ... 已经很久了

It's been a while since we met last time.
It's been a while since I had a nice holiday
It's been a while since last time I saw him
It's been a while since I last played basketball

Alice: I was hoping to at least increase my current salary by 15 %

                                                                                                               介词短语做程度状语

Interviewer: I think it's likely that they can accept that. Let me give them a quick call.

                            宾语从句    that引导的表语从句，it为形式主语，正常语序（主语从句）：That they can accept that is likely。

The interviewer goes off (离开) to make a call.

Alice: I really want this job. Remember what Young said: Don't be nervous, Confidence is always to key to coming out on top.

coming out on top 出类拔萃

sth is the  key to sth 某事是通往某事的关键：

Hard work is always the key to success
Being patient is the key to being a good teacher
Practice is the key to doing anything well
Doing exercise is the key to keeping fit

Interviewer comes back after making the call.

Interviewer: OK, so they have come back with a counter-offer for you. They are willing to increase your base salary by 10%

have come back 这里是回消息的意思  伴随状语                                                                                                                              程度状语

counter- 对立   counter-offer 反驳报价，还价

base salary底薪

Interviewer: Oh, OK. They also said that after passing probation, your manager will review your work. If you are doing well, they will increase your salary by a further 5%

Alice: That sounds fair

听起来很合理  This is a great colloquial expression to show your agreement with a certain plan.  You can also simply say: Fair enough.

Interviewer: As well, it's worth remembering the company provides all employees with health insurance and a housing allowance.

 As well 同样，可以放在句首     health insurance 健康保险  housing allowance 住房补贴

 it's worth sth / doing sth  值的某事/做某事 。it's worth remembering ... 值得一提的是 We use this sentence to show something we want to emphasize on:

it's worth remembering that he was only 14 years old when he started working
it's worth remembering that that is a very beautiful city

provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物

Alice: Do you guys also have a bonus scheme ?

bonus scheme 奖金方案/奖金制度

Interviewer: Yes. At the end of every calendar year, we have two bonus schemes.

 calendar year 公历年

Alice: Two ?

Interviewer: You'll receive up to 2 month's extra salary depending on your performance. What's more, all employees receive double salary in December.

                                                                                                     非谓语动词作伴随状语

 What's more... 更重要的是：

He's a great man to work with. What's more, he's a great friend.
I don't like winter. What's more, I don't like wear too many clothes.

Alice: I think I'm very fortunate to get this opportunity.

Interviewer: Great ! Let me call HR back and get the contract sent over to you by the end of the day.

 get sth. done 让某事处于被做的状态

Alice: That's fantastic. Thanks again.

negotiation

negotiate neg否定otia舒适easy的意思te动词后缀

谈判/协商：

I'm negotiating for a new contract.
We tried to negotiate a lower price but they wouldn't accept it.

解决难题/通过难走的路段：

The company has some severe problems to negotiate
The only way to negotiate the muddy hillside is on foot

 negotiation  n 谈判/协商

Negotiation for the pay increase is likely to take serveal weeks

urgent

urge 催促/力劝/呼吁：

She urged him to stay
The report urged all children ( 不定式的被动形式，但是省略了“to”。这种结构在某些动词如 urge, recommend, suggest 等后面是常见的，用以表达建议、命令或要求 ) be taught to swin

urge n难以抑制的欲望、冲动：

He had an urge to open a shop of his own

urgent 紧急的/急迫的：

The most urgent thing in a fire is to make sure everyone is out of the building

increase

in在里面crease生长 They've increased the price by 50%

作名词，重要靠前：Price/Tax increases

counter

和count有关：

数钱的地方，柜台：You can ask the woman behind the counter if you need any help

数钱的工具：Money counter 点钞机

和contrary（相反）有关：

反驳/对抗：Such arguments 论点 are not easily countered

counter-attack 反击  counter-argument 反驳 counter-terrorism 反恐

base

底部/底座/底层... The lamp has a heavy base

基地/总部：The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world

基础：His argument has a very strong base

v把..设为总部/以...为据点： They decided to base the new company in BeiJing

probation

proba和检验/证明有关tion名词后缀，检验以个人行为的一段时间：

试用期：The salary for those who passed the probation will rise to 8,000 yuan

缓刑：The judge put him on probation for two years

review

审查/审核：He reivewed his options before making a final decision

对影片/戏剧等的评论：The play was reviewed in the national newspapers

复习：We're reviewing the English subject for the test tomorrow

n 审查/复习/评论：

Salary level are under review at the moment目前
The play got excellent reviews 极高的评价 when it was first seen
This class is gonna be a review for the coming exam

fair

原始意思是漂亮的，现在常用于表示公平的

Why should I do all the cleaning ? it's not fair!
I thought it was a fair price that she was offering 报价

皮肤白的/头发金的：

She's got fair hair and blue eyes.
All his family are fair-skinned

相当大/好的：

A fair number of people come along 相当多的人来了
There is a fair chance that we might win this time

集会，和festival有关

provide

提供/供给：This book provides useful information about how to learn English

insurance

insure | ensure  en是进入某种状态sure确信的，确保

Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off

insurance 保险： life/health/car insurance

allowance

allow 允许：Smoking is not allowed in the restaurant

allowance准许的份额，补贴/津贴：clothing allowance  living allowance 生活补贴

bonus

和bene（好）有关，benefit

奖金/红利：He has just got his bonus

另外的优点/额外的好处：I love this job and it's an added bonus that it's so close to my home

performance

perform per从头到尾/完全form向前， 完全展示

表演/演出：A major Hollywood start will be performing on stage tonight

执行/履行：

Computers can perform a variety  of tasks
Most students performed well in the exam

performance 演出/表现

The performance starts at 7
This car has a great performance in racing

Many people find having a conversation around salaries and raises challenging or awkward, but it doesn't really have to be. There are just a few simple steps in terms of preparation to make that conversation hopefully a very successful one.

The first one, of course, is to think about timing. And one of the considerations there is if you've just been offered a position, it's a perfect time to negotiate your salary and some of your benefits. Companies expect that this will be part of the conversation before you formally accept a new position. Many people, of course, have been working for a period of time and feel that they deserve a raise. And so that conversation takes on a little bit of a different perspective. Again, think about timing in terms of ‘Have you taken on some additional responsibilities?’ ‘Are you supervising a greater number of people?’ ‘Have you just successfully completed a major project?’ This would be a great time to have that conversation about a possible raise. And of course you want to consider how the company is doing as a whole. If they've just announced a significant layoffs, not a great time to ask for a raise. But if they've also announced a 15% profit increase over the last quarter, then the timing may be very very good.

You want to make sure to do your homework. Have a sense of what's going on with similar positions in the market and in the industry and particularly in the specific location where you're working, so you can go in well-prepared with some real concrete information about typical salary expectations. It is a time to blow your own horn and there's a difference between doing that and bragging. But it is important to sit with your boss and talk about your accomplishments, the value that you bring to the organization and you want to do this when you are happy in your job, when you're in a very sort of positive mindset because that suggests to your boss that you're there for the long haul, that you really are interested in staying with the organization for a period of time.

One cautionary note in terms of these kinds of salary discussions is not to compare your salary to some of your colleagues. Often we have information about the salaries that our colleagues are earning and we may feel that we are a bit lower than where we should be, but it's important to remember that we don't know every factor that has gone into determining the salaries of our colleagues and this is generally something to avoid when you're having that conversation with your direct supervisor.

And it's important to stay calm.Not every salary negotiation goes as we hope it will. And in the event that the answer during that initial conversation is no, then ask for an opportunity to revisit the issue in three months, six months. It is useful to set a specific time frame to have that meeting again. And in the interim, think about if there might be some additional perks or benefits that would be satisfying until perhaps that raise comes into place. Again the key is preparation, go in with a positive attitude, check the market, think about timing. And if you do all of these things, chances are very good that the conversation for a salary increase will be successful.

很多人觉得与人谈论薪水和加薪很难或很尴尬，但其实大可不必。这里有几个简单的准备步骤让这次谈话成功。第一，当然是考虑时机。其中一个需要考虑的是，如果你刚刚得到一个职位，这是一个完美的来协商你的薪水和一些福利的时候。

在你正式接受新职位之前，公司会将这视为将是谈话的一部分。当然，许多人已经工作了一段时间，觉得自己应该加薪。所以这种对话呈现出了一种不同的视角。再强调一遍，考虑时机，比如“你接受一些额外的责任吗?“你管理的人多吗?”“你刚刚成功地完成了一个大项目吗?”这将是一个谈论可能加薪的好时机。当然你也要考虑公司的整体运作情况。如果他们刚刚宣布要进行大规模的裁员，这不是要求加薪的好时机。但如果他们也宣布了上个季度利润增长了15%，那么时机可能非常非常好。

你一定要做好功课。了解市场和行业中类似职位的情况，尤其是你工作的领域，这样你就能做好准备，对典型的薪资期望有一些真实具体的信息。是时候“自吹自擂”一下了，这和吹牛是有区别的。但重要的和老板坐在一起，谈论你的成就。你给组织带来的价值。当你在享受工作,当你在一种非常积极的心态时，一会想去这样做。因为这会向你的老板表明,你会长期干下去,你真的想在接下来的一段时间待在公司。

要注意的是，在讨论这类薪资时，不要将自己的薪资与某些同事进行比较。我们经常有同事的工资收入信息,我们可能会觉得有点低于我们应有的标准,但重要的是记住：我们并不知道决定我们同事薪水的每一个因素。当你和你的直接主管谈话时，这种事情通常情况下是要避免的。

保持冷静很重要。并不是每一次薪资谈判都能如我们所愿。如果在最初的对话中答案是“不”，那么就请求在三个月或六个月后再重新讨论这个问题。为再次举行该会议设定一个具体的时间安排是有用的。在此期间，想想是否会有一些额外的津贴或福利让人满意，直到加薪确认到位。再次强调，准备是关键，带着积极的态度进入市场，审视这个市场，考虑时机。如果你做到了所有这些，那么加薪的对话就很有可能成功。

awkward [ˈɔːkwəd] adj. 令人难堪的
supervise [ˈsuːpəvaɪz] v. 监督，指导
concrete [ˈkɒŋkriːt] adj. 具体的，实在的
brag [bræɡ] v. 吹牛，自夸
haul [hɔːl] v. 拖，拽
cautionary [ˈkɔːʃənəri] adj. 警告的，劝告的
interim [ˈɪntərɪm] adj. 暂时的，过渡期的

in terms of 在......方面
take on 呈现......, 具有......
have a sense of 了解/意识到......
blow your own horn 自吹自擂
in the event that 如果/万一......

Today let's summarize ten frequently asked questions in job interviews.  Hope this questions will  help you get your dream job someday.

Can you tell me something about yourself ?

I'm Alex and I'm 37 years old. I come from BeiJing and I got my bachelor degree in education 教育学 from NUIST in 2006. I think education is not only fun but also meaningful

I am optimistic and easy to get along with. I'm also open-minded 豁达 and quick in thought思维敏捷. In my spare time I have broad interests like doing sports in gym and reading in the library which makes me helthy both in body and mind.

I have been working in the education center in past two years. managing people and teaching tudents at the same time. With 2 year's relevant experience, I' sure I will be a great addition to your company.

Why did you apply for this job ?

I've spent the last few days trying hard to understand the requirements of this job. It's a job that I‘d have no trouble doing. The position is exactly what I'm looking for, I have had much exposure to curriculum design before and I've designed several fantastic materials for English learners. What's more, I know some of your colleagues who have worked at your company for years. They all speak highly of your company. So I was excited to see you have this job vacancy

What kind of salary are you looking for ?

The salary of my previous job is 45000 yuan. I was hoping to at least increase my current salary by 20%. During the probation period, I am willing to match my salary from my last job. After passing the probation you can review my work, If I'm doing well I hope you can increase my salary by 20%. Of course, salary is not a deciding factor for me to choose a company. Whether the job is challenging or has a great potential is also a crucial element.

Why did you quit your last job ?

I've always wanted to work for a large company with good reputation. Your company is great to work for. I've always wanted to follow in my mum's footsteps after I knew she used to be a teacher. She loved her work a lot. But I never found the  right time or opportunity to get involved.Now I'm ready to make full use of my knowledge and experience I have gained in the past few years to staryt my new career, most possilbly in your company

Are you willing to work overtime ? 

First of all, I think I have enough experience to deal with some tough situations in daily work. I manage my time  perfectly so that I can always get things done on time or in advance. Secondly, if needed I can normally work in a few nights or weekends of overtime through the month to meet some deadlines

What are your goals in five years ?

I've always wanted to get into this field. I've just been waiting for the right opportunity to come along. If I am lucky enough to work in your comany. I will work against the clock 争分夺秒 and try to become a great asset of your company. What's more, I'll spare no effort to becaome a good manager and help my colleagues to achieve their goals and my own goals at the same time.

What is your weakness ?

I sometimes get too involved in my work, so I forget to have meals on time. I known it's bad for my health. I'll set reminders on my phone to avoid this in future. Besides, I trust people easily. It used to cause many troubles for me. However, as I am getting older, I can tell friends from foes. Although it's not easy. I definitely made good progress in recent years.

What do you think a good boss should be like ?

Actually I'm pretty easy going and I can always get along well with my bosses. But if you have to ask me to name some good characters, I think a good boss should be open-minded, hardworking, inspiring and value 注重 different ideas from the employees.

When can you start the job ?

I honestly cannot wait to get started, but it turns out that I must give a thiry-day notice if I want to to depart. I resigned （提出）辞职 from my old job two weeks ago. I want to finish the project I currently work on. I need two more weeks to finish the work and train colleagues to continue it. So I will be available after that.

Do you have any questions for me ?

I was curious about the training. Do you provide training ?

Can you tell me something more about the working environment ?

When can I know your decision ?

Young and Alice have already arrived at the KTV. They are waiting for Leo and other guests to arrive. Alice says:

Alice: We misjudged the traffic. We got here much faster than I expected. Leo and the others are still on the way.

misjudge 误判

... than I expected ... 比我预想的...

They arrived earlier than I expected
That's much more than I expected
The dinner was much better than I expected
This house is larger than I expected

Young: No worries. Let me find out what our room number is.

No worries. 没事

He goes to the counter:

Young: My name is Young. I booked a room for 10 people at 7 pm.

Receptionist: Let me check. Your room number is A120. It's down the hall and on your left.

hall 走廊，过道

Then they start walking to te room.

Alice: Wow. This place is huge ! It's actually my first time trying KTV. I've been looking forward this all  week

Young: Haven't you got KTV in Germany ?

Alice: Not really.

Not really. 不见得，算不上，没有。表示没有KTV

- Don't think she's beautiful ?  - Not really.
- He's the best teacher in this school. - Not really.
- Do you like this movie ? - Not really, I think that one is better.
- Do you like singing ? - Not really, I perfer listening to music.

Alice: We have something called Karaoke, but the setup is a little different.

setup 建立的形式，组织方式，体制

Young: Oh ? How so ?

 How ( do you say ) so ? 怎么这么说呢

Alice: Well, in Germany, we don't have these kinds of private booths.

 private booth 包间

Young: How does it work then ?

Alice:  We would go along to a pub. Pubs in Germany normally hold weekly karaoke events that anyone can attend.

pub 酒吧   weekly / daily/ monthly / yearly    weekly events 每周的活动

Young: So you sing in front of strangers ?

Alice: Our karaoke events are open to everyone.

Young: I don't think I'd feel confortable singing in front of strangers.

                                                                                伴随状语

Alice: Me neither

If you want to say: I don't like either, you can just use this simple colloquial expression: Me neither.

- I don't like hot days.  - Me neither
- I don't think the show is good. - Me neither.

Alice says she don't feel comfortable singing in front of strangers either

Aliice: It's not my favourite kind of entertainment.

Young: Why do you suggest KTV for Leo's leaving do then ?

                                                                 目的状语

Alice: Because he mentioned before that he's always wanted to go to a KTV for fun. I also wanted to give it a go, but I don't have a good enough voice.

虽然是之前提的，但是表达他一直都想做，因此从句用的现在完成时，而非过去

give it a go 去试试，go作为名词可以表示试试

Young: Don't worry about it.  It will be a good laugh. I'd never let you make a fool of yourself.

I'd never let you... 我永远都不会让你

I'd never let you down 失望
I'd never let you go

Young: How about we do a duet ?  We can find a song we are both familiar with.

duet 合唱

Alice: I'm up for that.

be up for sth 对某事（高度）同意. Means we agree with what other people have suggested.

- How about eating out tonight ?  - I'm up for that.
- I suggest we go out for a walk. - I'm up for that.

Young: That's great.

He checks on his phone.

Young: Well, the others are arriving.  We ought to go pick them up from the enterance.

pick sb up 接某人

misjudge

 v 误判：I thought he was going to  support me, but I misjudged him.

expect

v 期望：You can't expect to learn a foreign language in a few days.
v 料到：He didn't expect to see me
v 怀孕（委婉）：She is expecting a baby

hall

n 大厅，礼堂：There are three dining halls in our school.
n 门厅，走廊：Walk down the hall and your room is on the right.

huge

adj 巨大的：

They live in a huge house
A huge number of people have attended the event

booth

n 板子搭建的临时小房间：phone booth 电话亭，voting booth 投票间

pub

public house的简称，提供饭菜、酒水的场所，英式英语，酒吧 Do you want to go to the pub after work ?

entertainment

entertain 使快乐，娱乐：We hired a magician to enterain the children.
entertain 招待： The job involves a lot of enteraining

entertainment 娱乐/招待活动

There's not much entertainment in this town - just the cinema and a couple of pubs

duet

二重唱/二重奏：She sang a song with her boyfriend in duet.

familiar

和家人有关。adj熟悉的：I saw some familiar faces in the party.

Young: So, did you enjoy last night ?

Alice: Words can not explain how much fun I had.

Words can not explain ... 语言无法形容...

Words can not explain how honored I feel at this moment  语言无法形容此刻我感觉多荣誉/荣幸
Words can not explain how much I love you
Words can not explain how beautiful you are
Words can not explain how much I miss you

Alice: Thank you again for inviting me to Leo's leaving do.

Young: No problem. It was also a great chance for you to get to know some of the team you'll be working with.

Young: Did they leave you a good impression ?

Alice: They were great ! I was a little nervous though. I guess I need to learn to relax and let go a bit more...

let someone go 放开自己，不拘束

Alice: And there's no better time than present ! How about we play a mobile game together to realex ?

Young: I didn't know you were into such games.

Alice: I never used to be. But after coming back to China, I've been a bit addicted. I really like this game .

I never used to be 以前不一样。

She shows the game to Young.

Young: I love this game too. I direct translation in Chinese, we call it 'Eat Chicken'.

cock fights 斗鸡比赛  winner winner chicken dinner.

Alice: Yes ! The name always makes me laugh.

Young takes out his phone, and says:

Young: We can play duo. Le me send you an invitation.

duo 双人组

Alice accepted the invitation and says:

Alice: I like your player, he has a really cool skin.

Young: Thanks, I'm a bit addicted to buying skins for my character lately.

lately 近来

I'm a bit addicted to ... 我对...有点上瘾

I'm a bit addicted to computer games lately
I'm a bit addicted to talk to you
I'm a bit addicted to smoking, I need to quit it
I'm a bit addicted to watching movies

Young: OK, let's go to this location. It's normally got some awesome gear.

It's got some 这里有

Alice: I will follow your lead. Sounds like you really know your way around this arena

arena 竞技场                                                                                                    地点状语

She chooses the option  to follow Young in the game. Then something happens on the screen and there is a big flash 闪过 of light.  Suddenly they are now  on the ground waiting to board the plane:

Young: What just happened ?

Alice: What are we doing here ?

Young: I think we are in the actual game.

Alice: OMG, what on earth did you press ?

Young: Don't look at me, I didn't do anything. Look. It's a plane ! I think we have to get on board.

Alice: WHAT !?! I'm not gettting on that plane !

Young looks excited, but Alice looks nervous.

Alice: How do I quit.

Alice starts tapping in front of her, hoping there is a button to cancel the game.

Young: Come on ! Don't be a chicken ! Get it ? Eat Chicken.

don't be a chicken / don't be so timid

Don't be a chicken. Go say hello to her !

Get it ? 明白了吗

Alice: Now is not the time to be cracking jokes !

crack 破裂，裂开。crack jokes 口语中表示嘴里蹦出笑话

Now is not the time to.... 现在不是做什么的时候

Now is not the time to blame yourself
Now is not the time to lose heart 失去信心
Now is not the time to ask for a promotion
Now is not the time to change your job

Alice: How can you be so calm.

Young: Well, you did say you wanted to learn to relax and let go !

Alice: I did, but I didn't have jumping out of a plane in mind.

have sth in mind  脑子里面想着/装着某事

Young: Looks like we don't have a choice, come on !

addicted

addict ad-dict 朝向-说话，古罗马战场上等待摆布的奴隶，衍生为成瘾的人：A drug / gambling addict

addicted 上瘾的/入迷的：He's addicted to computer games.

direct

adj 直接的： Do you have any direct experience in this kind of job / work ?

adj 直率的：I like her open and direct manner.

v 管理/指挥：There was a police officer directing the traffic

v 引导/导演：He wanted to give up acting and start to directing his own films

v 指路： Could you direct me to the train station ?

translation

translate 翻译 He translated the letter into English

The book loses something in translation

I have only read Tolstoy in translation

arena

本意，竞技场上吸血的沙土，衍生为竞技场

An Olympic  / sports arena

Young: This is so cool, I can't believe we're in the game !

Alice: OMG ! I'll never play this game again.

Young: Alice, you are so nervous.

Alice: How can you be so calm right now ?  We're about jump out of a plane!

How can you be so... 你怎么能这样...

How can you be so selfish ? You need to think about others as well
How can you be so sure that he won't come tonight
How can you be so unkind ? He's your friend
How can you be so confident ? You are not prepared yet

Young: Looks like the pilot is leveling off. We must be reaching the right altitute.

level off 趋平，level作动词是变成水平的意思

Alice: Oh no! I'm not sure about this.

 我不太确定这件事（要不要继续下去）

Young: Follow me. We need to head over there !

head 作动词表示朝哪里去

The timer is counting down, 3 2 1, they jump out of the plane

Young (Thought):   This is my favourite part !  They are about to release the parachutes.

A map appears on the screen with the location of where they want to go, and the parachute than opens.

Alice (Thought): OMG ! Thank goodness ! I'm still alive!

Thank goodness = Thank God

Young (Thought):  That was a thrilling experience !

They are landing now, Young says:

Young: That was amazing ! I felt such a rush ! How are you doing Alice ?

 I felt such a rush 我觉得结束的太快了

Alice looks out of breath.

Alice: I need to catch my breath. That was scary ! Have you always been an adrenaline junkie, Young ?

 adrenaline 肾上腺素 junkie 口语，成瘾的人

Alice asks you if he's always an adrenaline junkie, Young replies:

Young: You only live once !

This is a very useful colloquial expression shows that you need to grab every chance to try exciting things.

Come on ! Don't be a chicken ! You only live once !
Don't be shy, you can do it ! You only live once !

They have landed, Alice says:

Alice: What are we gonna do now ?

All of a sudden they hear gunshots.  Young say:

Young: Sounds like gunshots, We'd better take cover ! 

Young clicks on the map and sees where to go.

Young: Follow me, I know a hideout.

hideout 躲开/远离，藏身之处

They starts running towards the location. They see some stuff on the ground on the way and Young picks ups a bag and a rifle. Young says:

Young: Nice ! It's my favourite weapon, Alice, grab this other rucksack. Don't worry ! We're gonna be fine ! In fact, we're gonna be more than fine ! We're gonna win this! Come on !

rucksack 帆布包，登山/旅行用

Alice (Thought): Where did he get all his confidence ?

Young picks up some more things. He puts some in his rucksack and gives some to Alice.

Young: This place is perfect! Let's hide out here for a while, so I can come up with a plan for us.

come up 走到头/走尽   come up with sth 带着...走过来

Young: What have you got ?

你都有/搞到了什么

Alice: What do you mean what have I got ?

Young: Snap out of it, Alice !

snap 啪的一声断裂/移动位置

snap out of it 快速从某种情绪中调整出来

What are you thinking about ? snap out of it !
Stop thinking too much, snap out of it !

Alice didn't understand Young's question for the first time, Young continues:

Young:  I mean, what do you have in your rucksack ?

Alice takes out some items , including different types of ammo 弹药

Young: Well done ! You've picked up loads of ammunition for us !

Well done 干的好，We use this colloquial expression to show our praise  to others when something is done well by them.

- Daddy ! I came second  in history . - Well done saweetheart !
- I won this prize in the cometition ! - Well done !

loads of ... 大量的

ammunition = ammo 弹药

Young: So, first things first . Let's take a look around. Looks like no one has been here before, so there should be plenty of goodies !

first things first 先谈/做最重要的事情

plenty of 大量的

goody 好东西

Young: I'll take this floor and you can head upstairs. Let's rendezvous in 10 minutes, OK ?

altitude    alt高和old有关tude复合名词后缀

读音和attitude态度相似，不要混了: Attitude is more important than altitude.

高度，海拔： We're currently flying at an altitude of  5000 meters.

release

撒手/释放： He was released from prison.

拉开/松开：Release the brake to drive the car

发射/排放/发泄/公布/发行...

The plane released 发射 its bombs at 10,000 feet
He hit the wall to release发泄 his anger
Police have released 公布 a picture of the man they want to question
The singer's latest song will be released 发行 next week

也可以作名词

parachute  para在旁边/抵抗chute落下，抵抗往下跌落。降落伞，parachute jump 跳伞

thrilling

thrill 使兴奋/使激动/使紧张，和through有关，穿透人心

I was thrilled 激动 by your news
The athlete thrilled the world with his performance

thrilling 令人激动/紧张的： This movie tells a thrilling story

adrenaline 肾上腺素 ad朝向rena肾脏line化学名词后缀

 This arguments争论 always get my adrenaline going

junkie

junk 垃圾，junk food 垃圾食品

junk 毒品，尤其指海洛因

junkie 成瘾者：He's a computer junkie, I'm a movie junkie

rucksack

来自德语，等于backpack: He carried a hug rucksack on his back

snap

突然折断：The wind snapped the tree into two

发出啪的一声：The door snapped shut

snapshot 快照，quick picture: Let me take a snapshot of you

snap fingers 打响指

rendezvous

v 约会/会面（尤其是指定时间、地点的密会）: They plan to rendezvous  in New York in August

n 约会，约会的场合：

They had a rendezvous for next week
This restaurant is a popular rendezvous for local artists

Young walks upstairs to find Alice, He says:

Young: So did you find anything useful ?

Alice: I found some bandages, a medical kit and a sniper rifle, but I've never used this gun before.

kit 成套的工具：medical kit 医疗箱  first-aid kit 急救箱

sniper 狙击手   rifle 本义是枪管里的膛线，步枪

Young:  Pass it to me, I used to use this weapon all the time. Let me give you some quick training.

Young takes the weapon and fires a shot. It hits the first time.

Young: See ? Now you try !

Alice shoots but misses by a big margin.

Young: Well, maybe it's better if I take this sniper rifle.

maybe it's better ... 或许...更好

We still have a long way to go. Maybe it's better if we have something to eat first
It's puring outside, Maybe it's better if you just stay at home

Young says he will use the sniper rifle. Then he says Alice:

Young: You can be my spotter.

spot 看到/察觉到  spotter侦察员

Alice: I'm normally a great shot ! It's much harder than it looks in real life

shot 作名词可以表示：射手  / 射击

It's much harder than it looks in real life   现实里（他们跳进了游戏现实）打枪（比起看上去）难多了

Young: Well, there are still 20 players left. We are right in the middle of the battlefield. So all we need to do is wait here

left 过去分词作后置定语，剩下的

All we need to do is  do 我们只需要...     由于前面已经有了动词不定式的to，后面的to省略

All we need to do is come up with a good idea 我们只需要想出一个好注意就行了
All we need to do is find him
All we need to do is work hard
All we need to do is relax

Young and Alice are waiting there, until suddenly they hear a gun battle.

Alice: What was that ?

Young: Sounds like a big battle underway.

under除了表示下面，还可以表示在过程中：  underway 泛指在进行中

... is underway ...正在进行

A investigation to the accident is underway
Research on this question is underway

 Alice pokes her head out the window and gets shot in the arm.

Alice: Ouch ! I'm wounded !

Young: Use your medical kit and stay down !

The player  number drops sharply, then the sound starts to get quiet and the final number is 4. Young and Alice start to get into place 就位. Young has his ammo and rifle ready.

Young:  Oh wow look ! There's only us and one other team left . Do you know where the shot came from ?

Alice: I think it came from over there !

Young: I'm comming !

Young runs over.

Young: I see him ! He semes to be reloading.

Him aims and shoots him !

Young: Got him !
Alice: Nice shot ! You are really something.

something 表示了不起，有点东西

You are nothing 你一无是处    He's somebody 他是个人物  He is nobody 他是无名之辈

Young: One down and one to go !  We've got this in the bag !

to go 去对付/去搞定

We've got this in the bag ! 我们已经稳操胜券了

- I don't know if we can finish the task on time.   - Don't worry, we've got this in the bag.

- Do you think I can do this well ?  - Of course, You've got this in the bag.

Alice: Shhhh. I think I can hear footsteps !

Young: Quick , let's hide !

They go to hide behind something.

Young: I see him. I need you to distract him. How about you sprint in that direction ?

Young points his finger to a direction.  Alice move that way. Young then leaves and goes to the attack. Shots are heard and Young has killed the final player and they have won !

Alice: Young, did you get him ?

Young: Yes ! Winner winner, chicken dinner !

bandage

band 条/带，和bind有关

band 乐队，早期指乐队成员身上帮着代表身份的带子

bandage 名词绷带： Let's put a bandage on your arm.

bandage 用绷带包扎：Let me bandage your hand

medical

medicine medical 同源 med是measure 测量，medicine本意体检后给出的药物

medical 医学的，医疗的   medical support / medical equipment

battle

bat和beat 打有关

战斗：Her only son died in the battle

抗争/争论： The battle for women's right still goes on

v 战斗:

They battled with our enemies and defeated them.
He battled against cancer for four years

wounded

wound 是心理/身体受伤：

She was deeply wounded by  what her husband had said
Flying glass wounded her in the face and neck.

wound 伤口/创伤：

The nurse cleaned his wound
She refused to talk about the accident, saying it would only reopen the old wounds

distract

dis反方向trac(t)拉拽，使分心：Don't distract my  attention when I'm working.

sprint

和spring(跳跃/涌现出）有关 ，春天即万物复苏涌现的意思

sprint 冲刺/短跑 We had to sprint to catch the bus

Time flies fast, and the first five levels of our English couse have come to an end in a blink of an eye. First of all, if you've been taking part in every class all the way, I would like to congratulate you here, and I believe you must have improved your English skills in a way more than you can imagine.

However, there is no ending in  learning any languages. Because language itself is the crystallization of culture and wisdom in all walks of life for the past thousands of years. That is why, for this unit summary, I want to share with you five habits to learning English well. So that I can provide some useful guidance for your English learning and application in the future.

Habit 1: Create a kind of English environment around you.

Like learning any skill, learning a language requires continuous practice. The biggest reason why most people forget what they're learned is that they can't apply the English from textbooks into their daily life.  To solve this problem, I suggest that you make English a necessary tool for you in your everyday life. For example, you can set the language of your mobile phone, computer, car enterainment system and other commn electronic devices to English mode, or set alarm clocks and memos by commanding your voice assistant in the mobile phone using English. In addition, you can watch English movies or TV shows and turn it into a part of your entertainment activities so that English can appear around your life as often as possible.  Jascha Heifetz, the Russian-American violinist once said: If I don't practice one day, I know it; two days, the critics know it; three days, the public knows it.  Always remember: Practice is the key to perfection.

Habit 2: Read English books matching your current English level.

The easiest way to use English is to read English books. It's very pleasant experience choosing an English book you are interested in and reading it in a quiet corner. Also, the process of reading is mostly silent, which mean your brains will have more time to understand and think, which is extremely important for you to cultivate your ability to think in English. However, for beginners or people with limited English proficiency, I will not recommend you the thick English novels, especially the classic ones, because many of the words used in such novels are selected with the certain historical backgound and not suitable for many life scenes nowadays. You can try to choose some modern popular books, such as books related to Self-improvement, Relationships, Biographies, etc.  which are all very good materials.

Habit 3: Develop a bobbny that is inseparable from English

I used to like photography, so I would regularly buy some English magazines related to photography,  Like National Geographics. In this way, I haev improved my professional knowledge in photography as well as my skill in English. Similarly, I've been playing computer or console games since I was a kind. At present, the default language of a large number of top games is still English. Therefore, if I want to play smoothly without language barriers, a good command of English 英语能力 is also a must. You can also think how to integrate English into your hobbies. If you don't have such a hobby, you might as well try to develop one.

Hibat 4: Keep an English diary or write informal essays.

Many people are used to writing down their recent life or work from time to time, or posting their thoughts and activities on the network platform, etc. You can try to write them in English, because this is a good way to test your ability of expression. Unlike passive input in English, you can know how to choose words and sentences to express your feelings better by active output of English, just like what Russian writer Anton Chekhov once said:  Knowledge is of no value unless you put it into practice.

Habit 5: The best habit lies in your subconscious.

Sometimes I talk in my dream, and my family tell me that they often hear me speak English. This is a very interest thing, because it shows that Chinese and English have both become tools to express myself in my subconcious. I sometimes fall asleep when watching English programs, But before deep sleep, my subconscious mind will make up the pictures according to the content I hear. as if I can see the plot on TV with my eyes closed. There experiences are not intentional, but a natural result from the many habits in my daily life, For an English learner, it is diffcult to have such a  habit, because it means you may have to develop the first four habits in the first place. But learning a language is the same as doing anything, only enough efforts can bring rich results. I sincerely hope that through our courses, you can turn English into a powerful tool and live a more wonderful life.

Thank you for your constant attention.

Remote work is the practice of employees             doing their jobs                    from a location other than a central office operated by the employer.

主语        系       表            介词短语后置定语     现在分词短语伴随状语      地点状语

... is the practice of ... 某事是某事的实践做法

Online education is the practice of teaching  students on the Internet
Online shopping is the practice of buyinng things on the Internet

Such location could include an employee's home, a private office, or any other place outside of the traditional office building.

                                                                                                                                                           介词短语后置定语

office building =  office block 写字楼

Remote work has provided freedom and flexibility that allow workers to decide how they spend their days.

                                                                                            定语从句

... has provided freedom and flexibility that ...

Online education has provided the freedom and flexibility that allow students to decide how they arrange thier timetable.
Ride-hailing apps has provided the freedom and flexibility that allow customers to decide when and where to call a ride.

Your productivity increases when ( you are ) working in an environment that has decreased distractions.

工作效率                             时间状语从句                                                              定语从句

What's more,  by not spending any time commuting, workers have more time with their families or on recreational tasks.

spend time doing sth 花时间作某事， 这里的doing是非谓语动词作伴随状语

Working from home isn't without its drawbacks.

isn't without 并不是没有，双重否定，强调作用

... isn't without its drawbacks

Online education isn't without its drawbacks
Online shopping isn't without its drawbacks

 So what kinds of drawbacks does working from home have ?

It is not such a good idea for those who need more supervision.  Basing your office at home can lead to a feeling of isolation,

                                                            定语从句修饰those

base 把基地设置在    lead to 导致

as well as being distracted from work by things  such as chatting online or playing computer or mobile games.

           名词性短语，被动语态             方式状语  后置定语

It is well known that Big Tech companies around the world are championing remote work as the new norm post COVID-19.

形式主语                主语从句    champion 支持/拥护   norm 标准/常态                                                                                     post比after更正式

It is well known that 众所周知...

It is well known that China has many beautiful places
It is well known that Chinese is very hard to learn

While remote work may not be an option for people in many career such as on-the-ground salespeople, you can certainly give employees the autonomy to set and adjust their own schedules

on-the-ground 线下的

... may not be an option for ...

Travelling by air may not be an option for people who feel airsick 晕机easily
Watching horror films may not be an option for those who get scared easily

employer 雇主     interviewer  examinee 考官
employee 雇员    interviewee examiner 考生

include

in在里面clude关起来，包含：The price will include the labour and materials

flexibility

flexible 灵活的，易弯曲的  -ible和-able一样

Dancers need to be very flexible
My schedule is flexible, I could arrange to meet with you any day next week

flexibility 弹性，灵活性，柔韧性

It takes years to develop one's flexibility
I have a very high degree of flexibility  with my schedule

productivity

pro向前duce引导，带出来造出来，让产品问世：France produces a great deal of 大量的wines

produce 繁殖：Our dog produced six puppies last week

produce 使产生/引起：This drug can product a feeling of tiredness

produce 农产品： fresh producbe

product 泛指产品： They have a range of skin-care products

productive 多产的、高效的：Training makes workers highly productive

productivity 生产力/生产率/工作效率：Productivity in our company improved by five percent last year.

decreased

de向下crease生长：

The number of new students decreased this year
We have decredased our involvement投入 in this work

decreased 减少的：Decreased productivity has put the company in a dangerous position

recreational

recreation 刷新自己的身体/精神，尤其指通过娱乐的方式。娱乐、消遣：Her only form of recreation seems to be shopping

recreational facilities 公园的娱乐设施

drawback

拽回来 -  缺点/弊端：The only drawback of the plan is that is costs too much

supervision

super在上面vis看ion名词后缀：监督。Very young children should not be left to play without supervision

isolation

isolate 隔离 isle岛：

Patients with the disease should be isolated
A high wall isolated this house from the rest of the village

isolation 隔离/孤立：

After all visitors had left she experienced a feeling of complete isolation

champion

和露营camp有关，夏令营summer camp

champion 冠军/获胜者：She is the world champion of baseball

autonomy

 auto自动nomy数有关/盘算，自主权：Each of the area managers enjoys considerable 相当高的 autonomy in the running of his own area

autonomous 自治的：Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region      Autonomous Velicle 自动驾驶汽车

COVID has had a major impact on everyone. In addition to visible effects such as the hospitality sector had to close and the less busy roads, the offices were also used much less, many employees who have a day job in the office now had to work from home and they did that on mass. More than 70 percent of digital workers went home. Home workers have experienced that they are more productive, work more efficiently and their creativity increased. But there are also a number of negative consequences. Because in addition to the feeling of isolation, we all sit considerably more and longer during the day and worked overtime more often than they did before. The workplace at home was also poorly equipped which now leads to physical inconveniences and an unhealthy lifestyle, which can eventually lead to temporary absenteeism.

This is a strong argument for properly organizing the workplace of homeworkers to take better care of yourself. A sit-stand desk in combination with a digital coach leads to gains in movement and a decrease in sedentary behavior. Taking pit stops will also help you mentally and boost your productivity and efficiency even more. At home, we also have a little more trouble concentrating than at the office. This can be stimulated by working via the pit stop principle, whereby the attention span for a task can be maximized by short pauses. And if that's not enough, an active noise cancelling headset can also be considered to filter out distracting ambience noise for more concentration. The work-life balance is becoming increasingly blurred. Where you used to be able to review all your thoughts on the return journey home when you now turn off your computer, you're in your private life within a couple of seconds.

We advise employers to embrace the gains in creativity, productivity and efficiency and not throw these gains away. Help your employees by providing a good workplace at home, because this benefits can become permanent. The longer working from home continues with good support and without the risk that physical and mental discomfort will increase. When COVID is over, working from home will be here to stay, which is why it is wise to invest in a good home workplace now.

 

hospitality [ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti] n. 好客，服务性行业
productive [ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti] n. 生产力
inconvenience [ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns] n. 不便，困难
temporary [ˈtemprəri] adj. 暂时的，临时的
absenteeism [ˌæbsənˈtiːɪzəm] n. （无故的）旷工，旷课
sedentary [ˈsedntri] adj. 久坐不动的
headset [ˈhedset] n. (尤指带麦克风的)头戴式耳机
ambience [ˈæmbiəns] n. 环境，氛围
blurred [blɜːd] adj. 模糊的，模棱两可
embrace [ɪmˈbreɪs] v. 拥抱，欣然接受
permanent [ˈpɜːmənənt] adj. 永恒的，永久的

 

have an impact on… 对……产生影响
in addition to… 除了……以外
negative consequence 负面影响
in combination with… 结合……
take pit stops 短暂休息
filter out… 过滤掉……

What a beautiful morning ! Best get up and make myself a cup of coffee before checking my emails.

He gets a cup of coffee and drinks it. He says:

It's my first day to work from home !

It feels nice to be able to have a break from the office.

have a break 休息一下

It feels nice to be able to ...

It feels nice to be able to walk outside instead of staying at home all the time
It feels nice to be able to meet my idol and talk to her
It feels nice to be able to go home and have dinner made by my mother
It feels nice to be able to marry the one you love

I'm pretty sure I can be much more productive if I'm working from home.

He goes to open hist laptop

I'll be able to really focus on work  without any annoying distractions I get in the office.

He starts his work. Clock speeds up. He gets lots of his work done and it's now lunch time

Look at the time. I didn't notice it's already the afternoon.

I didn't notice ... 我没有注意到

I didn't notice you were wearing a new hat
I didn't notice that piece of news until you told me
I didn't notice you at the party last night
I didn't notice him when I came in

Young says he didn't notice the quick passing time, then he says:

Today has flown by rapidly. I could get used to working from home permanently.

I didn't realise just how productive I could be when                  being allowed  to work       from the comfort of my own home.

宾语从句                                            时间状语从句   现在分词短语作伴随状语      地点状语

Maybe, I should check in on Alice to see how her day is going.

check in on sb 在某人那里报道/露面，关心某人

He sends Alice a text, "How's your day so far ?". He gets a reply, "Just heading to  a meeting. Talk later"

Poor Alice, I certainly don't envoy her right now ! I've never been a fan of endless meetings at the office. At least now that I'm working from home, I don't need to deal with such things.

now that ... 既然...

Now that everyone knows, we don't need to hide the secret anymore
Now that you've come back, I don't need to worry about you anymore

 deal with sth 处理某事

Young says he doesn't need to deal with the endless meetings at the office now that he's working from home, but suddenly he receives an email "Online Marketing Meeting - 4pm"

Maybe I spoke too soon

This is a very colloquial expression if you want to show that you misjudged what should be like before

Well, at least I don't need to worry about looking presentable. That's the other huge benefit of workincg remotely, I guess - being able to work in lounge wear !

looking presentable 穿着得体          the other （两个中的）另外一个：一个是不用参加总是会议，另外一个是就算参加了也不用考虑穿着

lounge wear 休息室的衣服，休闲装

focus

聚焦/集中注意力 on : You need to focus on what you are doing

调焦：It took a few moments for her eyes to focus in the dark

焦点：She likes to be the focus of attention

rapidly

rapid 急速的：The development of technology is rapid

quickly 强调时间短：She walked quickly away
fast 快且平稳：Please hold the handrail fast
rapidly 强调速度快：He was moving rapidly around the room

permanently

per通过，自始自终man停留ent形容词后缀：永久的

She is looking for a permanent place to stay
permanent resident 永久居民

She has decided to settle permanently in France

comfort

v 安慰/宽慰：He comforted himself with the thought that the worst was over

n 安慰/慰藉：I tried to offer a few words of comfort

n 安逸/舒适：  comfort zone 舒适区

comfortable 舒服的

poor

所有含义都和欠缺有关： My English is poor

贫穷的：He came from a poor family

可怜的：Look at the dog, the poor thing  has only three legs

deal

 n 协议/交易：

A business deal
I'll make a deal with you, you wash the car and I'll let you use it tonight

n 大量，大把：

They spent a great deal of money
It took a great deal of time

v 做交易/经营：The company deals in computer software

deal with sb/sth 和某人/某事打交道，应对/应付：

She's used to dealing with diffcult customers
We must have a positive attitude to deal with the problem

presentable

体面的：I have nothing presentable to wear .  His handwriting is not presentable

benefit

bene好，bonus与之相关 fit和fact有关，做的好，优势/好处

The discovery of oil brought many benefits to the town

v 得益/使受惠：I have benefited greatly from my teacher. It will benefit both sides

Working from home for long hours throughout the day can be a challenging adjustment for some. Experiencing discomfort, strain, or pain can easily lead to a lack of motivation to work. Here are some tips to help you create an ergonomic workspace from your home.

Avoid the temptation to work from your couch or bed. Laying in bed while working may indicate to your body that it's time to nap. Instead, find a good flat table or desk space to keep your places of comfort and relaxation separate from your workspaces.

Find a comfortable seat that encourages good posture. Your chair should have solid back support and ideally lumbar support. You can also add a small pillow to support your lower back. Make sure your shoulders are relaxed and not hunched. And ensure the height of the chair allows your feet to touch the floor comfortably, and that your legs are bent at a 90-degree angle.

Adjust your monitor height to your eye level, and position at about one arm's length away. Keeping the center of your computer monitor eye level ensures you don't strain your neck or eyes. If you work with a laptop, you can use a stand or even a stack of books to raise your computer to an appropriate level. Having a mouse and keyboard in this case will be necessary.

Be sure to place them both on the same surface and at a height that allows you to keep your wrist straight, your upper arms close to your body, and your hands at or slightly below the level of your elbows.

Optimizing your home workspace will help you have a productive workday. And your body will thank you in the long run.

 

ergonomic[ˌɜːrɡəˈnɑːmɪk] adj. 工效学的；人类工程学的
adjustment [əˈdʒʌstmənt] n. 调整；调节
discomfort [dɪsˈkʌmfərt] n.不舒服；不适v. 使不舒服；使不安；
temptation[tempˈteɪʃn] n. 诱惑；诱人的事物
indicate [ˈɪndɪkeɪt] v. 表明；显示；暗示
relaxation [ˌriːlækˈseɪʃn] n. 放松；休息；消遣；用于放松消遣的时间；休闲娱乐活动
lumbar [ˈlʌmbər] adj. 腰（部）的
hunched [hʌntʃt] adj. 弯腰驼背的；缩成一团的
appropriate [əˈproʊpriət; əˈproʊprieɪt] adj.合适的，相称的
Optimize [ɑːptɪmaɪz] v. 优化；充分利用（形势，机会，资源）；使（数据、软件等）优化

a lack of motivation 缺乏动力
avoid the temptation 避免诱惑
separate from 从.....隔离出来
in the long run 从长远来看

Young turns off the alarm and gets up, he opens the curtains and it's rainning. It has been three weeks since he started working from home.

It's so gloomy outside. The weather has never looked more miserable than it does ( = lookes 丰富措辞，避免重复） today.

miserable 痛苦的，令人不看的

用比较级、最高级来抒发情感在欧美国家非常常见，例如

It was the happiest moment of my life.  - 阿甘正传
I love you more than I can say - More than I can say

Young checks the date, he says:

I can't believe I've been working at home for almost a month. Three weeks ago, I felt a lot more positive and optimistic than I do now. Each day it's the same routine, over and over again.

over and over again...

Stop thinking about your problem over and over again
He's been telling the same story to many people over and over again
He's been making the same mistake over and over again
He's been watching the same movie over and over again

In our text today, Young says he is doing the same things over and over again, he continues:

Every new day seems to drag on for longer than the last.

drag on 持续拖延，熬日子

What I never realized is that I would miss going to the office.

主语从句                      表语从句

The sense of freedom at the beginning has now turned to a sense of boredom.

turn to 转变为

Recently, I've found myself feeling less motivated.

                                 宾语   宾补       动力不足

find myself doing sth 发现自己处于某种状态

I find myself eating more and more recently
I find myself losing more and more weight recently
I find myself spending more and more time on computer games
I find myself feeling less happy than before 

Young looks at the messages piling up:

Tasks keep on coming,  but I don't have the willpower anymore. At least back in the office, I and others  around to encourage me. Being in the office gives me a sence of teamwork

willpower 动力/劲头

doing sth gives me sence of sth 做某事给我某种感觉

Walking along the beach gives me a sense of happiness
Travelling around the world gives me a sense of freedom

Maybe another cup of coffee will give me the drive I need.

 drive 做名词表示驱动力                                              定语从句

After he makes a drink, he gets a message from Alice. She tells him that she must work from home too and is on her way back

Well, at least I won't feel so bored now that I will have some company.

company 陪伴，不是伴侣，因此是单数

I best make lunch for two today. I wonder what's left in the fridge.

He looks inside but the frige is empty.

I've never seen such a depressing looking fridge

depressing looking 看起来让人沮丧的

I've never seen such...    :   I've never seen such a cute baby / smart guy / pretty girl / boring movie

Young says the fridge looks depressing, he continues:

What is left for me, is barely anything. I'll text Alice. She can stock up on food on the way home.

stock 储备  stock on food 储备食物

He sends a message to Alice: "Please can you pick some groceries up on your way home ? We are out of everything"

"We are out of everything" is a very simpe but very useful colloquial expression for you to show that your don't have what you need anymore

Alice replies: "Sure, see you soon"

I'm looking forward to having someone else around the house.
Whoever said working from home is great is   wrong.

                                                              主语从句     系  表

While I wait for my brain to switch on, I should tidy around and go grab a shower.  After all, it's almost noon

grab 快速抓住  grab a shower 洗个澡  grab a cab = take a taxi   grab a bite = have something to ear

gloomy

gloom 忧郁/沮丧：This film is full of gloom
gloom 昏暗/阴暗：He walked through the gloom of the thick forest
gloomy 忧郁的：They sat in gloomy silence
gloom沉闷/阴暗的：It was a wet and gloomy day

miserable

miser 守财奴，其生活通常是痛苦的
misery 痛苦：Fame brought her nothing but misery
adj 痛苦的/悲惨的：He had a miserable childhood
n 悲惨的人：例如悲惨世界的英文名 The miserables

positive

和postion位置有关，字面意思摆放好的，衍生为确信的

-  Are you positive about that ? - Yes, I'm positive.

积极的/有信心的：You need to have a positive attitude toward your life

阳性的/正极的/正面的，反义词是negative

optimistic

optimist 乐观主义者

She is optimistic about the chances of winning a gold medal

pessimist 悲观主义者 pessimistic悲观的

freedom

自由权/自由的状态：The freedom he speech.   He only wants freedom, justice and equality

boredom

bore 本义挖孔：The workmen bored through the rock。因为这个动作很无聊，因此衍生出厌烦

bore 令人讨厌的人或事：

I had to sit next to Michael at dinner, he's such a bore
Have to cook every day is such a bore

boring 令人无聊的，bored 感到无聊的： This is such a boring movie, I'm so bored by it

boredom 无聊/乏味

Television  helps to relieve the boredom of the long evenings

motivate

motive 动机： Why would she kill him ? She has no motive

使产生动机/激励：

She's very good at motivating her students
Teaching is all about motivating people to learn

encourage

注入勇气/鼓励：They've always encouraged me in everything I've wanted to do

depressing

depress 使消沉/忧郁/沮丧：The weather depressed me
depress 使降低/萧条/不景气：This drug helps to depress high blood pressure

depression 抑郁/萧条：The Great Depression

depressing 令人沮丧的： It was very depressing watching the news tonight
depressed 沮丧的：She became deeply depressed when her husband died

barely

bare 赤裸的/光秃秃的：bare hands, bare feet, bare floor without any carpet.

bare 最基本的：She gave me only the bare facts of the cases

barely 仅仅/刚好/几乎没有：We barely had time to catch the train

stock

基本意思是树干，由于早期存储物资的都是木制的，因此衍生为存货、牲口等：livestock活的存货，家畜

It is only halfway through winter and food stock are already low.
The earthquake had killed many livestocks

可以表示一个中空的木制刑具：laughing stock 笑柄.   She made herself a laughing stock to those around her

stock market是13世纪伦敦的一个市场，人们在此进行股票和证券交易，因而衍生出股份/股票的意思：They own 20 percent of the company's stock

v 备货：

Most supermarkets stock a wide range of wines
I always stock up the fridge before weekends

switch

打开/关闭：Switch on / off the TV
转换/改变：She started studying English, but switched to Law in her second year

做名词：

Light switch
She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born

Working from home has changed my life forever. My life seven years ago was extremely different than it is now. I was working in my full-time job as a call center agent and my wife was pregnant for our first baby. That's when I decided to work from home because I've seen videos and testimonials that working from home will give you plenty of time for your family. But not everything is all glitz and glamour because working from home has its downside as well. In this video, we're gonna talk about the pros and cons of working from home. So that you'll have an informed decision whether this is the right industry for you. Some of these are my personal experience. Let's break it down.

1. Spend Time on the Things that Matter

For me, this is the best benefit that you can get from working from home: to have more time to do the things you love, especially with family. When I was working in corporate, it takes me 1 to 2 hours to get to the office. So I had to leave at least 3 hours before my shift starts as traffic is terrible and unpredictable. Then during my breaks, I need to be efficient and be in my office desk before my break ends. Now that I work from home, the hours that I spend before for commuting is now used for having fun with my wife and daughter. I also get lunch breaks which I use for power naps or just simply play a quick video game or cook something fast. Not only does it give you more time, it's also flexible because you can choose your work that suits your schedule. I personally work at night because it's more peaceful when everyone's sleeping.

2. Save More

Another awesome perk of working from home. Expensive meals, commuting, laundry, and even child care are some of the things that you would save if you don't go to the office anymore. And since you don't commute as much, there's a lower chance of having a motor accident. Because we saved more, me and my wife were able to purchase our own car and a piece of property we never imagined we could buy if we stayed working the traditional way.

3. Improve Soft Skills

Hiring managers often look for applicants with good soft skills because they are more likely to succeed in work. They are also transferable, meaning it can be learned and adapted no matter what kind of job you have. Soft skills are skills related on how you work , especially with other people. It includes communication, time management, problem solving and even leadership. Working from home will significantly boost your soft skills that are important in the long run.

4. Job Opportunities for People with Limitations

For people with disabilities, working from home could be one of the best things that could ever happen to them. A deaf person can still work in customer service as a chat or email support and can be assisted by speech-to-text software. Those who use wheelchair wouldn't struggle anymore with transportation while people with mental illnesses can have a more controlled environment. It provides more job opportunities to people.

5. Improve Health

One of the things I love to do is to jog every day at least 30 minutes to one hour for my health. Working from home gave me the privilege of taking care of myself instead of wasting my time commuting to work. It also lessens the stress, as traditional work often have workplace politics or clashes with colleagues.

 

extremely [ɪkˈstriːmli] adv. 极其，非常
pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt] adj. 怀孕的
testimonial [ˌtestɪˈməʊniəl] n. 推荐信，证明信
commuting [kəˈmjuːtɪŋ] n. (乘公共汽车、火车、汽车等)上下班往返
purchase [ˈpɜːtʃəs] n. 购买 v. 购买
property [ˈprɒpəti] n. 房产
transferable [trænsˈfɜːrəbl] adj. 可转移的，可调动的
privilege [ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ] n. 特权

 

pros and cons 利与弊
break down 分解，故障
power nap 打盹

It's now been a week after Alice and Young both working from home.

Alice: Your morning coffee is on the table !

Thank: Thank you !

He goes over to the table, sits down, and then they starts to talk. Alice says:

Alice: I can't believe my first week working from home is almost over. Time has gone so fast.

                                                         现在分词短语做后置定语

Young: What do you think of your first week being home based ?

Alice: I've got mixed feelings, to be honest.

I've got mixed feelings 我的心情复杂

Young: Oh, how come ?

Alice: Maybe you're gonna think I'm strange for saying this, but I really miss interacting with my colleagues

                                                               宾语从句      原因状语

Young: Not at all.

一点也不奇怪

not at all 一点也不

- Do you mind if I sit here ?  - Not at all !
- Are you angry I'm late ?  - Not at all !

Young says he doesn't think what Alice has said is strange, he continues:

Young: This is not what I thought it would be like either.

                           表语从句

Alice: Yes. Me and my co-workers always had such a laugh together in the office.

Me 不用主格，在口语中OK：Me and someone

Young: How do you find having all your meetings online ?

find （尤其指亲身经历后）觉得  how do you find ...

How  do you find life in China ?
How  do you find your new job ?
How do you find this TV series ?

Young asks Alice her feelings about having  meetings online, she replies:

Alice:  It's not too bad. However, that depends a lot on who the meeting is with.

depends a lot on 很大程度上决定于

Young: How so ?
Alice: Well, in our team they are a few older colleagues. They aren't so good with technology and using the online meeting rooms.

be not good with sth = be not good at sth

Young: I have a few colleagues like that as well.

Alice: The other day, one of my colleagues, Mandy, forgot to turn off her mic while she was talking to her husband who must have been in another room.

The other day 几天前     mic = microphone                                                    

Young: I hope she didn't say anything too embarrassing.

Alice: We tease her and call her Mandy the moaner now.

moaner 爱发牢骚的人

Young doesn't understand why Mandy got her nickname, so he asks:

Young: Why ?
Alice: The reason why we call her that is that she was yelling at her husband to put the kettle on but he wasn't answering her.

                                                     主语     系  表语从句                                                     不定式作宾补

The reason why ... is ...

The reason why I knew the answer is that  you asked me the same question yesterday
The reason why I'm so tired now is that I haven't slept well for the last several days.

Alice: However loud she spoke,  he never heard her.

让步状语从句提前，以强调

Young: That's hilarious. I hope she doesn't mind  ( peope call her Mandy the moner )

hilarious = extremely funny

Alice: Not at all, she took it all in good spirit.

she takes it all 她接受了一切  in good spirit 在很好的精神状态里

Young: Well, thanks for the coffee, I best get prepared for my first online meeting of the day.

mixed

mix （使）混合：

Oil and water do not mix
Some people are happy to mix business with pleasure, but I'm not one of them. 把工作和享乐结合起来

mix 混合/混杂：There are a mix of people from different countries in this company

mixed 混合的/混杂的：

I have a mixed feelings about going to my ex-girlfriend's wedding.
She has a mixed group of friends

technology

tech和编织text有关，技术logy学科后缀

The company has invested in the latest  technology

tease

戏弄：- I was just teasing, I didn't mean to upset you.  - Stopping teasing your child

爱逗人的人：Don't be such a tease ! Leave him alone !

yell

call喊叫，尤其指生气/激动时：

My girlfriend yelled at me this morning
They yelled with excitement  他们兴奋的大喊起来

hilarious

让人开心的：The show was hilarious, I couldn't stop laughing

Now that you know the top 5 benefits of working from home, let's go ahead and proceed to the top 5 problems you might encounter.

1. Loneliness

The number 1 problem of working from home, at least for me is isolation. Humans are social animals and working from home may increase your isolation from society, especially if you don't have a family yet. You might miss face-to-face connection and can affect your mental health.

2. Sudden Expenses

It's true that working from home reduces expenses. However, you might want to save some for investing in your tools and things you need. You may want to upgrade your computer or Internet

depending on your work, as slow equipment means slow productivity.

3. Overwork

Some employers will think that since you are saving time from commuting and other things they might give you more work. I am against this type of client. You should find someone that values your time and your work. It's also much better to create your own schedule to manage your hours properly.

4. Distraction

Most of the time, the distractions at the office are your colleagues, phones, computers, and even your boss. However, there's also distraction in working from home. There's your family, especially your kids. Then there're animals, vehicles and power interruption. This is where having your own home office is ideal because having noises while in a zoom meeting may make you look unprofessional or not serious.

5. Discipline

Many people who work from home take their job for granted. Since they're at home, they tend to sleep during work hours , or worst, not doing their jobs at all. That is why when you start working from home, you must give your best to get happy clients. Happy clients mean more experience and opportunities.

 

encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)] v.遭遇，邂逅
loneliness [ˈləʊnlinəs] n. 孤独，寂寞
expense [ɪkˈspens] n. 费用，花销
productivity [ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti] n. 生产力，生产率
client [ˈklaɪənt] n. 顾客，客户
unprofessional [ˌʌnprəˈfeʃənl] adj. 不专业的

 

proceed to 继续下去
power interruption 供电中断
take sth. for granted 认为……理所当然

名词性从句（Noun clauses）：宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句 —— 一个大句子的名词位置上出现的不是单词/短语，而是一个连接词+完整句子。

所有从句，都是陈述句语序。

Subject clause：主语的位置上出现的从句，分为几类。

由从属连词引导的主语从句

如何that引导从句位于句首，不能省略that：

1. That he didn't attend the meeting is strange
2. That you didn't go to the party is a pity

如何that引导从句位于句末，并且在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略：

1. It was a pity (that) you didn't go to the party

Whether和if引导的主语从句，当位于句首时，必须Whether引导：

1. Whether he can be here on time is still unclear
2. Whether she will show up is still unknown

如何that引导从句位于句末，并且在句首使用了形式主语it，则 if / whether都可以：

1. It is unknown whether/if she will show up

被后置的主语从句，如何包含具有选择意义的or时，只能用whether：

1. It is unclear whether she likes him or not

由连接代词/副词引导的主语从句

连接代词：what who/whom whose which whichever whatever ...

1. What you said is totally true
2. Who/Whom I like has nothing to do with you
3. Whatever he did was right
4. Whoever said that must be responsible

连接副词：when where how why ...

1. How he finished the report before the deadline is a complete mystery
2. Why I didn't tell you this is that I don't want you to worry about me

形式主语it引导的主语从句

有时候主语从句特别长，让人难以知晓重点，这时候可以用形式主语it代替主语从句放在句首：

That more than two million people die of hunger every year is said

It is said (that) more than two million people die of hunger every year

课程中的例子

1.  It is, but it turns out that I must give a thiry-day notice if I want to depart
2. It is well known that  Big Tech companies around the world are championing remote work as the new norm post COVID-19
3. What I never realized is that I would miss going to the office
4. What is left for me is barely anything
5. Whoever said working from home is great was wrong

Predictive Clause：表语位置出现的句子。

最常见的是从属连词that引导的表语从句：

1. The fact is that many people find it difficult to learn English well
2. Her hope is that sdhe could marry him

连接代词/副词引导的表语从句

1. The question is who will be responsible for the accident
2. That's where we first met
3. What I want to ask you is when I can get my salary

从属连词whether , as , as if , because引导的表语从句

1. The question is whether it will rain
2. He looked just as he looked three years ago
3. It looked as if she was going to cry
4. That's because she never thought of it

注意 seems / looks / sounds等都是系动词

课程中的例子 

1. What I never realized is that I would miss going to the office
2. This is not what I thought It would be like either
3. The reason why we call her that is  that she was yelling at her husband to put the kettle on, but he wasn't answering her

Appositive Clause：同位语位置上出现的句子。放在一个名词后面有that引导，对这个名词进行进一步描述：

1. Where did you get the idea that I could eat spicy food ?
2. Have you heard the news that they have just got married ?
3. Why do you have the impression that they are good friends ?

引导同位语从句的that通常不省略，同位语从句可以和先行词分开，以便让句子更加平衡美观：

1. The rumor goes that there is a secret garden hidden in the city
2. The idea came from the CEO that the company plans to expand its market

1. I had no idea that she would be back this late
2. Well, to be honest, I already have a feeling that you will be a great addition to the team

区别就在于，宾语从句只有一个从句当宾语，但如果是同位语从句，那么从句句子里还有一个已经和从句地位相同的名词。就拿原文的句子来说。我们来对比一下：

1. 同位语从句：I had no idea that she would be back this late.（I had no idea句子成分完整。后面that引导的从句对前面idea的具体内容进行了解释和说明，它和前面的idea是同位语的关系）
2. 宾语从句：I don’t know that she would be back this late.（I don’t know句子成分不完整，that 引导的句子去掉之后，句子缺少宾语，所以后面的从句只是作前面动词know的宾语）

区别就在于，定语从句只是修饰先行词，其本身的句意并不完整。但同位语从句本身句意就是完整的，和前面的名词的地位是相同的。从细节来说，定语从句里的that在从句中充当成分，指代先行词；而同位语从句中的that不充当成分，所以如果去掉that，从句句子成分仍然完整。比如说：

1. The fact that she likes me is known to everyone.（这个事实，也就是她喜欢我这件事，是众所周知的。）（同位语从句，the fact和she likes me是同一件事，that只起引导作用，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分。）
2. The fact that we just mentioned is known to everyone.（我们刚提到的那个事实是众所周知的。)（定语从句，we just mentioned作定语，修饰前面的the fact，that 在定语从句指代the fact作mentioned的宾语）

仍然是议论文题材，总分总结构：Topic论题、Arguments论据、Conclusion 概括首尾

Networking has always been an important part of life

network作名词表示网络、社交网络，作动词可以表示建立网络、建立人脉。networking 可以直接翻译为社交网络

... has always been an important poart of ...

Learning / Entertainment has always been an important part of our life

It is a useful tool that allows a person to meet others who may help them to make new contacts,

                          定语从句                                                      定语从句

make new contacts 结交新关系

which could later on be beneficial for a person's career or for life in general.

which非限定性定语从句

in general 在总体上，大体而言

Back in the old days, before smartphones and the invention of the internet,
networking was only possible through face to face contact at work, at a fancy event held by a company,  or maybe at a fun and lively party or gig.

                                                                                                          三个并列介词短语作地点状语

gig 现场演出

back in the old days ... 在过去...

Back in the old days, many jobs that people do today didn't exist
Back in the old days, she was a great beauty in many people's eyes

These were the places where people could make new and interesting connections in life.

 Nowadays, networking has drastically changed. While events and party do still exist, the majority of people now look to the internet and social media for making connections.

 look to ... 指望...     He always look to his parents to solve his problems

This means with the right tools and the right guidance, you are able to make connections around the world with a single click of a mouse button or a slight tap on your phone or tablet

              方式状语                                                                     宾语从句                                                                                       并列介词短语作方式状语

50 or 60 years go, none of this would have seemd remotely possible.

 none of this would have ... 当时这一切都.... 

None of this would have happened if you had listened to me.
None of this would have happened  without your help

But now, here we are. Over 5 billion people have access to the internets and almost 84% of the world's population have smartphones. Therefore, nowadays when talking about networking, the world is really your oyster !

 the world is really your oyster 出自莎士比亚喜剧，通常给即将跨入成年的年轻人听，表示有无限可能，世界的大门向你敞开

Work hard and be happly, the world is your oyster !

tool

 手拿的、维修的、生产的工具：

This tool can be used in a variety ways
Writing is a good tool to express one's feelings

工具人：She takes him as a tool to make money for her

general

同一个种类的/通用的，普遍的，一般的：

My general impression of the place was good
In (a) general (way), men are taller than women

大体的，笼统的：They gave a general description of the man

将军

invention

 in进入vent走：走入，走入新领域：

发明创造：James Watt invented the steam engine
编/捏造：She has invented the whole story

 invention 发明/发明的事物，捏造/捏造的事物：

The world changed rapidly after the invention of the phone
This story is complete a invention

fancy

最早和fantasy幻想/想象是一个词

v 想象：I fancied that I saw something moving in the corner 我好像看到角落里有什么东西在动

v 喜欢/想：

I think she fancies me
Do you fancy a drink tonight ?  
fancy oneself 自以为是  She fancies herself as a bit of a singer 她以为自己多少算一个歌手

adj 豪华的/花哨的：

I want a simple black coat, nothing fancy
We want to a fancy restaurant last night

lively

字面意思life-live有生命似的，表示生机勃勃的：This is a lively/life-like city

活泼的：It's hard work teaching a class of lively children

drastically

drastic 和drama戏剧有关：力量大的，幅度大的

Drastic changes have taken place in this area

drastically 猛烈的：The temperature has dropped drastically

guidance

 guide 指导/指引：

He guided us through the city
The runway lights guided the plane in 引入 to land 降落

 guide 指导手册/指南：A guide to Spain    tour guide导游

guidance 指导：She's always looked to her father for guidance in her career

billion

十亿：There are about 7 billion people in the world

access

ac即ad朝向cess走：朝那走，通道/途径：The only access to the village is by boat

接近某物的方法/使用某物的途径：I don't have access to the computer

v到达/进入/使用：You have to enter a password to access the computer

What are the positive effects of social media?

1. You can find/connect with anyone around the globe. You can find old friends or classmates that you would not have otherwise found!

2. It is more convenient than traditional methods of communication. It is significantly faster than writing a letter and more convenient than calling.

3. Business can use social media to target their specific audience. That way, they only show advertisements to who they are trying to target, i.e. teenagers, seniors, students, etc.

4. Many jobs are created for social media development/management. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are the biggest websites on the Internet, meaning more employees are required to manage them.

5. You can share your life events with others! Whether it’s getting married, graduating high school or your birthday, you can share it with all your friends instantly!

What are the negative effects of social media?

1. Cyber bullying. These bullies can hurt other people just by typing words on a screen and posting it.

2. Decreased productivity. Many people have to check their social media on an hourly basis to be kept up to date, which results in a loss of productivity in the long run.

3. False sense of connection. Because of social media, there is a lack of effective verbal communication skills.

4. Privacy Issues. Even though companies like Facebook and Instagram are trying to minimize privacy issues, there will always be gaps allowing hackers to have access to one’s information.

All in all, social media is a very useful platform, but we must be aware of its dangers and the disadvantages it provides us.

社交媒体的积极影响是什么？

1. 你可以找到/联系全球任何人。你可以找到你以前找不到的老朋友或同学！

2. 比传统的沟通方式更方便。它比写信快得多，比打电话方便得多。

3. 企业可以利用社交媒体吸引特定受众。这样，他们只会向他们想要的对象，即青少年、老年人、学生等发布广告。

4. 为社交媒体开发/管理创造了许多工作岗位。Facebook、Twitter和Instagram是互联网上最大的网站，这意味着需要更多的员工来管理它们。

5. 你可以与他人分享你的生活！无论是结婚、高中毕业还是生日，你都可以立即与所有朋友分享！

社交媒体的负面影响是什么？

1. 网络暴力。这些欺凌者只需在屏幕上键入文字并发布，即可伤害他人。

2. 工作效率下降。许多人必须每小时检查一次他们的社交媒体，以保持最新(资讯)，这从长远来看会导致工作效率的下降。

3 错误的交流感。由于社交媒体的存在，有效的口头沟通技巧存在缺失。

4 隐私问题。尽管像Facebook和Instagram这样的公司都在努力减少隐私问题，但总有漏洞允许黑客访问个人信息。

总之，社交媒体是一个非常有用的平台，但我们必须意识到它的危险和它给我们带来的缺点。

 

target [ˈtɑːɡɪt] n. 目标 v. 把……作为目标
specific [spəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 具体的，特定的
audience [ˈɔːdiəns] n. 观众，听众
senior [ˈsiːniə(r)] n. 年长的人，上司，上级
minimize [ˈmɪnɪmaɪz] v. 减少，使……最小化
hacker [ˈhækə(r)] n. 黑客
verbal [ˈvɜːbl] adj.口头的，言语的

 

cyber bullying 网络暴力
up to date 最新的

Young is preparing for a social event with people across China who work in his sector. He feels really excited

Tonight is the big night !

big 这里表示非常重要的，big这类小词的使用很灵活：

He is always talking big 他总是说大话
He can make big things 他能做大事
I don't want to make things big 我不想把事情搞大

Young says he is about to have his big night tonight. He continues:

This kinds of events only happen once in a blue moon.

once in a blue moon 千载难逢，这里做时间状语

He visits us once in a blue moon
Opportunity like this comes once in a blue moon
- How often do you drink alcohol ?  - Once in a blue moon
It's once in a blue moon to see him doing housework

Well-known people from my sector will come from all over China  to BeiJing for this yearly get-together

well-known  知名的     sector 行业   yearly 一年一度的    get-together 聚会

There's never a better event to attend than this annual event.

比较级用作最高级：

I've never seen a teacher better than him in this area 领域

Finally I can meet face to face with people in the same field as me and mingle with potential future partners

mingle with sb 和默认交流

While  we do often speak online,  there's no better way to connect than  (connect ) in person.

in person 亲自/当面

There's no better way to ... than ...

There's no better way to learn than by doing
There's no better way to learn than to be a teacher
There's no better way to travel than by air
There's no better way to learn English than to practice every day

Young says that there's no bettery way to connect than in person, he continues:

I guess I'm a bit traditional in that way. In my opinion, being able to shake someone's hand  and look them in the eye is the best way to discuss business

in that way 以那种方式，这里表示在那（沟通方式）方面

business 业务

look sb. in the eye 正视某人 / 直视某人，眼神交流

... is the best way to ...

Reading is the best way to pass time on the train
Failure is the best way to grow your abilities
Running is the best way to lose weight
Working hard is the best way to change your life

I definitely can't afford to not look the part. I need to dress to impress tonight.

look the part 看起来是环境/成员的一部分，得体

How you present yourself at these events is also important. No one wants to make connections with someone who doesn't look the part.

He goes upstairs to his wardrobe to check what outfit to wear. He starts getting dressed into his shirt and pants:

Where is my lucky tie? I wear it for all the big events. Here it is !  For a second, I thought I had lost it.

Lucky items, for example luck pen.

He looks at his suit jackets 西装外套, and says:

I'm not sure whether or not I need a suit jacket. Maybe, I should take one just in case. Better safe than sorry.

just in case 仅仅为了以防万一，目的状语

Better safe than sorry 防患于未然

You need to go to the hospital to have his checked, better safe than sorry.
Lock all windows before you leave the house, better safe than sorry

He looks in the mirror:

Yes. Look like a million dollars !  Now time for me to go get them !

Look like a million dollars  看起来很吸引人   go get them 去找他们

sector

sect切割：insect 昆虫（身体分节）

sector切割出来的部分：区域/部门/行业 public sector公共部门，private sector私营部门 producitve sector生产部门 retail sector零售部门/行业

annual

annu年，一年一次的：annual meeting / annual report / annual income

mingle

（使）混合：The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening air

社交场合中交往：I don't know how to mingle with strangers

potential

潜在的： Many petential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying

希腊神话海神波塞冬Poseidon，Pos和上面的pot都表示能力的意思，波塞冬有呼风唤雨的能力

n 潜能/潜力：You have unlimited potential within you.

As part of society, we more or less have to participate in some social activities. If you are unwilling to participate in social activities or don't know how to participate, the following video might help you. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review:

We thrive when we're connected to people. Being connected to friends and family improves our confidence, mood, memory and health. You can't just connect to anyone. You have to feel your relationship with others is pleasant and supportive. Being lonely. It affects not just your mental well-being but is as harmful as smoking. No one wants to be lonely. So how do you become more social? Start with people you already know and like. Find a reason to meet face to face. Reconnect with people you've not spoken to for a while. There's always something you can talk about. Catch up on what's happening. Revisit shared memories. Plan on doing things together , even if it's just having a coffee, going to church or shopping. If you can't meet in person, it's never been easier to connect using your phone or computer. Meet new people, widen your social circle,

get to know other people, seek out people or groups that you share common interests with like sports, hobbies, religion or people who speak your language. Say hello to a neighbor, meet people who attend activities that you also enjoy, such as an outing to a museum, club or the countryside. Volunteer to help others. Be open to new experiences and new people. If you make new friends, it has great benefits for both of you. You'll feel better, happier and stay healthier. So why be lonely? Reach out to others. Be part of a community of friends and family. Live well, feel well, stay well.

当我们与其他人发生联系时，我们会成长得更快。与朋友和家人保持联系可以提高我们的信心、情绪、记忆力和健康。你不可能随便和任何人交流。你必须感觉到你与他人的关系是愉快且相互支持的。孤独。它不仅影响你的精神健康，而且和吸烟一样有害。没有人愿意孤独。那么如何才能变得喜欢社交呢?从你已经认识和喜欢的人开始。找一个面对面的理由。重新联系你有一段时间没有联系的人。总有些事是你们谈得来的。了解一下正在发生的事情。重温共同的记忆。计划一起做一些事情，即使只是喝杯咖啡，去教堂或购物。如果你不能亲自见面，用手机或电脑联系就再容易不过了。结识新朋友，扩大社交圈，结识他人，寻找与你有共同兴趣的人或团体，比如体育、爱好、宗教或和你有共同语言的人。跟邻居打个招呼，结识那些参加你也喜欢的活动的人，比如去博物馆、俱乐部或乡村郊游。自愿帮助他人。接受新的经历和新的朋友。如果你交了新朋友，对你们俩都有很大的好处。你们会感觉更好，更快乐，更健康。所以，为什么要孤独呢?开始接触其他人吧！成为朋友和家人的一份子。好好生活，天天开心，保持健康。

thrive [θraɪv] v. 兴旺发达，茁壮成长
supportive [səˈpɔːtɪv] adj. 给予帮助的
well-being [ˈwel biːɪŋ] n. 幸福，健康

catch up on 赶上，弥补，得到……消息
plan on doing sth. 计划做某事
social circle 社交圈子
share common interests with 和……有着共同的兴趣爱好
volunteer to do sth. 自愿去做某事
reach out to 把手伸向……, 接触……

I keep casting my mind back to last night. I'm still feeling over the moon.

cast 投向/投射  cast my mind back 字面意思是把我的思绪投向过去，就是回忆过去的意思

over the moon 欣喜若狂  If you feel extremly happy about something, you can say: I'm feeling over the moon !

Throughout the evening, I held my head high and presented myself well.

hold one's head high 保持某人头在很高的位置，抬头挺胸，形容自信，或者自负

She held her head high when she faced threat from her enemey
He held his head high and thought himself the greatest man in the world

I met a lot of influential people. In the room stood many big executives from some of the most successful companies

倒装句：主语（包含后置定语） + 谓语动词 + 地点状语 =>  地点状语 + 谓语动词  + 主语，强调了地点状语。这种语序完全颠倒的，叫做完全倒装句

I remember hitting it off really well with one gentleman in particular.

hit it off 初次见面就很合得来

We talked for hours about the importance of shared responsibility in our sector. 
I definitely need to find time to follow up with him.

follow up with sb 跟上某人，保持联系的意思

I think there is good potenial for us to collaborate more together in the future.

there is good potenial for ... 可能性很大/有巨大的潜力

There is good potential for accidents if you don't take my advice
There is good potential for this experiment to fail
There is good potential for these two companies to collaborate together
There is good potential for increasing productivity

Young says he is very likely to collaborate with the gentleman he met last night, he continues:

Though it was a shame that more people couldn't attend the event.

it was a shame that 遗憾的是，类似于regrettably

it was a shame that his parents couldn't be there when he graduated from college
it was a shame that he didn't marry his girlfriend
it was a shame that I didn't go to your party
it was a shame that his parents couldn't live with him in the new house

Compared with previous years, the turnout was much lower.

Compared with... 过去分词短语做伴随状语，表被动

Compared with previous years ... 和前几年相比...

Compared with previous years, our sales have increased drastically
Compared with previous years, he has changed a lot
Compared with previous years, he has grown taller
Compared with previous years, the city has become more beautiful

turnout出席的人数： There was a huge turnout on his birthday party

Thy the turnout was much lower this year ? Young says:

I guess that's down to the current travel restrictions in some cities right now.

down to sth/sb 是...的责任

It's down to you to check the door
The problem comes down to money

There used to be at least 1000 attendees, but last night it was far less.

far less中的far是程度副词

However, last night, I struck a chord with a great lady, Janice.

strike/struck/struck|stricken 打/奏响 chord 琴弦    strike a chord with sb 和某人产生共鸣

She had some great ideas for partnering up.  I've got a meeting set up in just half an hour to introduce myself to her team across China.

partner做动词表示成为伙伴  partnering up 完全成为伙伴，深度合作

get something done 让某事被做，get a meething set up 让一个会议被安排，就是安排了一个会议

Young sits down at his computer and open the application:

I'm still not the biggest fan of these online meetings. Though during these times, it's better than nothing.

during these times  在这一（特殊）时期

I'm looking forward to the day when I can get back on the road to meet people in person.
For now, I will just have to make do with trying to make more connections through oneline platforms.

make do 勉强对付/设法应付

cast

作为动词基本意思是投/抛，过去式/分词都是cast

the die is cast 骰子已经被跑出去了，木已成舟

v 投射光影/目光：

The moon cast a white light into the room
She cast a quick a look in the mirror

If you cast your mind back, you might recall that never said that

n 全体演职员

After the final performance the director held a party for the cast

influential

in进入flu流动ence：流入其中，影响

做名词：He had a very bad influence on his daughter
做动词：His story has influenced millions of people

influential 有影响力的：He is a very influential person

executive

execute 执行：The plan was perfectly executed
execute处决：He was executed for murder

executive决策的：Chief Executive Officer

collaborate

合作/协作：We have collaborated on many projects over the years.

勾结/通敌：During the wartime, anyone who collaborated might be shot

previous

先前的/以往的：

No previous experience is needed/required for this job 不需要相关工作经验
He has two daughters from a previous marriage

restriction

restrict 限制：

We restrict the number of students per class to 10
Speed is restricted to 30 mph in this city

restriction 限制的规定/法规：Speed / Travel / Import restrictions

strike

打：Strike the iron while it's hot 乘热打铁

撞击/碰撞：He fell, striking his head on the edge of the table

n 罢工：The workers are on strike to fight with the injustice they received

stroke 神的打击 - 中风：She suffered a stroke that left her unable to speak

platform

平台/站台/讲台...

Social media has become a platform for advertisements
The train is about to leave that I'm not even on the platform

When taking part in a social activity, knowing how to initiate a conversation is of great consequence to us. The following video will show us some basic steps of how to start a conversation with your peer. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review.

Initiating a conversation takes practice. All I need to do is follow these few simple steps.

Step 1: Make eye contact. Don’t look away. Keep my eyes on the person.

Step 2: Smile and say the person’s name. That will get his/her attention right away. Smiling shows others that I am approaching them in a friendly manner!

Step 3: Greeting. Use an appropriate conversation starter with a peer. I can say: ‘Hi Mary, how was your weekend?’ or ‘Hey Mary, I forgot my highlighter today. May I borrow yours?’

Step 4: Distancing. I need to keep some space between me and the other person! I need to remember to respect my classmate’s personal space. With the right amount of space my peers will be able to hear me clearly and feel comfortable.

Step 5: Wait for a response. Now it’s time（for me）to practice with a peer at school.

 

initiate [ɪˈnɪʃieɪt , ɪˈnɪʃiət] v. 开始，发起，创始
approach [əˈprəʊtʃ] n. 方法 v. 靠近
appropriate [əˈprəʊpriət , əˈprəʊprieɪt] adj. 恰当的，合适的
highlighter [ˈhaɪlaɪtə(r)] n. 荧光笔
peer [pɪə(r)] n. 同龄人，同辈

eye contact 目光交流
keep one’s eye(s) on sb. / sth. 注意某人/某物

Alice have made Young a cup of coffee, but he has been on his phone and computer all morning, and it's gone cold

Alice: Don't forget your coffee, It's getting cold!

Young: Uh.

Alice: Recently you're such a busy bee.

Because in our impression, the bee is a very hardworking and busy creature, so you can use "busy bee" to describe someone who is very busy working:

She has five projects going on together. What a busy bee !
He looks like a busy bee, but he is actually very lazy.

Alice says Young is a busy bee latey, she continues:

Alice Hardly do you have time to chat with me these days.

倒装句，频率副词 + 助动词Hardly do提前来强调几乎没有，主语、谓语动词的顺序没有变，称为部分倒装：

Never have I seen him so sad
Only then can we arrive there
Seldom have I met her recently

Young: What?

Alice goes over to Young and closes his laptop

Alice: Can you just give me two minutes of your time ?

Young: I'm sorry. Work is so busy.

Alice: It's good to be busy, but you also need to give yourself a break.

give sb/sth a break 给某人/某物一个休息的时间：

Give him a break ! He's too tired.
Give the computer a break, it's been on for three days !
Can you give me a break ?  I have been working for ten hours !
Give your phone a break ! You've been playing on it for a whole day !

If someone told you something unbelievable, you can respond with "Give me a break !" 拉倒吧，我才不信

- I just saw a ghost fly by me ! - Give me a break !

Young: You're right ! I mustn't let work take over everything.

take over 接管

Alice: What is it that you are busy with ? I thought we have three days off.

Young: Actually it isn't  related to my full-time job.  Do you remember I attended an event last work ?

be related to 和某事有关     full-time全职/part-time兼职

Alice:  Yes, How could I forget ?

How could I ... 我怎么能...

How could I have been so stupid ?
How could you not remember ?
How could he say that to her ?
How could you forget your daughter's birthday ?

Alice says she won't forget the event Young attended last week, she continues:

Alice: You are humming on about it for ages.

hum拟声词  hum on 不断的念叨

Young: Well, it was a hugely successful event.

Alice: Hasn't the event alreay come and gone ?

come and go 来了又走了，这里表示事情已经过去了

Young: It has, but I got to meet some really influential people during the event.

got to 还得/不得不

Young:  One of them has asked me to put a proposal together. These days we have been bouncing ideas off each other.

proposal 提案

bounce ideas off each other 互换交换想法

Alice: That's great news, why didn't you mention it before ?

Young: I didn't want to get my hopes up. But things are progressing faster thatn expected.

get one's hopes up  抱很大希望

progress 这里作动词，重音靠后

Alice: That's the bonus of conducting business online, nowadays !

conduct 引导，实施

bonus 除常规收益之外的好处，红利。如果是预期的好处可以用benefit

You can exercise on the way to your office, That's the bonus of walking to work
You can develop your team spirit团队精神. That's the benefit of teamwork
You can not only save time, but also be with your family. That's the bonus of working from home
You can learn English for free, that's the benefit of working with Mr. Young

Young: I couldn't imagine things moving so fast if we had to meet in person to discuss everything.

Alice: I'm pleased for you !

我为你感到高兴

Alice: Just remember to give yourselft a break every now and then. Makeing new connections is great, but they are useless if you burn yourself out !

every now and then 时不时

burn 燃烧/消耗  burn sb out 劳累过度

Young: You're right !

Alice: Of course I am. Now drink you coffee before it gets cold. And before you open your laptop again, come and do the dishes ! it's your turn after all !

proposal

pro向前pose摆放，提议：

He was the first person to propose the construction of the bridge
I'd like to propose  a toast 干杯 to the bride and groom新郎

求婚：proposal for marriage

She said  "yes" to her boyfriend when he proposed to her

proposal 提案

Are you for or against the proposal ?

His girlfriend refused his proposal.

bounce

和bound跳着走有关，但是没有词源关系。bounce表示弹起/反弹

The ball bounced twice before he could reach it
The little boy bounced up and down excitedly on the bed

n 反弹/弹性：

In tennis you have to hit the ball before its second bounce
There's not much bounce left in this basketball

progress

n 进步/进展 He has made much progress with his Spanish

v 进步/进展 The course allows  students to progress at their own speed

burn

燃烧，烧坏：

Fires were burning all over the city
He was badly burned in the huge fire

发烧/发烫：His face burned with embarrassment

n 烧伤/烫伤：I noticed a cigarette burn in the carpet

As employers bring employees back into offices and routines begin to change yet again. Employees from all generations are going to feel new strains in addition to all their current challenges. If you're among those that are struggling with a tricky work-life blend, then, here are three tips on how you can balance your work and personal life without going crazy.

First, set boundaries. 25 percent of millennial employees are working extended hours which is more than any other generation. Though setting boundaries is not a new concept, it is one that's becoming more elusive in our hyper-connected workplace. So take time to go outside, phone free and use that as an opportunity to clear your head and separate yourself from the workplace.

Second, stay organized. Keeping things in order in your professional and personal life can boost productivity and lower stress. A thoughtful daily checklist can help you accomplish the essentials, but it's also critical to carve out time throughout the day for activities that promote a calm and healthy mindset.

Finally, check your company benefits. Financially millennials in Gen Z are struggling the most. In fact, Gen Z and millennials say they are now earning less than other generations with 32 percent of millennials currently struggling to pay their bills. Many employers offer financial wellness programs with opportunities both digitally or one-on-one to meet with a financial professional.

Often, these benefits can save you money or help with mental health or financial stress. Is it possible to be both productive at work and present at home without losing your mind? Well, with the right boundaries and support, the answer is yes.

随着雇主将员工带回办公室，日常工作又开始改变。除了当前面临的所有挑战外，各代员工都将感受到新的压力。如果你是那些在艰难的工作和生活中挣扎的人，那么这里有三条小建议，告诉你如何在不发疯的情况下平衡工作和个人生活。

首先，设置边界。25%的千禧一代员工延长了工作时间，这比其他任何一代人都要多。虽然设定界限并不是一个新概念，但在我们高度互联的工作场所中，这一概念变得越来越难以捉摸。所以，花点时间到外面去，放下手机，并以此作为一个机会，让你头脑清醒，把自己从工作中分离出来。

第二，保持组织性。在你的职业和个人生活中保持井然有序可以提高工作效率和降低压力。一份深思熟虑的日常检查表可以帮助你完成基本任务，但在一天中抽出时间进行一些活动也很重要，这些活动可以促进你保持冷静和健康的心态。

最后，检查您的公司福利。Z时代的千禧一代在经济上最为挣扎，事实上，Z时代的千禧一代表示，他们现在的收入低于其他时代，目前有32%的千禧一代正在努力支付账单。许多雇主提供金融健康计划，提供数字化或一对一的机会，与金融专业人士会面。

通常，这些福利可以帮你省钱，或者帮助你缓解心理或财务压力。有没有可能既在工作中富有成效，又在家中保持现状而不失去理智？好吧，有了正确的界限和支持，答案是肯定的。

routine [ruːˈtiːn] n. 常规
strain [streɪn] n. 压力
blend [blend] n. 混合
boundary [ˈbaʊndri] n. 边界，界限
millennial [mɪˈlɛnjəl] n. 千禧一代
elusive [iˈluːsɪv] adj. 难以理解的
hyper-connected [ˈhaɪpə(r) kəˈnektɪd] adj. 高度互联的

in addition to 除……之外（还有）
separate A from B 把A和B 分开
carve out time 拿出时间/ 挤出时间
financial stress 资金紧张

Today let's summarize the Inverted Sentences in English

英语的正常语法是主语在前，谓语在后。如果把谓语的全部或一部分（助动词、情态动词）放在主语之前，就是倒装句。倒装句的功能：

1. 语法功能：大部分疑问句需要用倒装句式，以体现提问功能 —— 助动词提前：Do you remember the song ?
2. 修辞功能：强调/突出句子的某个部分

第二类功能是今天的重点，例子：

1. I haven't felt so lonely before - Never have I felt so lonely 副词+主动词提前，强调从来没有
2. A group of students are waiting in the classroom -  Waiting in classroom are a group of students 强调助动词Be + 谓语动词+地点状语
3. The man rushed out - Out rushed the man

Complete inversion：主语和谓语动词完全倒转过来，具体分为四种情况：

第一种情况，为了强调状语，副词+谓语动词放在句首：Here comes the bus，注意，如果主语是人称代词，不倒装主谓：Here he comes / Here it is

The young man who borrowed my book stood by the door
By the door stood the young man who borrowed my book

第二种情况，There be形式的句式，本质上也是副词+动词。但是在这个句型中There并不指一个地点，起的是突出句子所指对象的作用，不需要翻译

A pencil is on the the desk
There is a pencil on the desk  削弱了主系表结构，突出了铅笔

There be中的be也可以是 stand / exist / live /remain 等表示事物存在或出现的动词：

There stand hundreds of students on the square
There lives an old man in the shabby house
There remains/exists little memory about her

第三种情况，强调表语时，表语+系动词放到句首：

Happy are those who are contented 知足者长乐。Happy快乐，contented 满足的
Gone are the days when we had no secrets 产生了隔阂
Lying in the sun is my brother

第四种情况，某些表示愿望的祝愿语中：

Long live our friendship !

课文中的完全倒装句：

50 to 60 years ago, none of this would  have seemed remotely possible
Here it is
In the room stood many big executives from some of the most successful companies

Partial Inversion: 仅把助动词、情态动词放在主语之前。具体分为六种情况：

第一种：Never / rarely / seldom 等否定否词 + 助动词/情态动词放在句首，用以强调特别/少见。

Never have I seen her face so pale
Rarely has someone so talented
Seldom have I met her recently
Seldom do they speak

其它的否定副词还有neither / nor / little / by no means 任何方式都不行 /  at no times / not only .. but also. 也就是说我们熟悉的句式neither...nor 和 not only  but also也是部分倒装：

- I don't like dancing - Neither do I
- He can't dance - Nor can she
But little does she know that when she left that day, along with her she took my heart
By no means should he be left alone 任何情况下都不能把他单独留下
At no time should you give up studying

not only ... but also连接两个分句的时候，not only后面的分句倒装，but also不倒装：Not only did he show up late, but he also forgot to bring his paper

not only ... but also连接两个并列词语时不倒装：Not only he but also his friends like reading.

第二种：频度副词放在句首时倒装，强调频率。 Never / seldom 等也可以看作是频率副词：

Often does she go to the library

第三种：So作为“也是如此”时，放在句首倒装：

You like reading ? So do I

第四种：强调唯一/只有时，Only修饰的副词+助动词/情态动词放在句首：

Only then did I realize my mistakes
Only in this way can we win the game
Only when she fell ill did she understand the importance of family and health

注意不是出现Only就得倒装，比如修饰主语时，它强调的目标已经在句首了，不需要倒装：

Only he knows how I really feel

第五种：当虚拟条件句中，省略if的时候，were/had/should可以移到句子之前，变成虚拟语气

If I had read the book, I would have passed the exam
Had I read the book, I would have passed the exam

If I were in your position, I would probably do the same
Were I in your position, I would probably do the same

If I should stay, I would only be in your way  如果我留下只会碍你事
Should I stay, I would only be in your way 

第六种：某些表示愿望的祝愿语中

May you be happy every day

课文中的部分倒装句：

Recently you are such a busy bee. Hardly do you have time to chat with me these days

本篇是一篇记叙文 narrative，写人物的经历/事情的发展，文章脉络上看记叙文有六要素：时间地点人物起因经过结果。叙事时可以用第一、二、三人称。第一人称有代入感，第二人称更加亲切，第三人称是讲故事常用的人称。

So over the past few weeks, I've been watching Alice go on a major health craze

major 重大的 craze 狂热

She has been what I would say a little obsessed with leading an overall healthier lifestyle

what I would say 插入语，用我的推断来说

leading  倡导  lifestyle 生活方式

While at the beginning,  I was a little skeptical that she would even last 24 hours

I was a little / highly skeptical .... 我对...有些怀疑

I was a little skeptical that he would win the game
He is higly skeptical that such a program 计划 can solve the problem
I was a little skeptical that she could finish her work before the deadline
His boss is highly skeptical that she  can handle this proble smoothly

Yong says at first he was a little skeptical that Alice could last for a long time, he continues:

Two weeks on, she is going strong, and seems to be really  enjoying the transformation

Two weeks on 两周以来

Therefore, I have decided to make a new goal of mine to also eat healthier, exercise more,  and get back in shape

口语中用形容词而非副词来修饰动词的情况很多，除了eat healthier，还有think big 往大了想, think different

I have decided to make a new goal of mine ... 我已经决定把...当做我的新目标了

I have decided to make a new goal of mine to learn French well
I have decided to make a new goal of mine to travel across Europe
I have decided to make a new goal of mine to read 50 books in a year
I have decided to make a new goal of mine to run 5 kilometers every day

Young says he has decided to follow Alice's path, he continues:

For me, this will be a very difficult start,  but I love routine and schedule, so I hope this will be of some use

but I love routine and schedule 我喜欢有规划和时间表（的生活）

be of some use = be useful    be of importance = be important be valuable = be of value 前者更加书面化 

I'm very hopeful that as soom as I get the schedule in line, my body, fingers crossed, should quickly follow suit

I'm very hopeful 我非常希望 ...

I'm very hopeful that everything will work out 顺顺利利
I'm very hopeful that mmy mom can come to see me

get ... in line 把...安排好

fingers crossed 插入语

follow suit 跟着（一套流程）做

This changes will not come easy though.

... will not come easy  ... 谈何容易  easy可以作副词

Good English will not come easy, You need to practice everyday
Promotion will not come easy,  you need to work very hard

I know I will face sturggles and gains throughout this process

face sturggles and gains 面对挣扎/困难和收获

I think for myself, the best time to work out is in the mornings, I want to start the day with taking a walk to clear my mind for the coming day

clear my mind 理清思绪

I want to start the day with...

I want to start the day with having a nice breakfirst
I want to start the day with  practicing speaking English

However,  first things first, time to let Alice know the good news. She's going to be over the moon

first things first 重要的事情首先做

obsessed

ob对面sess坐，魔鬼做在你对面不走，迷住/困住：

The whole relationship obsessed me for years 这段感情困扰我多年
She used to obsess about her weight 她总是过分在意自己的体重

obsessed 对...着迷的；受...困扰的

She's completely obsessed with him

overall

adj 总体上的：The overall situation is good though there are a few minor problems

adv 总体来说：Overall, this is a very useful book

skeptical

skep和scope观察有关tic   怀疑论者：Some people say ghosts exist, but I'm a skeptic

skeptical 持怀疑态度的：I'm a bit skeptical about his chances of success

transformation

trans穿过form形态，变形、彻底改变：

Online networking 在线社交网络 has transformed our daily life
The new haircut completely transformed her

transformation （彻底的）转变：

In the last five years, he has undergone a personal transformation 完全变了个人

gain

n 获得/收益：No pains, No gains 一分耕耘一份收获

v 获得/赢得/增加：

She's gained confidence from her work over the last couple of years
I've gained weight recently

process

pro向前cess走，做名词表示一件事情的过程/步骤：working process / learning process

做动词，重音靠后，表示处理、办理：

Visa applications usually take 28 days to process
Most of the food we buy is processed in some way

What do humans need to stay healthy? Your body can do all kinds of things. But to keep it working at its best, you need to look after it by staying healthy. Being healthy helps make sure you feel good and means you're less likely to get sick. It helps you do more fun activities and it may help you live longer too. So what can you do to be healthy? Well, you can eat a good balance of all kinds of food including plenty of fresh vegetables and fruits. You can drink lots of water and you can do lots of exercise to make your body stronger and fitter. Another way of staying healthy is good hygiene which means keeping clean and washing off germs that can make you or other people ill. Some germs like to travel on your skin, some will travel through the earth, others prefer dirty surfaces. But simple things like washing your hands before you eat and after you use the toilet will help stop germs getting inside you and making you ill. Last of all, you need plenty of sleep because this is when your body recovers and grows, so you can do even more tomorrow.

人类需要什么来保持健康？你的身体可以做各种事情。但为了让它保持最佳状态，你需要通过保持健康来照顾它。健康有助于确保你感觉良好，也意味着你不太可能生病。它可以帮助你做更多有趣的活动，也可以帮助你寿命更长。那么你能做些什么来保持健康呢？嗯，你可以吃各种食物，包括大量的新鲜蔬菜和水果。你可以喝大量的水，做大量的运动，使你的身体更强壮、更健康。另一种保持健康的方法是保持良好的卫生，这意味着保持清洁并清洗掉可能使你或其他人生病的细菌。有些细菌喜欢在你的皮肤上传播。有些将穿透土壤。还有一些更钟爱脏脏的表面。但简单的事情，如饭前洗手和上完厕所后洗手，将有助于阻止细菌进入体内，使你免于生病。最后，你需要充足的睡眠，因为这是你身体恢复和生长的时候，这样的话，你明天就可以做得更多。

hygiene [ˈhaɪdʒiːn] n. 卫生
germ [dʒɜːm] n. 细菌
at one’s best 处于…..的最佳状态
be likely to do 有可能做……
last of all 最终

Young goes down stairs. Alice says:

Alice: Morning. How did you sleep ?
Young: Pretty well actually. How about you?
Alice: Amazing ! Since I started my new healthier lifestyle, I've been sleeping like a baby !

sleep like a baby 口语中用来表达睡得很香

Young: Speaking of healthier lifestyle, I want to join you.

 Speaking of .... 说道/起 ...

Speaking of Young, have you seen him recently ?
Speaking of music, who is your favorite singer ?
Speaking of learnling English, who is your favorite English teacher ?
Speaking of holidays, do you have any plans for the coming holiday ?

Young tells Alice he wants to join her, Alice replies:

Alice: Are you for real ?  It was last week that I asked you to join me on this adventure.

 for real 动真格的/严肃的/认证 = Are you serious ?

 It is ... that ... 强调句式，这里用来强调时间状语

It was three days ago that I saw the accident
It is in  this school that I started learning English
It was last month that they got married
It was in this room that he became addicted to computer games

和各种从句相比，去掉It is ... that ... 句子结构仍然是完整的，这是强调句式和定语/状语...从句的最大区别

Alice says she asked Young to join her last week, she continues:

Alice: But you always laughed and said it wasn't for you.
Young: I known, but I  have seen how much stamina you have, and I want to give it a shot
Alice: You know it's a lot of hard work, right ?  It's not just doing some workouts and eating healthy once in a while.

isn't for you 不适合你

stamina 耐力，毅力，这里是毅力的意思

once in a while 偶尔

Young: I'm up for the challenge

up起身，be up for sth 表示准备好迎接..

I'm up for learning a new language
I'm up for the coming holiday
I'm up for a nice meal
I'm up for the exam

 Young says  he's up for working out and eating healthy, Alice replies:

Alice: Well, no time like the present to kickstart your new lifestyle !

kickstart 踢开始，最早指用脚启动摩托车的方式，现在泛指启动/开始

No time like the present to ... 没有什么时候比现在更适合...

No time like the present to change your job
No time like the present to take a vacation
No time like the present to travel around the world
No time like the present to Learn English

Alice puts breakfast on the table - a few eggs, fruits and cereal, Young wonders:

Young: Where's the rest ?
Alice: That's all you get I'm afraid.
Young: (Thought) If I had waited till the end of the day, I would have been able to at least have a last decent breakfast

decent 像样的

If I had done, I would have done 和过去事实相反的虚拟语气

Young: Can you pass me the sauce.
Alice: No chance !

No chance  不可能

Young: (Thought) How is this supposed to fill me up till lunch ?

Alice: Don't look so miserable. Remember,  It was you who said that you wanted to give it a go

It was ... who ...也是强调句式

It was Young who got the first prize
It is Mr. Smith who will be the new CEO of this comany
It was my boos who said this yesterday
It was Alice who made Young do this

 Alice asks Young to eat less and she says:

Alice: No backing out now !

现在不许退出（返回）了

Young: Well, as they say, in for a penny in for a pound !

in for a penny in for a pound ! 一不作而不休。起源于赌博，1便士放进去也是放，1英镑放进去也是放……多少都是赌

adventure

ad朝向vent走来ure名词后缀：走来/来到，冒险，奇遇

I always enjoy adventure and travel
She had some exciting adventure in Egypt

stamina

sta和stand忍耐有关mina：耐力持久力毅力

I cane stand your bad habit  我受不了你的坏习惯

It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon
The long climb 爬山不是hiking那种 tested your fitness 健康状况 and stamina 耐力

decent

可以接受的/像样的/体面的：Everyone wants to live a decent life

穿好衣服的/可以见人的：I can't go to the door, I'm not decent

正派的：He is a very decent guy

sauce

沙司，调味用的酱汁：tomato sauce / sweet sauce

In today’s lesson Young and Alice talked about a healthier lifestyle. Do you know what a healthy lifestyle is? How a healthy lifestyle affects our bodies? You may find the answer in the following short video. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课中，杨和爱丽丝谈论了更为健康的生活方式。你知道何为健康的生活么？健康的生活对我们的身体有着怎样的影响呢？接下来的视频会给大家一些建议。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

It’s important to remember: our physical health affects our mental health, and vice versa. What we do to our bodies makes a big difference to how we feel. Physical activity, diet, alcohol, smoking and drugs can all affect our mental health and well-being in different ways. So, let’s talk about them. Physical activity releases feel-good hormones called endorphins, which help us sleep and feel better. It also improves our physical fitness, which tends to make people feel better in general. Even small amounts of regular physical activity can improve your mental well-being - especially if it’s doing something you enjoy. Physical activity is even a recommended treatment for some types of depression.

You can get active at your own pace, in your own way. There’s no need to join a gym or even spend any money. Simple, small changes in our day to day can make all the difference. Taking a brisk walk at lunchtime or walking to get where we’re going, getting active in the garden, or cycling once or twice a week are great options. If there is a type of activity you used to enjoy, think about how you could pick it up again. For example, there are lots of local groups and sports teams open to all levels of ability. What’s more, studies show that time in green spaces is beneficial, so head to your local park if you can! If you need a little help fitting more physical activity into your day, try the Active 10 app. It helps you get short bursts of brisk walking into your day. There’s also the fantastic Couch to 5K app, which will get you up and running in just 9 weeks!

Eating better can play a big role in our health and well-being. It won’t come as a surprise to learn that what we eat, and how much, plays a big part in our physical health – which can impact our mental health too. Ideally, we should aim to eat a healthy balanced diet, with plenty of fruit and veg. It’s important to keep an eye on your calories, and minimize foods that are high in sugar, fat and salt. For helpful tips on eating a better diet, check out the One You website. Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and even drugs may seem tempting when we’re stressed or tired. And, when we use them to try and cope, the idea of stopping them can feel like it would make things even harder. But they can cause more problems than they solve, especially long-term. All these habits can complicate our sleep patterns, and affect how anxious and depressed we feel. So try cutting down (or even quitting). And remember that there’s support available. Alcohol in particular can worsen our moods, so cutting down can really help us feel better. For more help cutting down, you can download the Drink Free Days app. And for help cutting back on drugs visit the talktofrank website. As for cigarettes, stopping smoking is one of the best things you can do for your body and your brain. You’ll breathe easier, feel better, and save money!

切记：我们的身体健康会影响我们的心理健康，反之亦然。我们对身体所做的一切对我们的心情会有很大的影响。体力活动、饮食、酒精、吸烟和毒品都会以不同的方式影响我们的心理健康和幸福。那么，让我们来谈谈它们吧。体力活动释放出一种令人感觉良好的名叫做内啡肽的激素，它帮助我们睡得好，心情好。它还提高了我们的身体素质，这通常会让人们感觉更好。即使是少量的有规律的体育活动也可以改善你的心理健康状况，尤其是当你做你喜欢的事情时。对于某些类型的抑郁症，体育锻炼甚至是一种推荐的治疗方法。

你可以按照自己的节奏，以自己的方式活跃起来。没有必要去健身房，甚至不用花钱。日常生活中的简单、微小变化可以让你大不相同。午餐时间快步走，或者步行去我们要去的地方，在花园里活动，或者每周骑一到两次自行车都是不错的选择。如果有一种你过去喜欢的活动，想一想你怎么能再次参加。例如，有许多地方团体和运动队对各种能力水平的人开放。此外，研究表明，在绿地里呆一段时间是有益的，所以如果可以的话，就去当地的公园吧！如果你需要一些帮助，让更多的体力活动融入到你的一天中，试试Active 10这款应用程序，它可以帮助你在一天中进行短暂的快步行走。还有一个很棒的应用程序叫做Couch to 5K，它将让你在短短9周内起床并开始跑步！

吃得好对我们的健康和幸福起着重要作用。不难发现，我们吃什么，吃多少，对我们的身体健康起着很大的作用，这也会影响我们的心理健康。理想情况下，我们应该以健康均衡的饮食为目标，多吃水果和蔬菜。重要的是要注意你的卡路里，尽量减少高糖、高脂肪和高盐的食物。有关如何更好地饮食的有用建议，请访问一个叫做One You的网站。当我们感到压力或疲惫时，酒精、咖啡因、烟草，甚至药物似乎都很诱人。而且，当我们使用它们来尝试应对,阻止它们的想法会让事情变得更加困难。但它们可能造成比解决问题更多的问题，尤其是长期问题。所有这些习惯都会使我们的睡眠模式复杂化，并影响我们的焦虑和抑郁情绪。所以试着减少（甚至戒烟）。请记住，支持始终伴你左右。酒精尤其会恶化我们的情绪，所以减少饮酒确实能帮助我们感觉更好。要获得更多关于减少饮酒的帮助，你可以下载“无酒日”应用程序。为了减少吸毒，请访问talktofrank网站。至于香烟，戒烟是对身体和大脑最好的方法之一。你会呼吸更轻松，感觉更好，还省钱！

alcohol [ˈælkəhɒl] n. 酒，酒精，乙醇
hormone[ˈhɔːməʊn] n. 荷尔蒙，激素
brisk[brɪsk] adj. 轻快的
caffeine [ˈkæfiːn] n. 咖啡因

vice versa 反之亦然
There’s no need to… 没必要……
keep an eye on… 留意，注意
as for 至于，关于

Young is sitting at his desk, doing some work. He says:

Why is it that I'm already so ravenous ?

强调句结构的特殊疑问句式，还原为陈述语序：It is because ... that I'm already so ravenous.

强调句去掉it is ... that，语义依然完成，因此这个句子改为普通疑问句式就是：Why I'm / am I already so ravenous ?

Why is that ....

Why is it that people's characters can be so different ?
Why is it that many people think learning English is very hard ?

Normally I'd get myself a can of coke and be eating some mid-morning snacks.

Normally I would ...

Normally I'd be in the office at 10, but I'm a bit late today
Normally I'd accept your advice, but today I can't

No wonder I've put on some weight recently.  I definitely need this health kick.

 No wonder 难怪            put on weight 增加了体重/变胖

 kick v踢 n走 向新征程

I just have to distract myselft from thinking about food.

I just have to ... 我只需要

He checks his work schedule, Nothing is on the calendar for this morning.

I've got nothing to do in the morning, Maybe I should pop to the gym to take my mind off food.

                                                                                                                               目的状语

I've got nothing to do ... 我没什么事情要做

- What are you doing now ? - I've got nothing to do
- Can you do me a favor ? - Sure. I've got nothing to do now.
I'm so bored. I've got nothing to do
- Are you free this afternoon, I want to go to the movies with you - Sure . I've got nothing to do now.

pop 砰的爆开，迅速去...

I just wish I had packed my gym gear this morning.  I guess I can make do with what I'm wearing

虚拟语气，表示对过去的事情的后悔

I can make do with ... 我可以设法应付

We've lost a lot of things, but we can make do with we have
I don't have much money, but I can make do with the money I have

Young makes his way down to the gym, he says:

It's been ages since I stepped on a running machine, I should start off slow. Don't want to overdo it  on my first day.

step n步骤/步伐 v踩/踏     start off 离开原地/开始出发    overdo 过度的做

He starts to program（设置）the machine. He chooses a ten minutes and starts running. After the first few minutes, he says:

This isn't so bad after all.

表示（对于一个长期不运动的人来说）这还行

It's definitely taken my mind off food. I'm gonna up the pace a bit

up the pace 提高速度/加快节奏，这里的up是动词，表示提高

He looks at the screen and sees 10 minutes are almost up.

I can't believe it's already been ten minutes. Let's keep going for a bit longer

Time speeds forward, another 10 minutes later, Young says:

Wow, I ended up running for an extra 10 minutes. I didn't know I had it in me to run for such a long time.

I had it in me 我身体里有这种能力，it为形式宾语，指代后面的动词不定式

I'm glad I put in the effort today, I'm feeling much better already

put in the effort 注入了努力，即付出了努力

Impeccable timing !  Time to head to the cafeteria for lunch.

timing 时间/时机   cafeteria 餐厅

ravenous

（尤指对食物）贪婪的，饿极了的：

I'm ravenous, where's dinner ?
The ravenous children ate everything on the table.

snack

咬的意思，做动词有突然咬一口的意思

小吃/点心：

I had a huge lunch, so I only need a snack for dinner
I only have time for a snack at lunchtime

pop

拟声词砰，使发出砰的一声，爆开：

The kids are popping all the birthday ballons
When you open the box, a clown pops out
pop-up ads 弹窗广告

快速去： I need to pop to the supermarket to get some snacks

砰的一声： I heard a pop and the lights went out 熄灭

machine

机器：

How does this machine work ?
I got some chocolate from the vending machine

impeccable

无瑕疵的：His English is impeccable; She has impeccable taste in clothes

cafeteria

自助餐厅/自助食堂：The cafeteria provided many kinds of dishes for us today

If this is your first time using a treadmill, congratulations. Let's talk about some of the things you might wanna make sure you know in advance. First, make sure any folding treadmill is all the way down and that the treadmill feels stable and is on a flat surface. Next, when you're ready to go, every treadmill will have an emergency key. You have to make sure that's in place or the treadmill won't start. Once you're ready to go, most treadmills are as easy as finding the start or quick start button. Again, we recommend that you're on the side rails when pushing start so that the treadmill can start to pick up speed and then you can step on and feel comfortable. It's also important to become comfortable with where the controls are on your machine. Depending on the different treadmills, they might be directly in front of you in the console, some are built into the arms, and others even have a great motion sensor to allow you to adjust the speed or incline.

It's important to know these as while you're moving, if you want to slow down or speed up, you wanna make sure that's quickly and easily something you can find and do. Make sure you also become comfortable with the controls before you begin using the treadmill. Depending on the model that you have, your speed controls might be directly in front of you, in the bar, or even on the handrails. It's important to know where you can find these so that you can quickly slow down if necessary or speed up when you're trying to do something like intervals in the future. It's also important because you want to know where that stop button is in case you have an emergency and you need to stop the workout. And, before you get started, make sure you know where everything that you need is as well. If you've got your iPod, make sure it's plugged in so that you're not messing with cords or anything else while you're trying to run. 

如果这是你第一次使用跑步机，祝贺你。让我们谈谈一些你可能想确保提前知道的事情。首先，确保所有折叠式跑步机一直向下，跑步机感觉稳定，并且位于平坦的表面上。接下来，当你准备出发时，每台跑步机都会有一把应急钥匙。你必须确保它已经就位，否则跑步机不会启动。一旦你准备好了，大多数跑步机都很容易找到“开始”或“快速启动”按钮。同样，我们建议你在按start时站在扶手上，这样跑步机可以开始加速，然后你可以踩上去，感觉很舒服。熟悉机器上的控制装置也很重要。根据不同的跑步机，它们可能直接位于控制台的前方，一些跑步机内置在扶手中，另一些跑步机甚至有一个很棒的运动传感器，可以让你调整速度或坡度。

了解这些是很重要的，因为当你在移动的时候，如果你想放慢或加快速度，你要确保这是你可以快速轻松地找到并实施的事情。在开始使用跑步机之前，也要确保你对控制装置感到舒适。根据您的机器型号，您的速度控制装置可能直接位于您的前方、护栏中，甚至扶手上。重要的是要知道你在哪里可以找到这些，这样你可以在必要时快速减速，或者在将来尝试做间歇运动时加快速度。这也很重要，因为你想知道停止按钮在哪里，以防你遇到紧急情况，需要停止训练。在你开始之前，确保你知道你需要的东西都在哪里。如果你有iPod，确保它已插好，这样你在跑步时就不会弄乱电线或其他任何东西。

treadmill [ˈtredmɪl] n. 脚踏车，跑步机
emergency [iˈmɜːdʒənsi] n. 紧急情况
console [ˈkɒnsəʊl] n. 控制台
adjust [əˈdʒʌst] v. 调整
incline [ˈɪnklaɪn] n. 斜坡，倾斜
handrail [ˈhændreɪl] n. 扶手
interval [ˈɪntəvl] n. 间隔
plug [plʌɡ] n. 插头

in advance 提前
motion sensor 运动传感器
in case 万一，假如
all the way down 到达最低/最极端的点或级别

Young looks at his shopping list and ticks off the final item. He says:

That's everything.

His stomach starts to make a noise.

I'm starving. My stomach's running on empty.

stomach 胃/腹部    run 运行，run on empty 空着运行

I best get myself a bite to eat.

bite v咬，n咬，吃的东西

get/grab a bite to eat 找点吃的

We need to grab a bite to eat first, we have a lot of work today later
Do you know where I can buy some snacks ? I want to get myself a bite to eat
Are you hungry ? I want to get a bite to eat
Can we work later ? I want to get myself a bite to eat

Young walks around and tries to find something to eat. He says:

So many restaurants to choose from, but none seem to do any healthy options.

省略句：There are so many ...    none 代指前面的restaurants，复数    do 相当于offer

He keeps on walking and walks past a burger place.

Wow. The aroma coming from that place is amazing.

He looks at the menu outside.

The burgers look out of this world, but I'm not allowed to eat junk food.

out of this world 时间少有

I'm not allowed to ...

I'm not allowed to go out tonight
I'm not allowed to watch TV on school nights 上学日晚上，周一到周五
I'm not allowed to play computer games
I'm not allowed to accept any tips 小费

I'd better keep looking for something a little healthier.  Nothing is taking my fancy.

fancy 喜欢/想象的东西

take ones fancy迎合某人的喜好

High-tech products always take my fancy
Nowadays few TV shows can take my fancy

He walk back past the burger place again

Well, I guess one off-planned meal won't do me that much harm.

off-planned 计划外的，离开计划的

do sb harm 对某人有害   that much 很大的

will/won't do me (that much) harm:

Playing computer games once in a while won't do you any harm
Smoking will do you much harm
Spending more time sleeping won't do you any harm
Spending too much on your phone will do you much harm

Young thinks one off-planned meal won't do much harm to him, so he walks into the burger place:

Table for one please.

So many options. I'd better take a quick look online to see the reviews than just ordering on a whim.

to do sth than do/doing sth ...  动词/动名词都可以

So it looks like everyone raves about the whopper.

rave about sth 赞不绝口

Tonight, Alice is gonna slaughter me for giving into my cravings.

craving 欲望   give into 屈服于...

Even though she will be angry, I'm afraid I just need a juicy burger. She will just have to take it or leave it.

take it or leave it 要么接受要么放弃，没有还价的余地，语气比较重

I tried to bargain with that man, but he told me to  take it or leave it
This is my final offer 报价，take it or leave it

Wasn't it Alice  who told me that I should do what makes me happy every day ?

It is who强调句式：It was Alice who told me ...

At the end of the day, life is too short. I'd much prefer to treat myself to something tasty than always go for the healthier option

At the end of the day 说到底

I always clean my desk at the end of the day
At the end of the day, you have to keep challenging yourself if you want to stand out脱颖而出
At the end of the day, you need to solve your problems by yourself

treat with 犒劳

stomach

胃/腹部：

You shouldn't exercise on a full stomach

Have butterflies in one's stomach  忐忑不安

- What do you have in your stomach 你现在感觉怎么样 - Butterflies of course

aroma

香味：色香味 color, aroma, taste

harm

harm 伤害/恶意：

I was just joking. I mean you no harm
He may say no but there's no harm in aksing

harm v伤害/损害：

Thankfully no one was harmd in the accident
He says that the report have harmed his reputation

harmful 有害的：Smoking is harmful to your health

whim

突然的念头/冲动：We bought the house on a whim. Today's shopping was nothing but a whim

rave

来自法语，表现出疯狂/狂热/亢奋

She raved 赞不绝口 about the clothes she had seen at the fashion show
She was shouting and raving 疯狂喊叫  at them

adj 大赞大赏的：The show have received rave reviews in all the reports

n 狂欢聚会（英）：An open-air rave 露天狂欢

whopper

庞然大物/弥天大谎：She has told some whoppers  about her past

超大号的汉堡

slaughter

屠杀/屠宰（尤指动物）：

n:  The geese are being fattened for slaughter
v: The animals will be slaughtered in the next spring.  Thousands of people were slaughtered in the wa

战争中的大规模杀戮：The country lost 3000 soldiers in the slaughter

一边倒的比赛：

n: Saturday's game was an absolute slaughter
v: England slaughtered Germany 5-1 in the mach

In today’s lesson, Young finally gives in to the tasty hamburger although he know it’s not that healthy. In our daily life, what should we pay attention to if we want to prepare nutritious and healthy meal for our family? Watch the following video and find the answer. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课中，杨最终还是向美味的汉堡屈服了，尽管他知道这并不是那么的健康。在我们的日常生活中，如果我们想为家人准备一顿营养又健康的餐，需要注意些什么呢？观看接下来的视频来找找答案吧。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

What can you make your family for dinner that's healthy and tastes good? You can follow the plate method! This healthy eating plan works for everybody, including people with diabetes. Indeed, making nutritious healthy meals will be a snap. What's a healthy plate? It's a way to control your serving sizes where you don't have to count. Simply use a 7-inch plate for children and a 9-inch plate for adults. First, divide the plate in half and fill one of them with vegetables. There are two types of vegetables, starchy like potatoes, corn, peas or plantains and non-starchy like zucchini, jicama, cucumbers, carrots, or salad. If you have diabetes, fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, then fill 1/4 with whole grains or starches like brown rice, corn, beans, or whole wheat pasta. In the other quarter add some lean protein like tofu, grilled fish, or chicken. What about adding a slice of tortilla or bread? It's hard to resist, I know! The trick is, serve yourself a smaller portion of the other starches on your plate instead. To complete your meal, add a drink like unsweetened coffee, tea, or a glass of milk, but remember that drinking 8 ounces of milk affects your blood sugar just as it would if you ate another tortilla or a slice of bread. Or, you can also choose water with a squeeze of lemon or lime. How you create your plate is up to you. You have many options, as long as you remember to follow these healthy guidelines, and you're all set! You might be thinking how you can use the plate method to make vegetable beef soup or other meals? Simply follow the same idea. Fill your pot with low sodium broth and lots of healthy vegetables like corn, cabbage, zucchini, carrots, and onions and some lean beef, but not too much. Just like you'd put on a quarter of your plate for each person you're serving. If you want, add your favorite type of bread on the side, and you've got the right amount for a healthy meal. Mm-hmm, enjoy!

你能为你的家人做什么健康美味的晚餐？你可以遵循这个盘子法！这个健康饮食计划对每个人都有效，包括糖尿病患者。事实上，制作营养健康的膳食将是一件轻而易举的事。什么是健康餐？这是一种你不用数数就能控制的份量。儿童只需使用7英寸的盘子，成人只需使用9英寸的盘子。首先，把盘子分成两半，在其中一个盘子里装满蔬菜。有两种类型的蔬菜，淀粉类的土豆、玉米、豌豆或车前草和非淀粉类的西葫芦、豆薯、黄瓜、胡萝卜或沙拉。如果您有糖尿病，用一半的非淀粉类蔬菜填满你的盘子，然后用全谷物或淀粉（如糙米、玉米、豆类或全麦面食）填满1/4。在另一个1/4处加入一些瘦蛋白质，如豆腐，烤鱼，或鸡肉。添加一片玉米饼或面包怎么样？我知道，很难抗拒！诀窍是，把盘子里其他淀粉的一小部分给自己吃。要吃完饭的时候，可以来一杯不加糖的咖啡、茶或一杯牛奶，但要记住，喝8盎司牛奶会影响你的血糖，就像你吃另一个玉米饼或一片面包一样。或者，你也可以选择挤柠檬或酸橙的水。你如何打造你的餐盘取决于你。你有很多选择，只要你记得遵循这些健康的指导方针，你就一切就绪！你可能会想，如何用盘子法做蔬菜牛肉汤或其他食物？只需遵循相同的想法。在锅里装满低钠肉汤和许多健康蔬菜，如玉米、卷心菜、西葫芦、胡萝卜、洋葱和一些瘦牛肉，但不要太多。就像你为你服务的每个人放四分之一餐盘的食物。如果你想的话，在旁边加上你最喜欢的面包，你就能吃到适量的健康食物了。嗯，请享受吧！

diabetes[ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz] n. 糖尿病
snap [snæp] n. 小菜一碟（像打一个响指一样简单）
starchy [ˈstɑːtʃi] adj. 富含淀粉的
plantain [ˈplæntɪn] n. 车前草
zucchini [zuˈkiːni] n. 西葫芦
jicama [ˈhiːkəmə] n.豆薯，凉薯
cucumber [ˈkjuːkʌmbə(r)] n. 黄瓜
lean [liːn] adj.肉少的;瘦且健康的
tortilla [tɔːˈtiːə] n. 墨西哥薄馅饼
ounce [aʊns] n. 盎司(重量单位，¹⁄₁₆磅，等于28.35克)
squeeze [skwiːz] v. & n. 挤压
sodium [ˈsəʊdiəm] n.钠
broth [brɒθ] n. (加入蔬菜的)肉汤，鱼汤

whole grain 全谷物的……
brown rice 糙米
grilled fish 烤鱼
blood sugar 血糖

所有强调句，是通过某种方式来将句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而更好的传递表达者的意图。 示例：

Hard as the exam might be, I'm sure I'll pass it 通过提前来强调Hard
Talent, has has; capital, he has not 类似的来强调才能和资本
It is radium that Madame Curie discovered 强调镭

目前学习到的主要是 It is ... that/who/whom ... 句式，被强调是人，是主格用who，是宾格可以用who或者whom：

It is this novel that I have just finished 刚读完的是小说

其中的be动词可以有时态变化：

- You key got lost yesterday, didn't ?  - No. It was his key that got lost
- You've met my mother, haven't you? - No, it was your sister that/who/whom I met

可以强调除了谓语动词之外的所有成分，包括单词、短语、从句：

We had a long talk in this room after he decided to go abroad

It was we who had a long talk in this room after he decided to go abroad
It was a long talk that we have in this room after he decided to go abroad
It was in this room that we have a long talk after he decided to go abroad
It was after he decided to go abroad that we have a long talk in this room

强调句子主语的时候，that / who 之后的谓语动词、人称、数要和句子的主语一致：

It is you and I who am are going to have a test

It is that没有实际意义，仅仅其构成强调句的作用。去掉此结构后句子意义完整

对比主语从句：其中的it是形式主语，指代that后面的句子，不可缺失：

It is my cat that you are holding 强调句
It is exciting that I will go to New York 主语从句

在正式语法里，强调句中的that不可省略。定语从句中的that/which是关系代词，当宾语时可以省略，定语从句的从句关系词的选择取决于先行词：

It is the book that I bought yesterday  强调句式中，that不可省略也不能换成which
It is the book that/which I bought yesterday 定语从句，that / which 可以省略

It is in this room that we used to 经常 meet  强调句式
It is in this room where we used to meet 定语从句，关系词取决于先行词

状语从句开始的it本身句式句子的主语：

It is such an interesting film that we like very much  强调句，这就是我们很喜欢的那部有趣电影
It is such an interesting film that we like it very much  状语从句，那部电影如此有趣以至于我们都喜欢

同位语从句中的it指代“它”或“这”，that引导的从句对前面的名词其解释说明作用（说的是一回事），去掉的话句子成分有重复：

It is this very fact that broke her heart  强调句，正是这个事实让她伤心了  This very fact broke her heart
It is a fact that her heart was broken 同位语从句

课文中的强调句回顾：

I thought it was only girls who took so long to get ready
Are you for real ? I was last week that I asked you to join me on this adventure
Don't look so miserable. Remember, it was you who said  that you wanted to give it a go
Why is it that I'm already so ravenous ?
Wasn't it Alice who told me that I should do what makes me happy every day ?

只需要在其前面加上do即可，这个do受到主谓一致和时态影响，原先的动词使用原型即可：

I do read for 30 minutes every day
He did come here before he left

可用用程度副词：

She is absolutely wrong about him 她完全误会他了

这些程度副词包括：much little very rather so too quite perfectly enough extremely almost slightly fairly fully completely really

In the internet era, An influencer mean a person with the ability to influence potential buyers of a productor service by promoting or recommending the items on social media.

Influencers are individuals within their particular fields and have a large online following.

individual 个体 following 粉丝群/追随者，集合名词

As they are viewed by their followers as trustworthy experts, they can have a great influence on their audience's purchasing decisions.

As引导原因状语从句                         方式状语

... can have a great influence on ...

The interactions between teachers and students can have a great influence on student's performance at school
One's character can have a great influence on one's life
Parent's attidute to their children can have a great influence on their children's characters
Your habits can have a great influence on your success

These years,  despite the impact of COVID-19 on the world, the influencer marketing industry is still as popular as ever with brands and marketers, and it's expected to grow even more.

impact 冲击/影响   marketing 营销  industry 行业  brands 品牌  marketer营销人员

be expected to do ... 被期望...

House prices are expected to rise sharply
The report was not expected to provide any answers
He is expected to win the game
This book is expected to be the best seller

In the US alone,  the market grew from $1.7 billion in 2016 to $9.7 billion in 2020.
In 2021, it soared to$13.8 billion, showing a huge growth

                                                        现在分词短语做伴随状语

In 2020, the market is projected to expand to a $16.4 billion industry.

project 做动词重音靠后：预计、推算

be projected to do ... 预计会... 按计划推算

His business is projected to earn him 100,000 dollars
The world population  is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050

This growth is attributed to  the increasing popularity of short video formats on platforms like TikTok

growth 增长  popularity 流行/普及

be attributed to ... 归因于

This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare 人们通常认为这出戏剧是莎士比亚所写
He attributes his success to his wife
This accident is attributed to drunk driving
He attributes his success to hard work

Influencer marketing, as a key advertising strategy, has really taken off in China.

网红营销，作为一种关键的营销策略

take off 字面意思：采取离开地面的措施。表示起飞、腾飞

... has really taken off ...真是大获成功

The new magazine has really taken off
The new car model has really taken off
Our new projects has really taken off

In just one day in October 2021, two famous Chinese live streamers, sold $3 billion worth of goods — almost three times Amazon's daily sales.

In the next few years, micro-influencers are expected to play an even bigger role,  since social media platforms like Tiktok are already making it easier for users to become content creators.

micro-influencer 小网红     content creator 内容制作人

So watch this space

因此多多关注这个领域吧

individual

in否定divid分开ual名词后缀，不能分开的，个人的/个体的：Individual strength is limited

独特的，特有的：He has a very individual writing style 协作风格

n 个人/个体： We try to treat our students as individuals 把学生当作独立个体看待

n 与众不同的人:  If nothing else, the school will turn her into an individual 如果不能有其它建树，这个学校至少能将她培养成有独特气质的人

trustworthy

adj 可信的/值的信赖的：He's an honest, dependable, and trustworthy friend

aduience

听众/观众：The concert attracted a large audience

despite

de向下spite看，看不起，尽管：

Despite his lack of experience, he got the job
I still enjoyed the week despite the weather

impact

im朝里pact推，冲击（力）、撞击（力）：The impact created a hole in the ground a few inches deep

巨大的影响/强大的作用：Her speech made a great impact on everyone

做动词，重音靠后：Her father's death impacted greatly on her childhood years

brand

bran燃烧burn，原始含义为一块燃烧的木头。到16世纪衍生为高温烙铁打印出的烙印。最后衍生为品牌/商标： Nike is a famous sports brand

v 给...打烙印：The pigs are branded for sale

v 丑化（打上不好的烙印）：He was branded as a liar

soar

s为ex的变体向外oar和天空有关，高飞/急升：There is an eagle soaring high in the sky

暴涨：House prices soared a further 20 percent

expand

ex向外pand和步伐pace有关，扩大/扩张：

You can expand your vocabulary through reading
The government is planning to expand the airport

attribute

attribute - tribute 贡品/致敬/悼念 - tribe 部落。tri为3的意思be表示存在，最早表示古罗马的三大族群：拉丁人、萨宾人、以图里亚人，衍生为部落/族。tribute表示早期部落之间相互给的礼物，衍生为致敬：

The song is a tribute to Nelson Mandela

tribute也可以作为悼念： All rose 站立 and stood in silent tribute for the great hero

 at朝向tribute给，把...归于：

He attributes his success to hard work

attribute 做名词，重音靠前，属性/特质：Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher

format

和form形式有关，格式/模式/计划/安排：

The format 模式 of the new TV show is very good
This file is in PDF format 格式
The software can support files in a variety of formats 格式

advertising

ad去ver(t)转（reverse转回来）ise动词后缀：去转过来，转移别人的注意力，做广告：

If you want to attract more customers, you can advertise in the social media

advertisement/ad 广告

advertising 广告业：He works in advertising

strategy

战略/策略：This is a brilliant strategy

Recent studies show that the most trusted form of marketing is by far at word of mouth. Imagine these scenarios: an acquaintance telling you where to shop, your uncle suggesting which bike to buy, or your schoolmate raving about a new phone. The magic and play here is trust. You trust these people, so you place higher confidence in their opinions. Influencer marketing is as close as you can get to word of mouth in a digital space. How so? Well, an influencer is someone who already has an attentive community on social media, for example a beauty blogger teaching followers makeup routines or a tech reviewer trying out new gadgets. Influencers are perceived as close friends by their audience. When an influencer recommends a product to their audience, it immediately gains social proof. And social proof or online credibility is essential for a product to generate demand. So why should you be interested? Maybe you have a product which one of these influencers can present to his or her community and convince them to try it. The mission of Glambassador is to connect brands with influencers. We accomplish this by providing the tools to discover influencers who match your niche. Together you can collaborate on creating amazing content such as blog articles, product reviews or video promotes. This will generate the social proof you need to grow your business. Start today by getting signed up at Glambassador. Co. Glambassador: connect, collaborate, influence, grow.

influencer [ˈɪnfluənsə] n.有影响力的人，网红
scenario [səˈnɑːriəʊ] n. 脚本，方案，设想，
acquaintance [əˈkweɪntəns] n. 熟人
gadget [ˈɡædʒɪt] n. 小工具
credibility [ˌkredəˈbɪləti] n. 可靠性
niche [niːʃ] n. 市场定位

by far 到目前为止
word of mouth 口碑营销
rave about 对……赞不绝口
how so 为何如此
sign up 报名，注册

最近的研究表明，到目前为止，最值得信赖的营销形式是口碑营销。想象一下这些场景：一个熟人告诉你去哪里购物，你的叔叔建议买哪辆自行车，或者你的同学对一部新手机赞不绝口。这里的魅力就是信任。你信任这些人，所以你对他们的意见更有信心。网红营销是在数字空间中尽可能接近口碑营销的一种方式。为什么呢？嗯，网红是指在社交媒体上已经有了一个专注社区的人，例如一个美容博主教粉丝们化妆的常规流程，或者一个科技评论员尝试新的小玩意。网红被观众视为亲密的朋友。当网红向观众推荐产品时，它会立即获得社会证实。而社会证实或在线可信度对于产品产生需求至关重要。那你为什么要感兴趣呢？也许你有一个产品，其中一个网红可以介绍给他或她的社区，并说服他（她）的粉丝尝试它。Glambassador的使命是将品牌与网络红人联系起来。我们通过提供工具来发现与您的细分市场相匹配的影响者来实现这一目标。你们可以一起合作创造令人惊叹的内容，如博客文章、产品评论或视频推广。这将为您的业务增长提供社会证明。从今天开始，在Glambassador. co注册。Glambassador公司：联系、合作、影响、成长。

Alice's phone gets an alert that a package is waiting for her at the package delivery room.

Young: Your phone has been going off non-stop all lunch

go off 离开（铃声从手机里传出）  副词 non-stop 不停地      all lunch整个午饭时间

go off有很多意思：

The power went off because of the storm 停电（电离开了）
The bomb went off and caused much damage to the building 爆炸（炸开了）
His gun went off accidentally 走火
The meat has gone off 变质了（离开新鲜的状态）
She's gone off on holiday 离开 （原始含义）

Alice: It's just another delivery message. Before we go upstairs, would you be able to show me where the package delivery room is ?

show sb 间接宾语 sth 直接宾语

Young: Sure. I can take you there now.
Alice: I should apologize in advance to you, though.

in advance 提前，时间状语

Young: For what

为什么？This is a very useful colloquial expression, if you don't know why people say something, you could simply say this to ask for an answer

- I wanna say thank you  - For what ?
- I wanna buy you a gift - For what ?

Young asks Alice why she apologizes to him, Alice replies:

Alice: Well, I've been on a bit of shopping spree these days.

spree 短暂的放纵/过分的玩乐    a bit of有点

I've been on .... 我一直处于....

I've been on the run all day and I'm exhausted  忙了一整天，累坏了
I've been on a strict diet these days

Alice says she's on a bit of shopping frenzy these days. Young asks her ?

Young: Aren't meant to  be saving money ?

 be meant to do sth 打算做某事

Alice: I know, but a couple of influencers I follow have been promoting some genuinely cool things, so I wanted to try them  out for myself.

have been promoting 一直在推荐  try out 试用

Young: Not again, don't you remember last time ?

别再这样了 You can use this expression if you don't want to see what will happen again

- Your computer is dead - Not again !

Alice: This is different, They're well-respected in the industry

well-respected 这里是指口碑很好

They arrive at the place to pick up their things. Two boxes are handed over and Young starts to walk off

Alice: Where do you think you are going ?
Young: Isn't this everything?
Alice: I'm sorry to say it, but no.

I'm sorry to say ... but... 我不好意思这么说，但是...

I'm sorry to say it, but you are not fit for the job
I'm sorry to say it, but I can't help you
I'm sorry to say it, but I really don't have time to attend your wedding
I'm sorry to say it, but you are not my type

Alice tells Young that what Young has got isn't everything, she continues:

Alice: There are a few more to go

4 more boxes arrive, Alice signs for them

Alice: Don't look at me like that ?
Young: Look at you like what?
Alice: I know what you are thinking, but it's not all junk

I know what you are thinking, but...

I know what you are thinking, but I disagree with you
I know what you are thinking, but it's not that simple
I know what you are thinking, but you can't do that
I know what you are thinking, but we don't have enough money

Alice: I did my research  and the comments are great
Young: I thought you were saving money
Alice: I am, but I couldn't help myself

I couldn't help myself 我情不自禁

Young: The best way for saving money is to stop buying so many things

                                                                       动词不定式做表语，名词性从句的简化，等价于：

The best way for saving money is that one should stop buying so many things

Alice: I know, but it's so hard to resist the temptation when you get so many coupons. And they even allow installment payments, charging no interest.

resist 抵抗  temptation 诱惑  installment payment 分期付款

charging no interest 现在分词短语做伴随状语，不要利息

Alice: Oh, gosh ! Is that the time ? I've got a meeting in 5 minutes

Young: You'd better get going, I'll go drop your stuff  off at the car

get going = be going 你最好先走吧

drop sth off ... 把什么放下，撒手离开

Young: (Thought) I have no idea how she always manages to find so many goods to buy. 

Young: (Thought) I wouldn't be surprised in the slightest if all this stuff turns out to just be useless

                                                                       程度状语               条件状语从句

all this stuff 作为整体的统称，单数

advance

v 前进，进步：

The general gave the order to advance
Technology has advanced at a drastic pace
Our understanding of the HIV virus has advanced greatly

v 促进，推动：They worked together to advance the cause 事业 of equal rights

v 提前支付，预付：We will advance you the money

n 前进/进展/预付的款项：

Nothing can stop the advance of the flood
We live in an age of  rapid technological advance
She asked for a $300 advance on her salary

spree

短暂的放纵：

He's out for spree 他出去潇洒去了
I went on a drinking spreee last night 昨晚我痛痛快快的喝了一场

genuinely

genuine

真正的，非伪造的：This painting is a genuine Picasso
真诚的，真心的：He's a very genuine person

真正地：He sounded genuinely interested

真心地：He genuinely cares about his employees

well-respected

respect

n 敬重/尊重：

I have the greatest respect for you
He has no respect for other people's feelings

n 方面，细节： In most respects, the new film is better than the old one

v 敬重/尊重：

I deeply respect you for what you've done
I would appreciate it if you  would respect my privacy

well-respected 受人尊敬的：He is a well-respected lawer

resist

v 对抗/反抗/抵抗：The soldiers resisted the enemy's attachs for two days.

v 抵制/抗拒：Some people resist learning other languages

v 按捺/忍住：I finished the cake, I couldn't resist it

temptation

tempt 尝试 

attempt （去）尝试

引诱/诱惑，勾引考验对方：The offer of free credit 免息贷款tempted her into buying a new car

n 诱惑：

She has failed to resist the temptation
I couldn't resist the tempation to open the letter

coupon

优惠券：He paid with a two-for-one coupon

餐券：Here is your room key and the breakfast coupon

installment

install 存入/安到里面：Can you help me install the software

installment 一笔一笔存进去，分期付款：He bought a new car by installment

interest

inter中间est存在，介入其中，兴趣

I've always had interest in history

利益/好处：This company looks after  关心 the interests of its employees

利息：You should put the money in a savings account where it will earn interest

使感兴趣：Drawing really interests me

In today’s lesson, Young isn't too happy about Alice's shopping frenzy. But Alice just can’t resist its temptation. In our daily life, why do we always buy things we don’t need? Watch the following video and you may find the answer. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课中，杨对于爱丽丝的疯狂购物的行为不太满意。但是爱丽丝就是抵挡不住购物的诱惑。为什么在我们的日常生活中，我们总是会买一些我们不需要的东西呢？下面的这段视频也许会给到你答案。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

 

The German philosopher and sociologist, Theodor Adorno was a critic of what he described as the culture industry, which is the term he used to describe the commercial marketing of culture.

In the book, Dialectic of Enlightenment, it was described that the purpose of the culture industry is to ensure the masses continue to follow and obey market interests for economic benefit. Specifically, Adorno said, capitalism corrupts us by not selling us the things that we really need. In today’s world, stores such as Walmart or Amazon give us the impression that everything we want is available thanks to their large amount and variety of goods on sale. Adorno said that what we really want is obstructed by capitalism so that we settle as a substitute for manufactured desires by large companies whose interest is in profit, rather than our well-being. As an example, some needs that we crave and require in order to prosper include happiness and a sense of community and connection. Advertisers use these cravings to their advantage by showing these things we want and then connect them to what they’re trying to sell, which we don’t truly need. So, when the television displays an advert showing a group of friends all laughing, joking and having a great time together, they’ll all be holding and drinking the brand of beer that the seller will urge us to buy at the end. Another example might be displaying popularity and status through an advert showing somebody receiving a lot of attention getting out of a fast car or going to an exclusive event, when in fact the advertiser is actually selling an aftershave or perfume. By purchasing the product, the consumer is buying the myth of status, rather than the product purely on its own merits.

德国哲学家和社会学家西奥多·阿多诺对他所说的文化产业持批评态度，文化产业是他用来描述文化商业营销的术语。

在《启蒙辩证法》一书中，有人描述了文化产业的目的是确保大众为了经济利益而继续遵循和服从市场利益。具体来说，阿多诺说，资本主义通过不向我们出售我们真正需要的东西来腐蚀我们。在当今世界的商店中，如沃尔玛或亚马逊给我们的印象是，我们想要的一切都是可用的，因为他们的大量和各种各样的商品在销售。阿多诺说，我们真正想要的东西受到资本主义的阻碍，因此我们只能作为大公司制造欲望的替代品，这些公司的利益是利润，而不是我们的福祉。举个例子，为了成功，我们渴望和需要的一些需求包括幸福、社区意识和联系。广告商通过展示我们想要的东西来利用这些渴望，然后将它们与我们并不真正需要的东西联系起来。因此，当电视上播放一则广告，展示一群朋友在一起欢笑、开玩笑、玩得很开心时，他们都会拿着并喝着卖家最后会敦促我们购买的品牌啤酒。另一个例子可能是通过一个广告来展示人气和地位，该广告显示某人从一辆快车上下来或去参加一个独家活动时受到了很多关注，而事实上，广告主实际上是在销售须后水或香水。通过购买产品，消费者购买的是地位的神话，而不是产品本身的优点。

 

philosopher [fəˈlɒsəfə(r)] n. 哲学家
sociologist [ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 社会学家
dialectic [ˌdaɪəˈlektɪk] n. 辩证法
capitalism [ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] n. 资本主义
corrupt [kəˈrʌpt] v. 使……腐化；使……堕落
substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt] v. 替代，取代
crave [kreɪv] v. 渴望
aftershave [ˈɑːftəʃeɪv] n. (男人剃须后抹的)润肤液;须后水
perfume [ˈpɜːfjuːm] n. 香水
merit [ˈmerɪt] n. 优点

thanks to 多亏了……
urge sb. to do 催促某人做……

Alice: Do you mind taking a video for me ?

Young: Why do you need to shoot a video ?

Alice: Well, I've seen how some influencers are becoming famous from posting videos of their daily lives, and I want to get in on it

get in 介入 on it 在这件事情上。我也想分一杯羹。 get in中的in是副词，做地点状语

get in on sth 参与某事

Young:  Since when did you want to become famous online ?

Alice: If others can earn a living from it, why can't I ?

earn a living = make a living 谋生

Young: You are really losing your marbles !

marble 玻璃或金属弹球。lose one's marbles 一个人的弹球不见了，失去理智，疯了

She has lost her marbles after she heard the news
Don't listen to him, he's losing his marbles

Alice: Don't you want to record our lives and capture the meaningful moments ?

meaningful 有意义的

Alice: Just point the camera at me.

Young: OK, it's rolling.

roll 滚动，机器运转. The camera is rolling 开拍了

Alice looks into the camear, but looks a bit lost 迷茫 and confused 困惑

Young: Cat got your tongue ?

Has the cat got your tongue 你怎么不说话了？

Why don't you say anything ? Has the cat got your tongue ?
I haven't heard a word from you all morning, has the cat got your tongue ?

Alice: Just give me a few minutes. Those uploading their videos look more natural at this.

                                                           主语   现在分词短语作定语       系      表语                  地点状语

那些上传视频的人，（在视频里）看起来自然的多啊

Alice hesitates for a moments

Alice: I don't know why, but I can't figure out how to start

I don't know why, but ...

I don't know why, but when I saw you, I can't stop smiling
I don't know why, but I don't feel right

Young: They say the trick is to act natural

trick 诀窍  to action natural 表现的自然

Alice: I'm trying to

She looks frustrated

Alice: This is way harder than I imagined.

way 程度副词，远远地

She accidentally slipped while walking. Young says:

Young: Are you OK ?

Young adjusts the angle of the shot and finds her sitting on the floor in a funny position

Alice: I'm fine.

Then she pats her pants and quickly gets up, acting like nothing has happened. He chuckles. Alice says:

Alice: It's not funny, stop laughing at me !

laugh at sb 取笑/嘲笑某人

Young: Is this not what you wanted ? Didn't you say you wanted to make something that would go viral ?

viral 病毒性的  go viral 向病毒一样传播的  

Alice: I did, but this is certainly not what I had in mind.  I wanted to show people  about different cuisines you can eat in China, not how clumsy I am !

I don't want to show people how clumsy I am

Alice: I'm not in the mood for your jokes right now.

in the mood 处于某种心情

I'm not in the mood for ... 我没心情 ...

I'm not in the mood for party tonight
I'm not in the mood for games now
I'm not in the mood for work / anything now

Alice says she's not in the mood for Young's joke now. She gets up and goes to the bathroom. Young says:

Young: This is pure gold ! I'll save this to my album for later

这可真精彩啊，pure gold 纯金，含金量高的意思

He saves the video. However, as he puts his phone in his pocket, he forgets to lock his phone and it uploads the video by accident to Tik Tok

post

n 在固定驿站传递的邮件，相当于美式mail
n 邮政：If you don't want to take it there, you can send it by post
n 网上发的帖子
n 职位/职务： We will be creating 8 new posts next year
n 岗亭/关卡/哨所：A police post 警察岗亭   A customer post 海关关卡

v 邮寄/发帖：

Remember to post the files when you have time.
He has never posted anything on the internet

n 柱子/杆： lamppost 路灯的柱子   signpost 路标的柱子
v 张贴：The results will be posted on the internet
poster 海报，贴出来的东西

在...之后：Post-war world 战后世界。在正式场合相当于after：Post Monday's meeting, we have decided to promote our new product on a large scale

earn

v 挣得/赚得：

He earns about $40,000 a year
As a teacher, she has earned the respect of her students

marble

孤源词（没有同源词），可以泛指任何坚硬的石头，尤其是大理石：marble floor 大理石地面，A marble statue 大理石雕像

弹珠

record

v 记录/记载：She records everything that happens to hear in hear diary

v 录制音视频： They recorded their wedding

作名词，重音靠前：

记录/记载：

The weather center keeps a reacord of the weather
This summer has been the hottest on record
break the record 打破记录

唱片：Would you like to listen to some records ?

capture

v 捕获：The animals are captured in nets and sold to local zoos
v 俘获：Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured
v 武力夺取/攻占：The city was captured in 1955
v 拍摄/录制：The incident was captured by security cameras

roll

v 翻滚/滚动:

The snowball rolled down the hill
A tear rolled down his cheek

v 机器的运转/开动：

They had to repeat the scene because the cameras weren't rolling

v 卷：She rolled her jeans to her knees

roll one's eyes 翻白眼，表达不屑/不信：When he said he loves her. she rolled her eyes in disbelief

n 一卷：Wallpaper is sold in roll

n 名册/名单：My name is not on the roll

natural

nature  本性，天性：She is very sensitive by nature
nature  自然，自然界
nature  本质：Motor-racing  赛车 is by nature a dangerous sport 

天然的，非人为的：

He died from natural causes
Floods and  earthquakes are natural disasters

viral

virus 病毒/病毒性疾病：I don't know exactly what's wrong with her, I think she has some kind of virus
virus 计算机病毒： I got a virus alert when I downloaded my email

viral 病毒性的：A viral illness

viral （尤指利用营销手段）快速传播的：Within days the short video went viral

clumsy

笨拙的：

He is very clumsy with his hands
The first mobile phones  were very heavy and clumsy to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle

pure

adj 纯的，不掺杂的：A glass of pure orange juice
adj 纯种的：A pure  Arab horse

adj 纯粹的/纯洁的：They met by pure chance    His motives wre pure

album

相册/集邮册/唱片

People tend to take photos by using smartphones these days because they are more portable and cheaper, compared with cameras. Do you have any idea how to take good photos by using a smartphone? Watch the following video and you’ll get some wonderful tips. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （如今人们倾向于使用手机拍照，因为和照相机比起来，手机更加的便携和便宜。你知道如何用手机拍出好看的照片吗？观看下面的视频，你会得到一些拍照的小技巧。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

 

You don't need an expensive DSLR to take great photos. Smartphones these days take really good pictures. There's a lot that goes into a good photo besides the camera. Here are a few things to keep in mind when you're shooting that'll dramatically improve your shots.

In photography, lighting is extremely important. If you're shooting outdoors, you want to shoot during magic hour. These are the few hours after sunrise and before sunset when the lighting is softness and not that harsh. If you are shooting during the day, try to avoid taking pictures of people in direct sunlight. It casts harsh shadows and obscures people's features. Try to go somewhere in the shade where the lighting's more uniform. An overcast day is also a great time to shoot because cloud cover provides even lighting.

An important thing to keep in mind when you're shooting photos, make sure you're exposed to the brighter parts of a photograph. That way you're retaining all the information from the scene. If your photos are coming out too dark, you can always brighten them with editing software. My personal favorite is Lightroom. It has some really great presets and has very robust editing controls. Another popular option is Afterlight. You've probably heard of the rule of thirds, this is a key part of taking better photos. Most smartphones have a grid option that overlays over the camera app. Try using this to align points of interest when you're taking photos. When you're taking pictures of people, frame them so you're cutting them off mid-shin or mid-thigh.

Also, try to be mindful of how much headroom you're leaving. Don't leave too much space above your subject, or too little, aim for something in between. If your native camera app doesn't give you a lot of control, maybe try using a third party one. I really like using Camera+. It gives you plenty of control over important camera features like ISO, aperture and even lets you control the focus manually. Some top of the line smartphones have features that add software depth the field, essentially giving you look of a DSLR camera, and it's actually pretty good. It works best when you have plenty of light and depth behind your subjects.

If you're a selfie lover I got some bad news for you that front facing camera isn't as good as a rear facing one. So next time you're taking a selfie, maybe ask somebody to take that photo for you. Another way to get really creative with your photos is to use lenses. These are similar to what you have access to on higher-end cameras but cheaper and more portable. A fisheye lens gives you an extremely wide field of view. It's a bit more stylized but can allow you to take some really creative shots. A wide-angle lens works similar to the fisheye it's just not as extreme. It works great for dramatic landscape shots or even when you're indoors or in confined spaces. A telephoto lens is the zoom lens and it works really great for taking shots of things far away. This is what you want to use instead of the digital zoom your phone provides. Every time you go further into the image, it just pixilates it and degrades it more and more. It's also great for taking pictures of things up close. It'll add depth of field between your subject and its background.

And lastly, there's the macro lens, which lets you take extreme close-up shots. Like the fisheye, this one's a bit more stylized and used for artistic or creative shots. Just in case you were wondering, all the photos in this video were shot on my iPhone X, with the lens portion using Olloclip's lenses. So as I mentioned at the beginning of the video, there's a lot that goes into photography besides the camera, and these tips will help you go a long way in improving the photos that you take. But the biggest piece of advice I can offer is to practice, so get out there and start shooting.

你不需要昂贵的单反就可以拍出好照片。如今的智能手机可以拍出非常好的照片。除了照相机之外，一张好照片还要融入很多东西。当你拍摄时，有几件事要记住，这将极大地提高你的拍摄效果。

在摄影中，光线是极其重要的。如果你在户外拍摄，你想在魔法时间拍摄。这是日出后和日落前的几个小时，光线柔和而不刺眼。如果你在白天拍摄，尽量避免在阳光直射下拍摄人。它投射出刺眼的阴影，模糊了人们的容貌。试着去一个光线更均匀的阴凉处。阴天也是拍摄的好时机，因为云层提供了均匀的照明。

当你拍摄照片时，要记住一件重要的事情，那就是确保你暴露在照片中较亮的部分。这样你就保留了现场的所有信息。如果你的照片太暗，你可以用编辑软件把它们调亮。我个人最喜欢的是Lightroom。它有一些非常棒的预设和非常强大的编辑控件。另一个不错的选择是Afterlight。你可能听说过三分法则，这是拍摄更好照片的关键部分。大多数智能手机都有一个覆盖在摄像头应用程序上的网格选项。当你拍照时，试着用这个来对齐兴趣点。当你给人拍照时，把他们框起来，这样你就可以把他们的小腿中部或大腿中部剪掉。

另外，要注意你要留下多少净空。不要在你的主题上方留下太多的空间，或是太少的空间，要聚焦在这两者之间。如果你的原生相机应用程序没有给你很多控制权，也许你可以尝试使用第三方相机应用程序。我非常喜欢使用Camera+。它可以让你充分控制重要的相机功能，如ISO，光圈，甚至可以手动控制焦点。一些顶级智能手机具有增加软件深度的功能，基本上给你带来了单反相机的外观，而且实际上相当不错。当你在拍摄对象背后有足够的光线和深度时，效果最好。

如果你是自拍爱好者，我有个坏消息要告诉你。那个前置摄像头不如后置摄像头好。所以下次你自拍的时候，也许可以请别人帮你拍。另一种让你的照片真正有创意的方法是使用镜头。这些类似于你在高端相机上看到的东西，但更便宜，更便携。鱼眼镜头可以提供非常宽的视野。它有点风格化，但可以让你拍一些真正有创意的照片。广角镜头的工作原理与鱼眼相似，只是没有那么极端。它非常适用于戏剧性的风景拍摄，甚至当你在室内或密闭空间时。长焦镜头是变焦镜头，它非常适合远距离拍摄。这是您想要使用的，而不是您的手机提供的数字变焦。每次你放大到图像，它都会使图像变得模糊，并使图像质量越来越差。它也非常适合近距离拍摄东西。它会在你的拍摄对象和背景之间增加景深。

最后，还有微距镜头，它可以让你进行极端的特写镜头。像鱼眼一样，这张照片更具风格，用于艺术或创意拍摄。不妨告诉大家，这段视频中的所有照片都是在我的iPhone X上拍摄的，镜头部分使用了Olloclip的镜头。因此，正如我在视频开头提到的，除了照相机，摄影还有很多方面，这些技巧将帮助你在很大程度上改进你拍摄的照片。但我能提供的最大建议是练习，所以走出去，开始拍摄。

harsh [hɑːʃ] adj. 刺眼的
cast [kɑːst] v. 投射
obscure [əbˈskjʊə(r)] v. 遮掩
preset [ˌpriːˈset] n. 预设装置
robust [rəʊˈbʌst] adj. 强健的，强大的
grid [ɡrɪd] n. 网格
align [əˈlaɪn] v. 使…..排成一条直线，对齐
shin [ʃɪn] n. 小腿
thigh [θaɪ] n. 大腿
headroom [ˈhedruːm] n. 净空高度，头上空间
aperture [ˈæpətʃə(r)] n. (尤指摄影机等的光圈)孔径
selfie [ˈselfi] n. 自拍
portable [ˈpɔːtəbl] adj. 便携式的
pixilated [ˈpɪksəleɪtɪd] v. 使……像素化

 

DSLR = Digital Single Lens Reflex 数码单反
keep sth. in mind 记住……
be mindful of 留意……
telephoto lens 长焦镜头
macro lens 微距镜头
extreme close-up shots 大特写镜头
just in case 以防万一

（Thought）What's going on with my phone ?

He sees a lot of notifications

Oh no ! Alice is gonna slaughter me ! How on earth has this happened ?

Young checks the views （浏览量）

While putting my phone in my pocket, I must have hit the send button by accident yesterday.

主从句的主语一次，因此从句省略了主语  While ( I was) putting

Over 20 million views, it's gone viral ! Want am I gonna do ?  Wait, it's actually not a big deal.

it's actually not a big deal.  没什么大不了的

Just forget it, it's actually not a big deal.
Calm down, it's actually not a big deal.
Don't worry, it's actually not a big deal.
Don't be nervous, it's actually not a big deal.

I can just delete it and she will never know.

He goes to delete the view but gets a message from Alice - WHAT DID YOU DO ?

Uh oh ! I'm really in the doghouse now.

in the doghouse 别人因为你做错事情而生气，被指责/被排挤

I'll be in the doghouse if I come into work late again this week
You will be in the doghouse if you forget your girlfriend's birthday again !

Young say he's the doghouse because of what he did, he continues:

She has noticed that she's trending online !

tread online  上热搜了

Young goes to check the app once more and sees how the video has been shared.

What should I do, the video is everywhere.  There are even memes of the video now.

meme 表情包 to imitate 去模仿

Oh God. I don't dare  open the message. She must be furious.

Young and the message and sees: You'd better have a good explanation for this !

Alice sends Young a video. It's by someone else. They have edited it to make it funnier.

That is hilarious, but I doubt Alice will think so ! 
Right now, I wish I could close just my eyes and pretend this has never happened !
I bet I'm gonna be paying for this for a  very long time !
I honestly didn't mean to upload the video. Thought, I think no matter what I say, Alice is never gonna buy it

No matter .... 无论

No matter what you do. do it with all your effort.
No matter how hard the work is, we must get it done on time
No matter when he comes, let me know
No matter where you go, I will go with you
No matter what you say, I'll not buy you that car
No matter how hard  he tries, he couldn't open the door
No matter when you come here, I'll be glad to meet you
No matter where you go, be happy every day

buy  买帐/相信： I don't buy it

She is gonna think I did it on purpose

on purpose 故意地，介词短语作方式状语

Another message from Alice - WHY WOULD YOU SEND THAT VIDEO ?

I'd better go find her to explain,  and of course, I'll need to do some major groveling !

grovel  v卑躬屈膝      do soem major groveling 表示得表现的有诚意

My heart's racing ! I'm so nervous right now. I really care about her feelings. I've really made a dog's dinner of this.

race 赛跑，这里表示 快速跳动

dog's dinner 做饭没做好只能喂狗。搞砸了

When things are going well, I always find a way to mess them up.

delete

v 删除：I deleted that file by accident      His name has been deleted from the list

trend

n趋势/倾向：There's been a downward / upward trend in sales in the pass few years. 销售量呈现下降/上升的趋势

n 时尚/新款式：Her long skirt is right on trend this winter

v 成为趋势/话题：Within minutes of the incident, his name was trending on the internet

dare

v 敢于/胆敢：Truth or Dare 真心话大冒险     Do you dare to tell him the news ?

v 问...有没有胆量做，激将，我量你不敢： I dare you to ask her to dance

作情态动词，敢于：I dare not tell her the truth

furious

fury n 暴怒：I could see the fury in her eyes.

furious 狂怒的：I was furious at teh way he had been treated

furious 激烈的： A furious debate

forgive

v 原谅：

I'll never forgive her for what she did
Forgive me for asking, but how much did you pay for you bag ?

v 免除债务：The government has agreed  to forgive a large part of the debt

purpose

n 目的/意图：

His only purpose in life seems to be to enjoy himself 自我享受
The purpose of the research is to find out more about the causes of the disease

on purpose 故意地：

He did it on purpose, knowing it would annoy her
He hasn't done anything wrong on purpse

grovel

v 匍匐前行/爬行：She was grovelling under the sofa, trying to find her toy

v 卑躬屈膝：I don't grovel to anyone

Tik Tok is one of the biggest apps in the world with hundreds of millions of active users around the globe. With so many users creating exceptional videos, there's no question why users would be hooked on the app. Tik-Tok makes it easy to show off your creativity with dozens of filters and effects or to just watch the work of millions of users creating viral videos every single day. If you're new to the app and you're ready to learn the basics, you've come to the right guide.

Start by downloading the app from either the App Store on iOS or the Play Store on Android then launch the app on your phone. Follow the steps on-screen to sign up for a new account and you'll be ready to get started on Tik Tok. After you've logged in, the Apple launched on the ‘For You Feed’, one of the two featured tabs on Tik Tok’s home page. As a new user, the ‘For You Feed’ shows off some of the biggest of recent videos on the app. But as you slowly get started, Tik Tok’s algorithm will quickly learn your habits. The more videos you like and users you follow, the faster Tik-Tok will be able to lock down exactly what you want to see. To scroll through videos in your feed, just swipe up from the bottom of the display. Videos on Tik-Tok play on a loop by default but you can pause or stop video playback by tapping on your screen. Looking at other tabs in the app, Tik Tok also provides users with a search function called Discover that lets you look through popular hashtags, search for users, scan Tik Tok barcodes and much more. You can tap on any video to open playback and can continue swiping to load related videos to a specific trend. While watching a video, you can use the icons along the right side of the app to like, comment or follow creators you like. Following creators will populate the following tab on the home screen, so make sure to follow anyone's content you love to always be updated on their new videos.

Tik Tok has a few other options within the app, including an inbox tab that includes direct messages , notifications and news from Tik Tok HQ. You can also view or edit your profile by tapping on the ME icon. When you're finally ready to create your own videos, tap on the plus icon to open the create tab. At its core, creating on Tik-Tok is as easy as tapping the red shutter button to start and stop recording, but as you might expect, there's a lot more to this tab than meets the eye. To get a full look at how to create videos on Tik Tok, check out our Guide on Getting Started with Videos in Tik Tok here until then you can browse and view videos to your heart's content.

Tik Tok是世界上最大的应用程序之一，在全球拥有数亿活跃用户。有这么多用户创建了出色的视频，用户会迷上这款应用也就不足为奇了。Tik Tok可以轻松地通过几十个过滤器和效果展示您的创造力，或者只需观看每天数百万用户创建的热门视频。如果您是该应用的新手，并且已经准备好学习基础知识，那么看我的这份指南就对了。

首先从iOS上的app Store或Android上的Play Store下载应用程序，然后在手机上启动应用程序。按照屏幕上的步骤注册新帐户，您就可以开始使用Tik Tok了。登录后，苹果在Tik Tok主页上的两个特色标签之一“为你推荐”上启动。作为一名新用户，“为你推荐”上展示了应用程序里一些最新的视频。但当你慢慢开始时，Tik-Tok的算法会很快了解你的习惯。你喜欢的视频越多，关注的用户越多，Tik Tok就能越快锁定你想看的内容。要滚动浏览提要中的视频，只需从显示屏底部向上滑动即可。Tik Tok上的视频默认在循环中播放，但您可以通过点击屏幕暂停或停止视频播放。通过查看应用程序中的其他标签，Tik Tok还为用户提供了一个名为“发现”的搜索功能，让您可以查看流行的标签、搜索用户、扫描Tik Tok条形码等等。您可以点击任何视频打开回播，并可以继续滑动以将相关视频加载到特定的话题下。观看视频时，您可以使用应用程序右侧的图标来点赞，评论或关注您喜欢的创作者。关注博主会给主页上的关注按钮增加数据，因此要确保关注任何您喜欢的博主的内容，这样就能随时更新他们的视频了。

Tik Tok在应用程序中还有一些其他选项，包括收件箱选项卡，其中包括来自Tik Tok总部的直接消息、通知和新闻。您也可以通过点击“我”图标查看或编辑您的个人资料。当你终于准备好创建自己的视频时，点击加号图标打开创建选项卡。在Tik Tok上创建视频的核心就像点击红色快门按钮开始和停止录制一样简单，但是或许如你所料，这个选项卡的内容远远超出了人们的想象。要想全面了解如何在Tik Tok上创建视频，请查看我们的《Tik Tok视频入门指南》。在此之前，您可以尽情地浏览和查看视频。

 

exceptional [ɪkˈsepʃənl] adj.卓越的，杰出的
filter [ˈfɪltə(r)] n.滤镜
algorithm [ˈælɡərɪðəm] n.运算法则
trend [trend] n.热门话题
notification [ˌnəʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n.通知
browse [braʊz] v.浏览

be hooked on 迷上……
show off 炫耀，卖弄
sign up for 注册
log in 登陆
lock down 锁定
play on a loop 循环播放
by default 默认
to one’s heart content 尽情地

目的：在主从复合句中，包含两个或两个以上的从句时，常常出现重复的语言元素，此时可以剔除重复元素让句子结构更加精简、表意更清晰。

举例：

名词性从句（宾语从句）的简化：

I suggest that we leave early for the airport
I suggest leaving early for the airport

形容词性从句（定语从句）的简化：

The one who gives up easily will never reach his goal
The one giving up easily will never reach his goal

 副词性从句（伴随状语从句）的简化：

After he had failed serveral times, he didn't want to try again
Having failed serveral times, he didn't want to try again

通常可以用动名词、不定式来代替从句，因为这两者都可以充当名词角色

情况一：从句主语可以省略的情况

I remember that I have closed the door
I remember having closed the door  动名词短语代替从句做宾语

I hope that I can catch up with you
I hope to catch up with you  不定式代替从句做宾语

课文中的例子：

The best way for saving money is  stop buying so many things

定语从句中改的主动语态，可以用现在分词短语代替：

Police are trying to stop the man who is driving a truck
Police are trying to stop the man driving a truck

定语从句中改的被动语态，可以用过去分词短语代替：

The bridge, which was built 50 years ago, collapsed in the last storm
The bridge built 50 years ago, collapsed in the last storm

情态动词简化为不定式：

She is the one who will go on a business trip
She is the one to go on a business trip

非限定性定语从句中的be动词 + 名词简化为名词，做同位语：

Mr. Smith, who is our new teacher, is very kind to us
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us

课文中的例子：

Just give me a few minutes, Those uploading their videos look more natural at this

状语从句中的被动语态，可以简化为过去分词形式：

As it was weakened by the storm, the bridge was no longer safe
Weakened by the storm, the bridge was no longer safe 

状语从句中的进行式，可以简化为现在分词形式：

While he was walking down the street, he bumped into his old friend
While walking down the street, he bumped into his old friend

状语从句表目的或结果的，可以简化为不定式

I learn English, so that I  can communicate with foreigners
I learn English to communicate with foreigners

课文中的例子：

While putting my phone in my pocket, I must have hit the send button by accident yesterday

I'm going to surprise Alice（我要给爱丽丝一个惊喜）

怎么给她惊喜呢？后面是一个介词短语作方式状语：

with a trip to Thailand.（用一次去泰国旅行的方式。）

按照汉语的表达习惯，整句话也就是说：我要用去泰国旅游来给爱丽丝一个惊喜。

I'm going to surprise … with …（我要用……来给……一个惊喜。）：

I’m going to surprise my family with a first prize in the competition.（我要用这次竞赛的一等奖来给我的家人们一个惊喜。）

As for my father’s birthday present, I’m going to surprise him with a new car.（关于我父亲的生日礼物，我会用一辆新车给他一个惊喜

I’m going to surprise my girlfriend with a honeymoon to Paris

I’m going to surprise my friends with losing 10 kilograms

I will show her（我会带她看）

去哪里看呢？后面是一个介词短语作地点状语：

around some of the beautiful temples（在一些漂亮的寺庙里转转）

and let her try（并且让她试试）

some of the exquisite local cuisines.（一些当地的精美菜肴。）

I also want to take her（我也想带她）

带她去哪儿呢？后面又是一个介词短语作地点状语：

around some of the islands.（在一些小岛上转转。）

Thailand has a special place in my heart（泰国在我的心里有一个特殊的位置，）

and I want her to experience（而且我想让她去体验）

体验什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

what I felt 我感受过的（感觉）

什么时候、在哪里感受过呢？后面是一个介词短语作时间状语：

on my first visit to such a peaceful country.（在我第一次去一个如此祥和的国家的时候。）

整句话也就是说：我想让她能体验到我第一次去一个如此祥和的国家旅游时的感受。

 … has a special place in my heart.（……在我心里有一个特殊的位置）

Alice has a special place in my heart
My primary school has a special place in my heart
My hometown has a special place in my heart
My grandfather has a special place in my heart

My last trip to Thailand was incredible.（我上一次的泰国之旅棒极了。）

I spent four days traveling around different islands（我那时候花了四天时间逛了逛不同的岛）

什么样的岛呢？后面是一个过去分词短语表被动作后置定语：

surrounded by gorgeous, blue sea waters. 被非常漂亮的、蓝色的海水环绕的（不同的岛）

water作名词表示“水”，是不可数名词。这里的sea waters指的是“各个海域”。

I also went diving（我还去潜水了）

dive作动词表示“潜水”。go diving就是“去潜水”的意思。

and the ocean below was even more beautiful.（下面的海洋甚至更漂亮。）

sea和ocean都可以表示“海洋”，没有什么区别，只不过ocean这个词在北美用得更多一些。

The colorful fish were the first things（五彩斑斓的鱼类是第一样事物）

什么样的第一样事物呢？后面是一个that引导的定语从句：

that caught my eyes.吸引我的目光的（第一样事物）

catch one’s eyes，字面意思是“抓住了某人的眼睛”，其实就是“吸引了某人的目光”

fish（鱼）是个单复数同形的词，原文里的fish指的是“很多鱼”，所以后面系动词用的是复数形式were

Then my attention（然后我的注意力）

turned to the expanse of a coral reef（转向了一大片珊瑚礁上）

expanse是expand（动词“展开”）的名词形式，表示“宽阔”。expanse of sth.，表示“一大片……”。

什么样的珊瑚礁呢？后面还有一个that引导的定语从句：that stretched as far as I could see.（伸展到和我能看到的一样远的地方。）

也就是说：我能看多远，珊瑚礁就有多大一片。按照汉语的表达习惯，我们可以把整句话理解成：然后我的注意力就被绵延至视线尽头的一大片珊瑚礁吸引了。

It was the most tranquil trip I had been on（这是我一直以来踏上过的最安静的旅行）

这里的I had been on是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句。还原成陈述语序也就是说：I had been on the most tranquil trip. 这里的on the trip指的是“踏上旅行”。不过这句话还没完，后面还有一个介词短语作时间状语：

in my entire life.（在我的整个生命里。）

我们再把整句话看一遍：

It was the most tranquil trip I had been on in my entire life. 按照汉语的表达习惯，也就是说：这是我一生中最恬静的一次旅行。

It was over two years ago,（这是两年多以前的事了，）

but I still remember this trip（但是我仍然记得这次旅行）

like it was yesterday.就好像这是昨天（的事情）一样

I still remember it like it was yesterday.（我仍然觉得就像昨天刚发生的一样。）：

The accident happened ten years ago, but I still remember it like it was yesterday.
It was August 1st, 2008, but I still remember it like it was yesterday.

Young says he remembers the trip to Thailand like it was yesterday. He continues:

It was really an eye-opener for me!

eye-opener是个合成词，字面意思是“令人大开眼界的事物”：

His book was really an eye-opener for me!
My trip to Egypt was really an eye-opener for me!
My trip to Europe was really an eye-opener for me!
His new drama was really an eye-opener for me!

However,（然而，）

the journey didn't start out the way I planned.（当时的旅程并不像我计划的那样开始。）

这句话里的the way I planned是方式状语，表示“按照我计划的方式”

… didn’t start out the way I planned.（……并不像我计划的那样开始。）：

The new project didn’t start out the way I planned
The new company didn’t start out the way I planned

Young says that his journey to Thailand didn’t start out the way I planned. He continues:

I missed the shuttle to the airport.（我错过了去机场的班车。）

I was running down the street yelling,（我沿街边跑边喊，）

这里的yelling是现在分词作伴随状语。

but the coach driver didn't see me.（但大巴司机没看到我。）

I waited over an hour for the next one to arrive.（我等下一趟班车等了一个多小时。）

Luckily,（幸运的是，）

I still made it to the airport in the nick of time（我还是卡点赶到了机场，）

为什么呢？后面是一个as引导的原因状语从句：

as I always allow extra time（因为我总是给出额外的时间）

allow作动词，除了可以表示“允许”，也可以表示“给予”。针对什么情况给出额外的时间呢？

for any mishaps or delays.（针对任何意外或者延误。）

我们再把最后一句话完整看一遍：

Luckily, I still made it to the airport in the nick of time as I always allow extra time for any mishaps or delays. 幸运的是，我还是卡点赶到了机场，因为我总是为任何意外或延误留出额外的时间

 

temple [ˈtemp(ə)l] n. 庙宇，寺院，神殿

temple这个词的字面意思是“划出来的一块区域，尤其是用作占卜”。现在temple作名词，表示“庙宇、寺院、神殿”。比如说：

The temple has a marble floor.（这座寺庙里有大理石地板。）

temple也可以表示人的“太阳穴”，但是和“寺院”属于异源同形词。

exquisite [ɪkˈskwɪzɪt] adj. 精致的，精美的

前缀ex-表示“向外”；中间的-quisi-从读音上和question（动词“询问”）有关，这里表示“搜寻、寻找”；exquisite最后是一个形容词后缀-te。这个词的字面意思，是“（仔细）找出来的”，生活里结合语境专指“精美的、精致的”。比如说：

This is truly an exquisite painting.（这真是一副精美的油画）
The food and service in this restaurant are both exquisite.（这家餐馆的食品和服务都是很精致的）

peaceful [ˈpiːsfl] adj. 宁静的，安静的；和平的

这个词前面的peace是名词“和平、太平、平静”。peaceful的字面意思是full of peace（充满平静的），作形容词表示“和平的、宁静的”。比如说：

They have a very peaceful life, but boring sometimes.（他们过着很平静的生活，但这种生活有时很无聊）

另外，我们平时说的“太平洋”，英语叫做Pacific Ocean。这里的pacific前面的paci，从读音上也和peace同源

incredible [ɪnˈkredəb(ə)l] adj. 不可思议的，难以置信的

这个词的前缀in-是un-的意思，表示否定；中间的-cred-是“相信”的意思，从读音上和heart（心）有关；incredible最后是一个形容词后缀-ible。这个词的字面意思，是“不能相信的”，作形容词表示“不可思议的、难以置信的”，相当于unbelievable。比如说：

It was an incredible performance.（这是一场非常出色的表演。）
Your story was incredible.（你的故事真不可思议。）

gorgeous [ˈɡɔːrdʒəs] adj. 极其漂亮的，美丽动人的

这个词前面的gorge有“喉咙”的意思。在中世纪，法国的很多贵妇会在脖子上裹一种围巾，叫做 gorgias，因为这种围巾很优雅也很复杂，后来人们就用gorgeous来形容词“非常漂亮的、美丽动人的”。比如说：

You look gorgeous!（你看起来太美了！）
The photography in the book is gorgeous.（这本书里的照片真是太美了。）

dive [daɪv] vi. 跳水；潜水；俯冲；暴跌

这个词从读音上和deep（形容词“深的”）有关。dive作动词，表示“跳水、潜水”，也就是“往水深的地方走”。比如说：

We dived into the river to cool off.（我们一头跳进河里，凉快一下）

dive作动词，也可以表示“俯冲、暴跌”，其实就是“跌入谷底”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

The plane dived towards the ground.（飞机向地面俯冲）
The company’s shares dived sharply.（这家公司的股票急剧暴跌了）

tranquil [ˈtræŋkwɪl] adj. 平静的，宁静的

tranquil是个回构词，来自： tranquility [træŋˈkwɪləti] n. 宁静，安宁

前缀tran-是trans-的简写，表示“贯穿”，这里起的是强调作用；中间的-quil-的意思是quiet（形容词“安静的”）；最后是一个名词后缀-ity。 tranquility作名词，表示”宁静、安宁”，是个正式的措辞。比如说：

People in this town enjoy the tranquility of a slower pace of life.（这座小镇里的人们享受着慢节奏生活的宁静。）

tranquil作形容词，表示“平静的、宁静的”。比如说：

She lives a tranquil life in the countryside.（她在乡下过着宁静的生活。）

mishap [ˈmɪshæp] n. 小事故；晦气

前缀mis-表示“不好”；后面的hap和happy（形容词“开心的”）有关。mishap的字面意思，是“不开心、走霉运”，生活里指的是“小事故、晦气”。比如说：

We have arrived without any mishap.（我们平安到达了目的地。）
A series of mishaps led to the accident.（一系列不幸事故导致核电站发生爆炸。）

delay [dɪˈleɪ] v.（使）推迟，（使）延期；（使）耽搁

前缀de-表示“向下”；后面的lay和动词“放置、搁”长得一样（无词源关系）。我们可以把delay理解成“放下、搁下”。生活里delay作动词，表示“（使）推迟，延期、耽搁”。比如说：My plane was delayed by an hour.（我乘坐的飞机延误了1个小时。）或者说：

If you delay now, the opportunity might be lost.（现在你如果不赶快行动就可能会失去机会。）

delay也可以作名词，表示“延迟、延误、延期”。比如说：

There's no time for delay.（没有时间了，不能拖延了。）

Greetings, dear traveler. Are you in pursuit of warm, sandy beaches, island hopping and sweltering jungle treks? Or simply on a budget and in search of a destination rich in affordable adventures. No matter what kind of experience you’re seeking, Thailand has it all. Not convinced? Then sit back, relax, and let us reveal why you should travel to Thailand in“Visiting Thailand: A Beginner’s Travel Guide”.

你好，亲爱的游客朋友。你是在追求温暖的沙滩、环岛和酷热的丛林徒步旅行吗？或者你的预算有限，想寻找一个目的地，那里全是能负担的起的冒险项目。无论你想要什么样的体验，泰国都能满足你。不相信吗？坐下来，放松一下，让我们在“游览泰国：初学者旅游指南”中揭示您为什么应该去泰国旅游。

It’s no secret that Thailand is achingly beautiful, but you likely knew that already. So instead, let us begin by explaining what makes a perfect Thailand-bound traveler. While you are only required to be as fit as the activities you wish to take part in, you should thrive in hot to extremely humid weather, be a confident swimmer so as not to miss out on Thailand’s turquoise waters, and be ready to dive, trek, tuk-tuk, taste, kayak, sail and even kickbox your way across the country! Be sure to have saved up at least 10-15 vacation days to experience the country at an enjoyable pace, without rushing. Don’t forget to learn a few key phrases in Thai to make your travels easier but don’t worry too much as English is widely spoken.

泰国非常美丽，这不是什么秘密，但你可能已经知道了。因此，让我们从解释什么是完美的泰国旅游者开始。虽然你只需要像你希望参加的活动一样健康，但你应该在炎热或极度潮湿的天气中茁壮成长，成为一个自信的游泳者，以免错过泰国的蓝绿色水域，并准备好体验全国各地的潜水，徒步，三轮摩的，品尝美食，皮划艇，帆船，甚至自由搏击。一定要攒下至少10-15天的假期，以愉快的节奏体验这个国家，不要匆忙。别忘了学习一些关键的泰语，让你的旅行更轻松，但不要担心太多，因为英语被广泛使用。

And while you can visit Thailand all year round, the best time to travel there is between November and early April when rainfall is limited and temperatures are manageable. So your tour is booked, your bags are packed and you secured a great deal on that flight into Bangkok. It’s time to hit the bustling streets and backroads of this great Southeast Asian gem! Begin by visiting Bangkok’s Grand Palace, arguably the city’s most famous landmark and the spiritual heart of the Thai Kingdom. You’ll surely be left in awe by the palace complex’s impressive and intricate buildings. And don’t forget a visit to the spectacular Wat Arun which sits dazzlingly on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. Or perhaps visit Wat Pho and see the impressive reclining Buddha before carrying on to the temple, Wat Ratchanatdaram, whose design is said to derive from the metal temples built in Sri Lanka and India over 2000 years ago. Reward yourself for days well spent by visiting one of the city’s many rooftop bars and unwind with local brews while overlooking the feverish scene that is Bangkok. And once you’ve sufficiently lost yourself in the chaos of the busy streets and back alleyway clubs, you will be free to move on to Thailand’s dazzling countryside to experience blissful rejuvenation. Begin in the north and pay a visit to the mountainous city of Chiang Mai, where you can first stroll past the hundreds of elaborate Buddhist temples, exploring the original capital of the Lanna Kingdom before venturing into the Thai jungle for a journey like no other. Hike past unexpected waterfalls while enjoying the sounds of bubbling brooks as nature envelopes you.

虽然你可以全年访问泰国，但前往泰国的最佳时间是11月至4月初，那时降雨量有限，气温可控。所以你的旅行已经预订好了，你的行李已经打包好了，在飞往曼谷的航班上你也获得了很多优惠。是时候去体验这颗伟大东南亚宝石的繁华街道和乡村小路了！首先参观曼谷的大皇宫，它可以说是曼谷最著名的地标和泰国王国的精神中心。您一定会对宫殿建筑群令人印象深刻、错综复杂的建筑感到敬畏。别忘了参观壮观的郑王庙，它位于湄南河西岸，令人眼花缭乱。或者在前往寺庙王孙寺之前，参观卧佛寺，看看令人印象深刻的斜倚佛像，据说其设计源自2000多年前在斯里兰卡和印度建造的金属寺庙。如果这几天过得不错，可以去城市的屋顶酒吧，一边品尝当地的啤酒，一边俯瞰曼谷的狂热景象，以此犒赏自己。一旦你在繁忙的街道和后巷俱乐部的混乱中充分迷失了自己，你就可以自由地前往泰国耀眼的乡村，体验幸福的复兴。从北部开始，游览多山城市清迈，在那里你可以首先漫步经过数百座精致的佛教寺庙，探索兰纳王国的原始首都，然后进入泰国丛林进行一次前所未有的冒险之旅。徒步穿越意料之外的瀑布，欣赏大自然包围着你时，身边的潺潺流水声。

You’ll want to head to Chiang Rai, where you can explore the eclectic, starkly-coloured Wat Rong Khun, an unconventional art exhibition to which admission is free. But the real views arrive when you trek into the Thai highlands just outside of the city. Reach the top of Phu Chi Fa, a national forest park, and one of the country’s most famous viewpoints. Time your visit for dawn and allow yourself a quiet moment to overlook the sea of mist that hangs atop the never-ending hilltops. You won’t be disappointed. Next, head down south and take part in a little island hopping and swim or sail your way between famous and stunningly beautiful inlets. Ride long-tail boats to Railey Beach in Thailand’s Krabi Province, famous for its sheer limestone cliffs and dense mangrove forests as well as its hundreds of offshore islands, including the notable Phi Phi Islands. Next visit Ko Samui and sip on fresh coconuts before hiking along lush trails and cooling off in secluded waterfalls and natural pools. Finish off your adventure through Southern Thailand with a visit to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula and explore the Phang Nga Province, famous for its national parks and rock formations. We could go on and on about the endless array of destinations, activities and experiences ready to be had in this tropical paradise but those are stories for another video. Well, has your hunger for something different been fulfilled yet? No? Then a dose of additional inspiration is in order. Watch another video and visit us on Days to Come to start planning your next adventure abroad.您将前往清莱，在那里您可以探索色彩鲜明，不拘一格的泰国白庙，这是一个非传统的艺术展览，免费入场。但当你徒步进入城外的泰国高地时，真正的景色就会到来。到达指天山山顶，这是一个国家森林公园，也是该国最著名的景点之一。将您的行程安排在黎明时分，让自己有一个安静的时刻，俯瞰悬在永无止境山顶上的雾海。你不会失望的。下一步，南下，参加一个小岛跳跃，在著名而美丽的海湾之间游泳或航行。乘坐长尾船前往泰国甲米省的莱雷海滩，该海滩以陡峭的石灰岩悬崖和茂密的红树林以及数百个近海岛屿而闻名，其中包括著名的皮皮岛。下一次参观苏梅岛，品尝新鲜的椰子，然后沿着茂盛的小径徒步旅行，在幽静的瀑布和天然泳池中降温。游览马来半岛西海岸，探索以国家公园和岩层闻名的攀牙省，结束您在泰国南部的冒险之旅。我们可以继续谈论在这个热带天堂准备好的无数目的地、活动和体验，但这些是另一个视频的故事。你对不同事物的渴望已经满足了吗？没有么? 那么就需要额外的灵感了。观看另一段视频，并在‘未来的日子’板块访问我们，开始规划您的下一次海外冒险吧。

sweltering /ˈsweltərɪŋ/ adj.闷热的
trek /trek/ n. 长途跋涉
turquoise /ˈtɜːkwɔɪz/ adj. 蓝绿色的
tuk-tuk /ˈtʊk tʊk/ n. 三轮小摩的（泰国以及东南亚国家市内交通工具）
kayak /ˈkaɪæk/ n. 皮划艇
kickbox /ˈkɪkbɔks/ n. 自由搏击
bustling /ˈbʌslɪŋ/ adj. 熙熙攘攘的
backroad /ˈbækrəʊd/ n. 乡村小路
gem /dʒem/ n. 宝石
complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ n. 建筑群
intricate /ˈɪntrɪkət/ adj. 错综复杂的
unwind /ˌʌnˈwaɪnd/ v. 放松
brew /bruː/n. 啤酒
feverish /ˈfiːvərɪʃ/ adj. 狂热的，极度兴奋的
rejuvenation /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃn/ n. 恢复青春，恢复活力
envelop /ɪnˈveləp/ v. 覆盖，包住
eclectic /ɪˈklektɪk/ adj. 折中的，不拘一格的
starkly-colored adj. 颜色鲜明的
atop /əˈtɒp/ prep. 在……顶上
inlet /ˈɪnlet/ n. 入口
sheer /ʃɪə(r)/ adj. 纯粹的
lush /lʌʃ/ adj. 茂密的
secluded /sɪˈkluːdɪd/ adj. 隐蔽的

in pursuit of 寻求，追求
on a budget 节省开支
it’s no secret that… 众所周知……
derive from… 源于……
back alleyway 后巷
limestone cliffs 石灰岩悬崖
mangrove forests 红树林
hunger for 渴望

Grand Palace 大皇宫（泰国地名）
Wat Arun （泰国）郑王庙
Chao Phraya River 湄南河
Wat Pho （泰国）卧佛寺
Wat Ratchanatdaram （泰国）王孙寺
Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡
Chiang Mai 清迈（泰国城市）
Chiang Rai 清莱（泰国北部的一个府）
Wat Rong Khun （泰国）白庙
Phu Chi Fa （泰国）指天山
Railey Beach （泰国）莱雷海滩
Krabi Province （泰国）甲米省
Phi Phi Islands （泰国）皮皮岛
Ko Samui （泰国）苏梅岛
Malay Peninsula 马来半岛
Phang Nga Province 攀牙省

That's the last email sent.（杨：这是发的最后一封邮件。）

He checks the calendar.（他检查日历。）

Looks like I've got a few spare hours.（看来我有几个小时的空闲时间。）

No better time than the present（没有比现在更好的时候了）

什么时候呢？后面是一个动词不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的time：

to start looking into flights to Thailand.开始看看去泰国航班的（更好的时候）

look into的字面意思是“往里看、钻着看”，生活里表示“调查、观察、查看”。整句话也就是说：现在是开始查看飞往泰国航班的最佳时机。

He loads a flight search engine on computer and opens his calendar.（他在电脑上加载航班搜索引擎，并打开了日历。）

I guess（杨：我觉得） it would be best to book the flights for later this month.（最好能把机票定在这个月底。）

这里的it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to book the flights for later this month

It's Alice's birthday month as well.（爱丽丝的生日也在这个月。）

I'm sure she will be thrilled with this surprise.（我相信她会因为这个惊喜而非常开心的。）

Young: After working for so long,（杨：工作了这么久以后，）

a proper holiday is exactly what we need.（一个适当的假期正是我们需要的。）

Young is searching flight tickets.（杨正在搜索机票。）

This flight looks reasonable.（杨：这趟航班看起来还不错。）

It departs in the afternoon,（它在下午起飞，）

so we won't need to get up at the crack of dawn.（所以我们不需要天刚亮就起床。）

dawn作名词，表示“破晓”。at the crack of dawn，指的是“在破晓时分”，也就是“在天刚亮的时候”。

Young checks the arrival time.（杨确认到达时间。）

The arrival time is also really good.（杨：到达时间也很好。）

I wonder（杨：我想知道） how much it might cost（可能要花多少钱）

花钱做什么呢？这里的it仍然是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式：

to upgrade to business class?（去升级到商务舱）

upgrade是个合成词，字面意思是“向上一个级别”，作动词表示“升级”：

First, the company must be able to upgrade the product

class这个词，本意是“级别”，学校里用来表示“班级”，在飞机、高铁上用来形容指代不同等级的座位。除了business class（商务舱），飞机上还设有economy class（经济舱），以及first class（头等舱）

The flight is pretty long,（杨：这段航程很长，）

so I want us to travel in comfort.（所以我希望我们能舒适出行。）

这里的in comfort（处于舒适中）是介词短语作方式状语，修饰前面的动词travel。

Economy class is good,（杨：经济舱是不错，）

but you can't compare it with business class.（但你不能拿它和商务舱相比。）

You can't compare … with …你不能拿……和……相比

You can’t compare now with then. It’s much different now. 你不能拿现在和以前相比。现在已经大不相同了

You can’t compare his situation with mine. We’re totally different. 你不能拿他的处境跟我的比。我们完全不一样

You can’t compare this book with that one
You can’t compare my parents with yours

同时，compare … with … 也可以说成compare … and …，意思是一样的。英语里有句谚语，叫做：

You can’t compare apples and oranges.

字面意思是你不能拿苹果和橘子相比。生活里这句话指的是“把风马牛不相及的两个人或两种事物作比较”，也就是“没有可比性、不能相提并论”。比如说：

You can't compare your job as a nurse to mine as an engineer — that's comparing apples and oranges!

另外，除了compare … with/and …，我们也可以说成compare … to …

不过compare … to …除了有“拿……和……相比”的意思以后，还可以表示“把……比作……”。比如说：

He compares the girl to a beautiful rose 他把那个女孩比作一朵漂亮的玫瑰

Let’s go back to the text and continue. Young continues to check the information of business class.（杨继续查看商务舱的信息。）

It is said（据说）

这里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句。It is said是个被动语态，字面意思是“某件事被说”，其实就是汉语里讲的“据说”。据说什么呢？

that the meals they serve（他们提供的饭菜）

这里的they serve（他们提供的）是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰前面的the meals。

taste as good as dining in a five-star restaurant.（尝起来就和在五星级酒店用餐一样好。）

这里的dining in a five-star restaurant是动名词短语，表示“在五星级酒店吃饭这件事”，和前面的the meals they serve相对。

It is said that …据说…

It is said that he is a miser.（据说他是个小气鬼。）
It is said that she’s got married
It is said that he works for sixteen hours every day
It is said that we’ll have a new boss.

Let’s go back to the text. Young sees an offer pop up on the screen about package deals.（杨看到屏幕上弹出了机票套餐的报价。）

Oh, wow! This looks like a bargain!（杨：哇！这看起来很划算！）

He clicks on the link.（他点击了链接。）

It includes all the flights,（杨：它包括所有的机票、）

accommodations（住宿）

and transports to and from the airport.（以及往返机场的交通费。）

这里的to and from the airport是介词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的transports（交通）。

Why on earth is it so cheap?（杨：它究竟为什么这么便宜？）

He checks the terms and conditions.（他查看了条款和条件。）

Oh, that's why!（杨：哦，原来是这样！）

It's non-refundable（这个不能退款，）

and the baggage allowance is limited.（而且有行李重量限额。）

baggage allowance指的是乘坐飞机时候允许托运的行李的重量，汉语翻译成“行李重量限额”。

I can't quite believe（杨：我真不敢相信）

后面是一个宾语从句：

just how cheap it is.（这到底有多便宜。）

I mean,（我的意思是，）that is a steal!（这跟不要钱似的！）

steal作动词表示“偷窃、盗窃”，作名词可以表示“非常便宜的东西”，也就是“和偷来都没区别了、跟不要钱似的”

I'd be a fool to not snap up such an offer.

snap当动词表示“啪地一声折断”，速度很快。snap up的字面意思是“快速（完全）抢过来”，生活里可以表示“抢购”。原文这句话就是说：这样的优惠如果不抢购，那我就是个傻瓜。

I'd be a fool to …我要是……就太傻了

I'd be a fool to turn that offer down 我要是拒绝那样的出价就太蠢了
I'd be a fool to not choose the better school
I’d be a fool to break up with her
I’d be a fool to not listen to his advice

Let’s get back to the text. Young wants to snap up the offer, but it's non-refundable and the baggage allowance is limited. He says:

Well,（杨：好吧，）I travel light（我轻装出行）

light作形容词，可以表示“轻的”。light在这里是作副词，表示“轻装地”。travel light指的是“轻松出行、不拿太多东西”，也就是“轻装出行”。

so baggage allowance won't be a problem.（所以行李重量限额不会有什么问题。） Too hard to resist.（太难拒绝这个诱惑了。）

这是一个省略句，还原完整也就是说：This offer is too hard (for me) to resist.

He clicks the button and enters his card information.（他点击按钮，输入他的银行卡信息。）

Great, all booked!（杨：太棒了，全都订好了！）

也就是说：All the tickets are booked (by me)!

This really made my day.

这句话的字面意思是：这件事情真的成就了我的一整天。也就是说：这让我今天过得很开心。This is the second colloquial expression today. For example:

Thanks for your flowers. They really made my day.（谢谢你的花。它们让我今天过得很开心。）

I'm always good at finding a good deal!（杨：我总是擅长发现这种划算的买卖！）

After all, who doesn't love a bargain?（毕竟，谁不喜欢省钱的东西呢？）

economy [ɪˈkɒnəmi; ɪˈkɑːnəmi] n. 经济；节省；节俭

这是一个来自拉丁语的单词，前面的eco表示“家”，英语里有个词叫做ecology，字面意思是“研究家园（地球）的学科”，指的是“生态学”

economy中间的nom是manage（管理）的意思；最后是一个名词后缀-y。economy这个词的字面意思，是“管理家”，作名词指的是“节省、节俭”，指的是“精打细算”。比如说：

This kind of work can be done by machines with more speed and economy 这种工作可以用机器来完成，又快又省钱也就是我们平时说的“经济实惠”

His family have had to make economies since he lost his job 自从他失业以来，他的家人就不得不节俭度日
We have to make substantial economies

economy作名词，也可以表示一个国家或地区的“经济”，国家、地区都属于是“大家”，也需要经济制度来管理。比如说：

the global economy（全球经济）
the local economy（当地经济）

在买机票的时候，分为三种最常见的类型，一种是First Class（头等舱），一种是Business Class（商务舱），还有一种就是Economy Class（经济舱）。而economy这个词用在这里，就把“精打细算”的感觉表达得很到位。

accommodation [əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃ(ə)n; əˌkɑːməˈdeɪʃn] n. 住宿，膳宿

accommodate [əˈkɒmədeɪt; əˈkɑːmədeɪt] vt. 为……提供住宿；容纳；为……提供空间

前缀ac-是ad-的变体表示“去”；紧接着的com-也是前缀，表示“来、到一起”，这里起的是强调作用；后面的-mod-是mode（模式）的意思；最后是一个动词后缀-ate。 accommodate这个词，字面意思是“到模式里”，指的是“使适应”，生活里结合语境， accommodate指的是“让客人适应、舒服”，作动词表示“为……提供住宿”。比如说：

This hotel can accommodate up to 1000 guests 这家酒店可供最多1000位旅客住宿

accommodate作动词，也可以表示“容纳、为……提供空间”。比如说：

There isn’t enough space to accommodate the files 没有足够的空间存放这些档案

accommodation作名词，表示“住宿、膳宿”。比如说：

More and more travelers are looking for bed and breakfast accommodations in private homes 愈来愈多的旅行者在寻找由私人住户提供住宿和早餐的服务

There are a lot of cheap accommodations near the airport

transport [ˈtrænspɔːrt] n. 运输，运送；交通工具；交通运输系统 [trænˈspɔː(r)t] vt. 运输，运送，输送

前缀trans-表示“穿过”；后面的port表示“携带”。我们之前学过的support，字面意思是“在下方携带、承载”，作动词表示“支持、赞成”。transport作动词，字面意思是“携带穿过”，生活里作名词专指“交通运输、交通工具”或者“交通运输系统”。比如说：

The company will arrange transport from the airport 公司将负责从机场开始的交通安排
Bicycles are a cheap and efficient form of transport 自行车是一种便宜而高效的交通工具
public transport公共交通系统

transport也可以作动词，但是重音要靠后，读作 [trænˈspɔː(r)t]，表示”运输、运送、输送“。比如说：

You can transport these things by air. It’s very fast 你可以空运这些东西。这样很快
The seeds are transported by the wind. 这些种子是由风传播的
Blood transports oxygen around the body

4. non-refundable [ˌnɒn rɪˈfʌndəbl; ˌnɑːn rɪˈfʌndəbl] adj. 不可退还的；不可退款的

fund [fʌnd] n. 基金；专款；资金；钱款 vt. 为……提供资金；资助

前缀re-表示“回来”；后面的fund从读音上和found有关。不过这个found不是find（动词“发现”）的过去式，而是动词“建立”的意思，指的是“从底部、基础建起”。一家公司的创始人，英语就叫做founder。

fund作名词，表示“基金、专款”，指的是“为了某个目的而设立的资金”。比如说：

The hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment 医院专门设立了一项基金以购买新设备

fund作名词，也可以表示“资金、钱款”。比如说：

I'm short of funds at the moment 我眼下缺钱

fund也可以作动词，表示“为……提供资金、资助”。比如说：

The company has agreed to fund my trip to America 公司同意资助我的美国之行

refund [ˈriːfʌnd] n. 退款，返还款，偿还金额 [ˌriːˈfʌnd] vt. 退还；退款

refund的前缀re-表示“回来”。这个词的字面意思是“把钱退回来”，作名词表示“退款、返还款、偿还金额”。比如说：

I took the phone back to the shop and asked for a refund我把手机拿回商店，要求他们退款

refund也可以作动词，读作 [ˌriːˈfʌnd]，表示“退还、退款”。比如说：

We will refund your money in full if you are not satisfied with our service 如果您对我们的服务不满意，我们会全额退款

refundable作形容词，表示“可以退还的、可以退款的”。相对的是non-refundable（不可以退还的、不可以退款的）。比如说：

I'm sorry. They are not refundable 对不起，它们是不能退的
Your ticket is non-refundable 你的机票是不能退的
Some of our services are non-refundable

baggage [ˈbæɡɪdʒ] n. 行李

这个词其实就是bag（包）双写g加一个名词后缀-age组成。英语里表示“行李”：

The baggage hall was crowded and noisy

英语里还有一个词，叫做luggage，也表示“行李”。不过baggage可以包括“手提包”或者“拉杆包”，但是luggage专指“拉杆包”，因为lug本身就是“拉”的意思

So many people come to me and say they want to travel, but they can’t afford it. Then, I check their Instagram and see they’re eating steak dinner, and just got the new iPhone X. Really? Traveling can be cheap if you prioritize your expenses. Saving money on flights, accommodations and food are essential for cheap travel which, when you think about it, these are the things you’ll remember the least about our trip. You will remember experiences, which are usually free! I just spent 6 weeks in Europe and finished my quest to visit all 45 countries on the continent. In this video, I’m gonna share with you my best money-saving tips for how to spend less than $30 a day in Europe.

prioritize [praɪˈɒrətaɪz] v. 按重要性排序，优先处理
accommodation [əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn] n. 住宿
essential [ɪˈsenʃl] adj.重要的，基本的

很多人来找我说他们想去旅行，但又负担不起。我随后查看了他们的Instagram，看到他们在吃牛排晚餐，刚刚买了新的iPhone X。这是真的吗？如果你优先考虑你的花费，旅行可以很便宜。对于便宜的旅行，节省机票、住宿和食物的费用至关重要，当你考虑到这一点时，这些都是我们旅行中记忆得最少的部分。你会记得的通常是那些免费的体验！我刚刚在欧洲呆了6周，完成了访问欧洲大陆所有45个国家的任务。在这段视频中，我将与大家分享我如何在欧洲每天花费少于30美元的最佳省钱技巧。

 

Disclaimer: my budget is more than $30 a day now, but when I was 21 and 22, it was $30 or less , and I know how to do it. Whatever your budget is, this video will certainly give you some tips to save money.

disclaimer [dɪsˈkleɪmə(r)] n. 免责声明
budget [ˈbʌdʒɪt] n. 预算

免责声明：我的预算现在每天超过30美元，但当我21岁和22岁时，预算是30美元或更少，我知道怎么做。无论你的预算是多少，这段视频肯定会给你一些省钱的建议。

 

1. Get a Eurail Pass. Train travel is the best and easiest way to travel around Europe. And nothing is better than the Unlimited Eurail pass. For one price, it acts as an all-in-one ticket with unlimited rides in their network. It’s first class , it’s really easy and convenient to get around. Most of the trains have WiFi on board. You can get a drink, you can get a snack. You wake up in the next country, and life is good.

Eurail Pass 欧洲铁路通行证
act as 充当……
all-in-one ticket 多功能车票
get around 四处转转

1.获得欧洲铁路通行证。火车旅行是环游欧洲最好、最简单的方式。没有什么比无限制的欧洲铁路通行证更好的了。只需一个价格，你就可以获得一张多功能车票，在他们的网络中无限次乘坐。这是头等舱，到各个地方都十分的方便快捷。大多数火车上都有WiFi。你可以喝上一杯，吃点零食。在下一个国家醒来，生活多么美好。

 

2. Carry an empty water bottle. One of the best tricks I know is to always carry around an empty water bottle and fill it up in sinks and public fountains. This will save you from spending €3 or more per water bottle, which adds up to €400 a month. If you drink as much water as I do.

fill sth. up 把……装满
add up to 总计达到……

2.带一个空水瓶。我知道的最好的技巧之一就是随时随身携带一个空水瓶，并将在水槽和公共喷泉把它接满水。如果你和我一样喝水多，这将为您节省每瓶3欧元或更多的费用，每月总计400欧元。

 

3. Buy an unlimited metro pass. The very first thing you should do as soon as you arrive in any city is purchase a 3 or 7-day unlimited public transportation pass. All big cities have them, and they will save you loads of money on metros and buses , as opposed to buying individual tickets.

metro pass 地铁通行证
unlimited transportation pass 无限次交通通行证
loads of 大量的……
as opposed to 与……截然相反的

3.购买无限制的地铁通行证。到达任何城市后，你应该做的第一件事就是购买3天或7天的无限制公交通行证。所有大城市都有这样的通行证，与购买个人车票相比，它们会为你节省大量的地铁和公交车费用。

 

4. Hop on the Flix Bus. If you prefer overnight buses go get from city to city, then the Flix Bus is your best option. Clean, spacious and modern buses that take you all over the continent for cheap. I went from Stuttgart to Dresden overnight for €20.

overnight [ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt , ˈəʊvənaɪt] adj. 夜间的
spacious [ˈspeɪʃəs] adj. 宽敞的

4.登上Flix巴士。如果你喜欢从一个城市到另一个城市的通宵巴士，那么Flix巴士会是你的最佳选择。干净、宽敞、现代化的巴士，让您以低廉的价格环游欧洲大陆。我花了20欧元从斯图加特到德累斯顿过夜。

 

5. Avoid taxis. Uber is a life saver on the road. Not every country has it , but if they do, it’s in your absolute best interest to use it whenever possible. Taking an Uber here is the best way to get around. Regular taxis will rip you off and the drivers are usually unfriendly and sketchy. I’ve taken Ubers in more than 50 countries and never had a bad experience.

sketchy [ˈsketʃi] adj. 粗糙的，粗鲁的
rip sb. off 敲诈某人

5.避免乘坐出租车。Uber绝对是你路上的救星。不是每个国家都有，但它们确实有，尽可能使用它绝对符合你的最佳利益。乘坐Uber是最好的出行方式。普通出租车会宰客，司机们通常都不友好，态度粗野。我在50多个国家使用过Uber，从未有过糟糕的体验。

 

6. Avoid Hotels. Look into using hostels and couch surfing to sleep. Hotels are expensive and must be avoided to stay on a budget. Every city in Europe has hostels, where you can share a room with other travelers. They can be as cheap as $3 a night. which I once did in Kiev, Ukraine. Couch surfing , where you can sleep at local’s houses, is 100% free, and you can make new friends on the way. I’ve done it about 15 times and always felt safe and comfortable. If you do end up booking a hotel, make sure it’s out of the city-center, or else you’ll be paying double or triple the price.

couch surfing 沙发客，沙发冲浪
end up doing sth. 最终成为，做完某事
or else 否则

6.避开酒店。考虑使用招待所睡觉或做一名沙发客。酒店很贵，必须避免在预算内住宿。欧洲的每个城市都有旅馆，在那里你可以与其他游客共享一个房间。它们可以便宜到每晚3美元。我曾经在乌克兰基辅做过。成为沙发客，你可以睡在当地的房子里，是100%免费的，你可以在路上结交新朋友。我已经做了15次了，总是觉得安全舒适。如果你最终预订了一家酒店，确保它在市中心以外，否则你将支付双倍或三倍的价格。

 

7. Use budget airlines. Ease Jet , Ryan Air, Wizz Air . These are the 3 Musketeers when it comes to cheap airfare in Europe. As any budget airline goes, watch out for the sneaky extra fees, like printing out your boarding pass and oversize baggage. Read the fine print on their website. If you aren’t prepared, then you may end up spending more than a luxury airlines.

budget [ˈbʌdʒɪt] adj. 廉价的
musketeer [ˌmʌskəˈtɪə(r)] n. 火枪手

when it comes to 当提到……
boarding pass 登机牌
oversize baggage 超大行李

7.使用廉价航空公司。Ease Jet，Ryan Air，Wizz Air。这些是欧洲廉价机票的三大火枪手。像任何廉价航空公司一样，要注意偷偷摸摸的额外费用，比如打印登机牌和超大行李。阅读他们网站上的详细说明。如果你没有准备好，那么你最终可能会花费比豪华航空公司更多的钱。

 

8. Utilize Free Walking Tours. Walking is my favorite way to experience a city when I first arrive. It’s the best way to take in all the sights at a leisure pace. Luckily in Europe, most big cities offer free walking tours where a guide will take a group to the best places in the city. It’s completely free but if your tour guide did a good job, then he or she will gladly accept tips.

If you follow these 8 simple steps, then you’ll be on your way to experiencing more of Europe for less.

utilize [ˈjuːtəlaɪz] v. 利用，使用
take in all the sights 欣赏所有风景

8.利用免费徒步旅行。步行是我第一次到达城市时最喜欢的体验方式。这是以休闲的速度欣赏所有风景的最佳方式。幸运的是，在欧洲，大多数大城市都提供免费徒步旅行，导游将带领一组人前往城市中最好的地方。这是完全免费的，但如果你的导游做得好，他或她会很乐意接受小费。

如果您遵循以上8个简单步骤，那么您将能够以更少的成本体验更多的欧洲风情。

A message appears on Young's phone:（杨的手机上出现了一条信息：）‘Notification: Your Flight CX123 to Thailand will take off tomorrow.’（“通知：您前往泰国的CX123航班将于明天起飞。”）Alice sees it.（爱丽丝看到了。）

1. Alice: Young! What's this about?（爱丽丝：杨！这是什么？）

Why didn't you tell me（你为什么不告诉我？）

不告诉什么呢？后面是一个省略了that的宾语从句：

you were going to Thailand?（你要去泰国？）

2. Young: Oh no! It was meant to be a surprise for you（杨：天呐！这本该是给你的一个大惊喜）

什么时候的大惊喜呢？后面是一个介词短语作时间状语：

during our fancy dinner tonight!（在我们今晚的大餐期间！）

3. Alice: What do you mean?（爱丽丝：什么意思？）

4. Young: I’m a bit tired（杨：我有点儿厌倦了）

tired作形容词，除了可以表示“累的”，也可以表示“厌倦的”。厌倦什么了呢？后面是一个介词of引导的介词宾语：

of talking about work with you every day,【每天跟你聊工作（这件事），】

字面意思也就是：在每天跟你聊工作这件事情上，我有点儿厌倦了。

I’m (a bit) tired of …我（有点）厌倦了/我（有点）受够了……。）

I'm tired of arguing with you.（我厌倦了和你吵架。）
I'm tired of this job

and I know（并且我知道）

知道什么呢？后面又是一个省略了that的宾语从句：

you have no plans for the next few days,（你接下来几天没什么计划，）

so I'm taking us to Thailand for a short vacation.（所以我想咱们一起去泰国度个短假。）

这句话是一个现在进行时表将来的用法。

The plane is scheduled to take off at 3pm tomorrow.（飞机定在明天下午3点起飞。）

take作动词，除了可以表示“拿”，也可以抽象地表示“采取”。比如take action（采取行动）。take off在航空语境里指的是“飞机采取离开地面的措施”，所以汉语翻译成“起飞”。

Young says that the plane is scheduled to take off at 3pm tomorrow. Alice replies:

5. Alice: OMG! Seriously?（爱丽丝：天呐！真的吗？）

Well, I do like a surprise,（好吧，我是很喜欢惊喜，）

but you really should have told me earlier!（但你真的应该早点告诉我！）

should have done是虚拟语气，表示原本应该做，但是没做的事情。

I need to start packing right away!（我现在就得去收拾东西了！）

Alice dashes to the bedroom and starts packing.（爱丽丝冲到卧室开始收拾行李。）

Young goes to check on her a few minutes later.（杨过了一会去看看她收拾得怎么样。）

6. Young: How is the packing going?（杨：行李收拾得怎么样了？）

7. Alice: I'm still trying to decide（爱丽丝：我还在努力决定）

在哪方面决定呢？后面是一个介词短语作地点状语：

on what to take.（在带走什么这件事上。）

也就是说：我还在考虑该带些什么。

8. Young: We only have a limited baggage allowance,（杨：我们的行李重量是有限额的，）

so try to pack light.（所以还是轻装上阵吧。）

pack light，指的是“不带太多行李出行、轻装出行”。

9. Young: And remember,（杨：还有啊，记住，）

it’s forbidden（有件事是禁止的）

这里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式：

to take liquids（携带液体）

携带多少液体呢？后面是一个介词短语作程度状语：

over 100ml（超过100毫升）

ml是milliliter（毫升）的简写。在哪里携带呢？后面还有一个介词短语作地点状语：

in your hand luggage.（在你的手提行李里。）

hand luggage，指的是“手提行李”。整句话也就是说：你的手提行李里的液体是禁止超过100毫升的

It’s forbidden to …（禁止……。）

It’s forbidden to cross the yellow line.（禁止越过那条黄线。）
It’s forbidden to bring food into this restaurant.（禁止携带食物进入此餐厅。）
禁止在这里停车。（It’s forbidden to park your car here.）
禁止在这条河里游泳。（It’s forbidden to swim in the river.）

Let’s go back to the text. Young says to Alice that it’s forbidden to take liquids over 100ml in her hand luggage. He continues:

If you do,（如果你这么做的话，）

也就是说：If you take liquids over 100ml in your hand luggage,

they will confiscate them at security checkpoint.（他们会在安检的时候没收你的这些东西。）

checkpoint是个合成词，表示“检查点”。security checkpoint表示“安全检查点”，也就是机场的“安检”。这里的at security checkpoint是介词短语作地点状语。同时，liquid（液体）本身是不可数名词，词尾加s（liquids）指的是多种液体。原文里的them指的是爱丽丝可能会携带的各种液体化妆品。

10. Alice: I'm so stressed out right now!（爱丽丝：我现在压力好大！）

I've never had to pack a bag at such short notice before!（我从来没有在这么短的时间内收拾过行李！）

at such short notice，和on such short notice意思一样，都表示“在如此短时间的通知下”，在句子里作时间状语

11. Young: No worries.（杨：不用担心。）

The taxi is booked to pick us up（我定了一辆出租车来接我们）

什么时候呢？后面还是个介词短语作时间状语：

at 11 am tomorrow,（在明天早上11点，）

so you still have plenty of time for this.（所以对于收拾而言，你还有很多时间。）

也就是说：所以你还有很多时间收拾。

12. Alice:11 am?（爱丽丝：上午11点？）

Are you sure we have enough time?（你确定我们的时间够吗？）

I've heard the check-in lines are always long.（我听说办理登机手续排的队一直都很长的。）

check-in用连字符连起来是个名词，表示“登机手续办理处”或者“办理登机手续这件事”。check-in lines指的是名词修饰名词，表示“办理登机手续排的队”。

13. Young:No sweat.（杨：没问题的。）

sweat作名词表示“出汗”。No sweat. 字面意思是“不用累出汗”，也就是“不费力、无需担心”

— Can you fix my car by the end of the day?（——你能在今天把我的车修好吗？）— No sweat.（——没问题。）
— I forgot to bring my pen. ——没事。你可以用我的。（— No sweat. You can use mine.）

Check-in normally takes no longer than 30 minutes（登机手续的时间一般不会超过30分钟）

在什么时候不超过30分钟呢？后面是一个when引导的时间状语从句：

when flying business class.（当飞商务舱的时候。）

We can even check in online（我们甚至可以线上办理）

这里的check in没有加连字符，是个动词短语，表示“办理登机手续”。在什么时候线上办理呢？

two hours before boarding.（在登机前的两小时。）

也就是说：我们还可以登机前两小时在网上办理。

14. Young: And if you want to have a browse（杨：而且你要是想随便逛逛，）

browse作名词，可以表示“随意看”。have a browse就是“随便逛逛”的意思。随便逛逛干什么呢？

and buy yourself something duty-free,（给自己买点免税商品，）

duty这个词，来自due（形容词“欠债的、应当的”）。duty作名词表示“责任”，就是“应当做的事情”。同时，duty也可以表示“税”，指的是“应该缴纳的钱”。duty-free作形容词，表示“免税的”。

we’ll still have enough time（我们还有足够的时间）

去做什么的时间呢？后面是一个动词不定式作后置定语：

to stop off

stop off指的是“在去做某事的路上停下来”，也就是“中途停留”。在哪儿中途停留呢？后面是两个介词短语作地点状语：

at the shops in the departure lounge.（在候机厅的商店里。）

departure lounge，字面意思是“出发大厅”，汉语一般翻译成“候机厅”。

这句话非常长，我们再来完整看一遍：And if you want to have a browse and buy yourself something duty-free, we'll still have enough time to stop off at the shops in the departure lounge.（而且你要是想随便逛逛，给自己买点免税商品的话，我们还有足够的时间去候机厅的商店看看。）

15. Alice: Should we grab a bite to eat before we set off?（爱丽丝：那我们是不是要在出发前吃点东西？）

set off的字面意思是“设置成离开的状态”，生活里指的是“启程、出发”。这里的before we set off是时间状语从句。

16. Young: There's no need.（杨：不需要。）

They serve complimentary drinks and snacks（他们提供免费赠送的饮品和小吃）

in the VIP lounge（在贵宾休息室）

VIP lounge指的是Very Important Person Lounge，汉语翻译成“贵宾休息室”。

so you can eat and drink（所以你可以吃喝）

然后是一个介词短语作程度状语：

to your heart's content.（直到你心里满足了为止。）

content作名词，表示“目录、内容”，也可以表示“包含的东西、含量”。your heart’s content，指的是“你的心里的含量”。to your heart’s content，指的是“直到你心里满意为止、尽情、尽兴”，也就是说：你可以想吃多少吃多少。

You can …to your heart's content.（你可以尽情……。）

You can read to your heart's content in the library.（你可以在图书馆里尽情地阅读。）
You cannot drink to your heart's content. It's bad for your health.（你不能尽情喝酒了，这不利于你的健康。）
这里的零食足够多，所以你可以敞开了吃。（There is plenty of food, so you can eat to your heart’s content.）
你可以尽情想象你的未来。（You can imagine your future to your heart’s content.）

Let’s go back to the text.

17. Alice: It seems you really have got it all planned.（爱丽丝：看来你真的是把一切都计划好了。）

I can breathe a sigh of relief now.

breathe是breath（名词“呼吸、气息”）的动词形式，表示“呼吸”。sigh作名词表示“叹气”。breathe a sigh of relief，指的是“呼出一口放松的气”。整句话也就是说：现在我可以松口气了。This is the second colloquial expression today. For example:

She’s alright! Now I can finally breathe a sigh of relief.（她没事！现在我终于可以松口气了。）
我通过了考试。现在终于可以松一口气了。（I have passed the exam. Now I can finally breathe a sigh of relief.）

Alice says that she can breathe a sigh of relief now that she knows Young has got it all planned. Young replies:

18. Young: Of course.（杨：当然了。）

Now get a move on.（现在继续打包吧。）

get a move on指的是“行动起来”。This is also the last colloquial expression today.

I need to do my packing as well!（我也得开始收拾行李了！）

1. ml=milliliter [ˈmɪliliːtə(r)] n. [计量] 毫升

这是个合成词。前面的milli在这里是“千分之一”的意思。milli从读音上和mile（英里）有关。1英里大约是1600米，最早指的是古罗马人走1000步的距离（左右脚各0.8米，合起来算一步，约1.6米）。同时，我们熟悉的million（百万），字面意思是“一千个一千”。milliliter后面的liter是计量单位“升”。milliliter是指的是“千分之一升”，汉语叫“毫升”。

2. confiscate [ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt; ˈkɑːnfɪskeɪt] vt. 没收，把……充公

这个词的同源词是：

fiscal [ˈfɪskl]adj.（政府）财政的；国库的

fiscal是个来自拉丁语的单词。在拉丁语里，fiscus指的是“国库”。fiscal作形容词，现在表示“（政府）财政的、国库的”。比如说：fiscal policy（财政政策）。

confiscate这个词，前缀con-表示“到一起”；中间的-fisc(a)-是“财政”；最后是一个动词后缀-ate。这个词的字面意思，是“放到国家财政收入里”，作动词表示“没收、把……充公”。比如说：

The teacher confiscated his phone when he was using it during class.（老师在他上课玩手机的时候把他的手机没收了。）

3. security [sɪˈkjʊərəti] n. 保护措施，安全工作；保安部门；安检处；保障，保证；安全

这个词的形容词形式是：

secure [sɪˈkjʊə(r)] adj. 安心的；可靠的；牢靠的；稳固的；安全的 v. 使安全；拴牢；扣紧；抵押，为……担保

前缀se-表示“分离、脱离”；后面的cure从读音上和care（关心）有关。secure这个词的字面意思是“离开关心的、不用操心的”，作形容词可以表示“安心的”。比如说：

Children need to feel secure in order to do well at school.（孩子们需要感到安心才能在学校中学习好。）

secure作形容词，也可以表示“可靠的、牢靠的、稳固的”。比如说：

Her promotion has made her position in the company more secure.（她的升职使她在公司的地位更加稳固。）也就是她更加不用操心自己的仕途了。

secure作形容词，还可以表示“（物品、处境等）安全的”，也是“不用操心的”。比如说：

Information must be stored so that it is secure from accidental deletion.（必须把资料保存起来，这样才不至于无意中删除。）

secure也可以作动词，表示“使安全”，延伸含义可以表示“拴牢、扣紧”等等，都是为了确保安全。比如说：

The building has only one entrance, so it would be easy to secure.（这栋楼只有一个入口，所以保卫工作很容易。）

The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to that post.（大门没办法一直保持开着，所以我们不得不将它拴在那根柱子上。）

secure作动词，也可以表示“抵押、为……担保”，也就是为了使借出去的钱安全，要用抵押物来保障。比如说：

Her bank loan is secured on her house.（她的银行贷款是用房子抵押的。）

4. browse [braʊz] vi. 随意翻阅；（动物悠闲地）吃草（或枝叶）；（在商店里）随便看看；浏览信息n. 随便看看，浏览

browse作动词，表示“浏览、随意看”。比如说：

— “Are you looking for anything in particular?”（——“您想要点什么吗?”）
— ”No, I'm just browsing.”（——“不，我只是随便看看。”）

同时，我们平时电脑上网用的“浏览器”，英语就叫做browser。

browse作动词，也可以表示“动物悠闲地吃草或枝叶”，也就是“慢悠悠地左吃一口、右吃一口”。

browse也可以作名词，表示“随便看看、浏览”。比如说：

 I had a browse through the books on his desk.（我随便翻了翻他桌上的书。）

5. complimentary [ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri; ˌkɑːmplɪˈmentri] adj. 赞美的；赞赏的；恭维的

这个词来自：

compliment [ˈkɒmplɪmənt; ˈkɑːmplɪmənt] n.恭维话；赞扬话；奉承话 vt. 夸奖；赞扬；赞赏；恭维

再往前推，这两个词都和complete（动词“完成、使完整”）有关。comliment指的是“完成应有的社交礼仪”，作名词表示“恭维话、赞扬话、奉承话”，因为有时候社交场合说的话可能并不能当真，只是出于礼貌而已。比如说：

Thanks for the compliment, but I still have a lot to learn.（谢谢您的夸奖，但我还有很多要学习的东西。）

compliment作名词，也可以泛指“赞扬、致敬、致意”。比如说：

I take it as a compliment when people say I look like my mother.（当人们说我长得像我母亲的时候，我觉得很高兴。）

compliment也可以作动词，表示“夸奖、赞扬、赞赏、恭维”。比如说：

I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.（我必须表扬你对困难局面的处理。）

complimentary作形容词，表示“赞美的、赞赏的、恭维的”。比如说：

Our guests said some very complimentary things about the meal I cooked.（我们的客人对我做的饭菜大加赞赏了一番。）

在服务行业，比如酒店、餐厅等，complimentary作形容词，也可以表示“免费赠送的”，这也属于对客人的一种恭维。比如说：

complimentary breakfast（免费早餐）。

6. sigh [saɪ] vi. 叹气，叹息 n. 叹气，叹息

sigh是个拟声词，指的是“长出气”，作动词表示“叹气、叹息”，从拼写上你要和sign（名词“标志”）区分开。比如说：

She sighed deeply and sat down.（她深叹一口气，坐了下来。）

sigh也可以作名词，表示“叹气、叹息”。比如说：

We all breathed a sigh of relief when it was over.（事情过去后，我们大家都松了一口气。）

Hi guys, welcome back to Slow Fashion Mum. I'm Rachel and today I'm showing you how we are packing light for an upcoming family vacation.

So we are going on a one-week all-inclusive vacation in the Dominican Republic. I will be packing one suitcase with all four of our belongings.

I usually like to travel carry-on only, but in this case I'm flying down with the two kids and then my husband's joining us a few days later. So just for ease and to make getting through the airport and the flight easier on myself, I'll be checking one suitcase and then the kits that I will each carry on, our backpack of our personal belongings and entertainment. Also there's no fee for checked baggage on this flight. We are each allowed to have a 50-pound suitcase, which I find is a little crazy, so we will just be taking one suitcase with all of our stuff in it.

Okay, so here's what we packed for our weeks’ vacation. So this is what we are taking on our vacation. Later this week, I'll show you our carry-on bags in a separate video. Thank you so much for watching today and please leave me your packing tips down below. I absolutely love to hear them. I'll see you next time. Bye!

all-inclusive adj. 包括全部费用的
carry-on n.手提行李
check v. 托运
upcoming adj. 即将到来的
personal belongings 私人物品

大家好，欢迎回到“慢时尚妈妈”。我是瑞秋，今天我要向你们展示我们如何为即将到来的家庭度假轻装上阵。我们将在多米尼加共和国进行为期一周的全包度假。我将在一个箱子里装上我们四个人所有的物品。

我通常只喜欢带手提行李旅行，但在这次，我会带着两个孩子坐飞机，然后我丈夫几天后与我们会合。因此，为了方便，为了让自己更容易地通过机场和航班，我将托运一个手提箱，然后是随身携带的装备，装有我们的个人物品和娱乐设备的背包。此外，这趟航班的托运行李不收费。我们每人可以有一个50磅的手提箱，这让我觉得有点疯狂，因此我们只带一个里面装着我们所有物品的行李箱。

好的，这是我们为数周的假期准备的东西。这就是本周晚些时候我们度假要带的东西。我将在单独的视频中向你们展示我们的随身行李。非常感谢您收看今天的节目，请在下面留下您对于行李打包的建议。我非常想要听到这些建议。下次再见。

1. Young: (Thought) While waiting for Alice to finish her call,杨：（想）在等爱丽丝打完电话的这段时间

I can get us checked in at reception.（我可以先去前台办一下入住。）

这句话的时间状语从句是省略了主语和助动词be的简化从句。还原完整应该是：While (I am) waiting for Alice to finish her call,I can get us checked in at reception.

get us done.，指的是“让我们处于……状态下”，这里也就是说：让我们处于办完入住的状态下。另外，at reception（在接待处/前台）是在句子里作地点状语。

Young goes up to the hotel reception desk.（杨走到酒店前台。）

2. Receptionist: Welcome to Grand Hotel,sir.（接待员：欢迎您光临大酒店。）

“大酒店”，一般叫做Grand Hotel，不叫Big Hotel。同时，一般会在Grand Hotel前面加上酒店自己的名字：XX Grand Hotel。

What can I do for you?（我能为您做些什么吗？）

This is the first colloquial expression today. You can hear it in many service industries and of course use it to your potential guests if you’re working in the related industries.

3. Young: I'd like to check in please.（杨：我想办理入住。）

4. Receptionist: Do you have your booking confirmation number?（接待员：您有订房确认号吗？）

confirmation number指的是“确认号”。booking confirmation number在这里指的是“订房确认号”。

5. Young: Yes. Let me find it for you.（杨：有的。让我找一下。）

Young gets out the phone and shows the email to the receptionist.（杨拿出手机，向接待员出示电子邮件。）The receptionist checks the booking details.（接待员查看预订细节。）

6. Receptionist: OK.（接待员：好的。）

Mr. Young, you have booked a standard room（杨先生，您定了一间标准间）

standard room（标准间/标间），一般指的是有两张床的房间。然后还有一个介词短语作后置定语：

for two nights.两个晚上的（标间）。

Is that correct?（对吗？）

7. Young: That’s right.（杨：是的。）

8. Receptionist: Would you prefer to have a smoking or non-smoking room?（接待员：您想要可吸烟房间还是无烟房间呢？）

9. Young: Non-smoking please.（杨：无烟房间，谢谢。）

The receptionist checks again.（接待员再次确认。）

10. Receptionist: I'm sorry sir,（接待员：对不起，先生，）

but it seems（但好像）

好像什么呢？后面是一个that引导的表语从句：

that we don't have any non-smoking rooms available.（我们没有无烟房间了。）

11. Young: Neither I nor my girlfriend smokes,（杨：我和我女朋友都不抽烟，）

这里你可能会注意到一个现象，就是Neither I nor my girlfriend作主语的时候，后面的谓语动词是第三人称单数形式smokes，这在语法上叫做“就近原则”，也就是谓语动词与靠近的名词、代词等在人称、数上一致。为什么呢？因为原文里的主语是Neither I nor my grifriend（我和我的女朋友两个人任何一个都不），其实就是说：I don’t smoke. My girlfriend doesn’t smoke. 这个时候，为了简化句子表达，加上neither以后，就把第一句话的谓语动词去掉了，变成了：Neither I nor my girlfriend smokes. 类似的需要遵循就近原则的常见结构还有：there be+句型; either …or；not only…but also等等。我们来看几个例子：

There is a pen and several books on the desk.（桌子上有一支笔，还有一些书。）其实就是说：There is a pen (and there are) several books on the desk.

Either he or you are coming with me.（要么就他，要么就你要跟我一起去。）其实就是说：He (is coming with me) or you are coming with me.

Not only he but also you are wrong.（不但是他，你也错了。）其实这句话就是说：He is wrong and you are wrong.

相反，除了“就近原则”，英语里还有“就远原则”。简单来说，就是句子结构里有as well as（也），together with（和），except（除外）等等的时候，谓语动词要和离它远的主语单复数保持一致。比如说：

Alice, together with her boyfriend, has seen the new movie.

这里的谓语动词has seen就是跟主语Alice保持一致了。为什么呢？因为有这类结构的时候，其实这类结构突出的是句子的附加信息，而不是重点信息，你完全可以把这个句子说成：Alice has seen the new movie, together with her boyfriend.（爱丽丝看了这部电影，和她男朋友一起看了。）这个时候你就会发现，这类结构放到句尾以后，句子结构就更清楚了。我们再来举几个例子：

My parents, as well as my younger sister, want to go there.（我的父母，以及我的妹妹，想去那儿。）其实就是说：My parents want to go there, as well as my younger sister.（我的父母想去那儿，我的妹妹也想。）

Everybody, except you, needs to take the exam.（除了你以外，每个人都要参加这次测试。）其实就是说：Everybody needs to take the exam, except you.

还是那句话，针对很多英语语法的规则，我们要理解，而不是死记硬背所谓的“固定搭配”。

Let’s go back to the text. Young says that neither he nor his girlfriend smokes. He continues:

so I’d appreciate it（所以我会非常感激这件事）

这里的it具体指的是什么事呢？是后面的条件状语从句：

if you could sort this out for us.（如果你能帮我们解决这个问题。）

sort作名词表示“种类”，也可以作动词，表示“分类、整理、妥善处理”。sort sth. out，意思是“处理、解决某事”。也就是希望酒店前台能为他们准备一间无烟房。

I’d appreciate it if …（如果……，我会非常感激。）

I'd appreciate it if you lend me some money.（如果你能借我点钱，我会非常感激。）

I'd appreciate it if you could reply earlier.（如果你能尽早回复，我会非常感激。）

如果你能帮我，我会非常感激。（I’d appreciate it if you could help me.）

如果你能来接我，我会非常感激。（I’d appreciate it if you could come pick me up.）

Let’s go back to the text. Young hopes that the receptionist could solve his problem. The receptionist replies:

12. Receptionist: I understand, sir.（接待员：我明白，先生。）

I won't keep you a moment.（我不会耽误您太久。）

Can you wait here? I won’t keep you a moment.（你能在这儿等一下吗？我不会耽误你太久。）
你能坐这儿吗？我不会耽误你太久。（Can you sit here? I won’t keep you a moment.）

So how can one reply to this? Young says:

13. Young: There's no hurry.（杨：不着急。）

This is the third colloquial expression today.

The receptionist makes a call.（接待员打了个电话。）

14. Receptionist: Sorry to keep you waiting, sir.（接待员：对不起，让您久等了先生。）

I can see（我能看到）

看到什么呢？后面是一个that引导的宾语从句：

that you booked a non-smoking room.（您订了一间无烟房间。）

To apologize for this error（为了针对这次失误表示歉意）

这是谁的失误呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

on our part,我们这边的（失误），

we will be upgrading your room to one of our suites!（我们将把您的房间升级成套房！）

15. Young: That's very kind of you.（杨：你真是太好了。）

16. Receptionist: Here is your room card.（接待员：这是您的房卡。）

Your room is on the top floor.（您的房间在顶层。）

It has panoramic views of the city.（这间房拥有城市的全景。）

17. Young: What about breakfast?（杨：早餐呢？）

18. Receptionist: This hotel is all-inclusive.（接待员：酒店包括全部费用。）

all-inclusive是个复合形容词，指的是“包括一切（费用）的”。

Breakfast is complimentary with your stay.（入住期间免费提供早餐。）

It's served daily（早餐每天被供应）

也就是“酒店每天提供早餐”。具体的时间和地点呢？紧接着后面是两个状语：

on the second floor from 6 am to 10 am.（在二楼，从早上6点到10点。）

19. Young: That sounds great.（杨：听起来不错。）

What about the check-out time?（退房时间是几点呢？）

check-out用连字符连起来是名词，表示“退房、结账”。

20. Receptionist: Our standard check-out time is 1 pm.（接待员：我们的标准退房时间是下午1点。）

But if you need a little extra time,（但如果您需要一点额外的时间，）

也就是想晚点退房。

please call the front desk（请给前台打电话）

front desk就是“前台”。什么时候给前台打电话呢？后面是一个时间状语：

as far in advance as you can.（尽可能提前。）

也就是：in advance（提前）as far as you can（尽早）。这里的far指的是“远离标准退房时间”，as far as you can是副词短语修饰介词短语in advance，也就是“越提前越好”。我们也可以简单地说成：far in advance（尽早提前）。

We may be able to offer a later time（我们可能会让您晚一点退房）

然后还有一个介词短语作方式状语：

at no additional charge.（在没有额外收费的情况下。）

additional是addition（名词“增加”）的形容词形式，表示“额外的、附加的”。这句话也就是说：我们有可能让您晚点退房并不收取额外费用。

21. Young: That’s fantastic.Thank you.（杨：那真是太棒了。非常感谢。）

22. Receptionist: We hope you enjoy your stay with us.（接待员：我们希望您在这里过得愉快。）

This is the last colloquial expression here today. You can use it to show your wish to others when they are having fun at a specific place. Of course, you can simply say: Hope you enjoy your stay here.（希望你在这儿过得开心。）

If you have any further problems,（如果您还有更多问题，）

please don't hesitate to call us.（请尽管给我们打电话。）

hesitate作动词，表示“犹豫”。don’t hesitate to do sth.,也就是“做某事的时候别犹豫、尽管去做”。

please don't hesitate to …（请别犹豫/尽管……。）

Please don't hesitate to speak your mind.（如果你需要什么，请尽管说。）

Please don't hesitate to tell me if you need any help.（如果你需要任何帮助，请尽管告诉我。）

如果你还需要什么的话，请尽管说。（If there's anything you need, please don't hesitate to ask.）

如果你还要更多的信息，请尽管打电话给我。（Please don't hesitate to call me if you need more information.）

Let’s move on to the text.

23. Young: I'm sure（杨：我确信）

确信什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

we will have a whale of a time.（我们会玩得很开心。）

whale作名词，是“鲸鱼”的意思，也可以泛指“巨大的东西”。a whale of可以表示“巨大的、非常好的”。这里的have a whale of a time，在口语里指的是“玩得非常开心”。

1. reception [rɪˈsepʃn] n. 接待处，服务台

这个词前面的recept从读音上和receive（动词“接收、接待”）有关。reception作名词，指的是“接待处、服务台”。比如说：

All visitors must report to reception.（所有来宾必须到接待处报到。）

同时，前台的“接待员”，英语就叫做receptionist。

2. grand [ɡrænd] adj. 壮丽的；宏伟的；富丽堂皇的；级别重大的，首要的 n. 一千美元或者英镑

这个词从读音上和great（形容词“伟大的”）有关。grand作形容词，表示“宏伟的、壮丽的”。比如说：

The Palace of Versailles is very grand.（凡尔赛宫非常宏伟。）同时，我们平时说的“大酒店”，英语就叫做grand hotel。

grand作形容词，也可以表示“级别重大的、首要的”。比如说：

His job has a grand title, but he's little more than a waiter.（他的工作听起来名堂大得很，可他不过是个服务员。）

在口语里，grand也可以作名词，表示“一千美元或者英镑”。比如说：

John's new car cost him 20 grand!（约翰买的新车花了两万！）

3. confirmation [ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n; ˌkɑːnfərˈmeɪʃn] n. 确认，确定

这个词的动词形式是：

confirm [kənˈfɜ(ː)rm] vt. 确认，证实

前缀con-在这里起强调作用；后面的firm作形容词表示“坚固的、坚定的”。confirm的字面意思，是“使坚定、使牢靠”，作动词表示“确认、证实”，也就是“确认一件事是否没有问题”。比如说：

It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.（已经确定会议将于下个星期召开。）

或者说：

Please write to confirm your reservation.（预订后请来函确认。）

confirmation作名词，表示“确认、确定”。比如说：

Did you get a confirmation message?（你收到确认信息了吗？）

4. standard [ˈstændərd] n. （品质的）标准，水平，规范

这个词是stand hard的简写，字面意思是“坚挺”，最早指的是在战争时期士兵们集合地点插着的屹立不倒的军旗，这面军旗也是权威的象征。后来，standard作名词，变成了各个行业做一件事情的“标杆”，也就是“标准”的意思。比如说：

This product is below the standard.（这款产品不达标。）

standard也可以作形容词，表示“标准的、规范的”。比如说：

Televisions are a standard feature in most hotel rooms.（电视机是多数酒店房间里的标准设施。）

5. sort [sɔːrt] n. 种类，类型 v. 把……分类；整理；修理；整理好，安排妥当

sort从读音上和series（系列、连续）有关。sort这个词，指的是“一系列里的一种”，作名词表示“种类、类型”，和kind是一个意思。比如说：

We both like the same sort of music.（我们俩都喜欢同一类音乐。）

或者说：

We saw many sorts of animals in the zoo.（我们在动物园里看见了很多种类的动物。）

sort也可以作动词，表示“把……分类、整理”。比如说：

You can use the computer to sort the newspaper articles alphabetically, by date, or by subject.（你可以用电脑把这些报刊文章按字母顺序、日期或主题进行排列。）

sort作动词，还可以表示“修理、整理好、安排妥当”。比如说：

Can you sort the car by tomorrow?（你明天能把汽车修好吗？）

或者说：

If you can wait a moment, I'll sort it all out for you.（要是你能等一会儿，我就可以把什么都给你弄好。）

6. panoramic [ˌpænəˈræmɪk] adj. 全景的

这个词的名词形式是：

panorama [ˌpænəˈrɑːmə; ˌpænəˈræmə] n. 全景

这个词前面的pan-是“全部”的意思。我们平时说的Pan-Asia（泛亚地区），指的就是“全部亚洲地区”。panorama后面的-orama是希腊语，意思是“景观”的意思。panorama作名词，表示“全景”。在18世纪80年代末，爱尔兰艺术家罗伯特·巴克（Robert Barker）通过在圆柱体内绘画的方式，首次让当时的人们站在圆柱体内看到了角度正确的全景画作，后来罗伯特就把这种画作叫做panorama。现在我们的很多智能手机都有全景拍摄功能，如果你的手机系统语言是英语，那么你相机的全景模式英语就叫做panorama或者pano。

panoramic作形容词，表示“全景的”。比如说：

Panoramic photography allows the photography to capture a far wider range of data.（全景摄影使照片能够获取更广泛的数据。）

7. hesitate [ˈhezɪteɪt] vi. 犹豫，踌躇

这个词前面的hesit从写法上是he sit（他坐着）（无词源关系）；后面是一个动词后缀-ate。我们可以把hesitate想成“他坐着不走”，作动词表示“犹豫”。比如说：

If you need anything, don't hesitate to call me.（如果你需要什么，不要犹豫，给我打电话。）

注意：因为现在很少有人打电话预定机票了，基本都是线上购票，所以电话订票的场景基本已经不存在了。

1. Booking air tickets（预定机票）

(1) Would you prefer a window seat or an aisle seat?（您是喜欢靠窗的座位还是靠过道的座位？）

aisle [aɪl] n. 走廊，过道

window seat（靠窗的座位）；aisle seat（靠近过道的座位）

(2) Do you mind a stopover or would you prefer direct flight?（您是否介意中途停留，还是喜欢直飞？）

stopover 中途停留

direct flight 直飞

问：stopover（中途停留）和transfer flight（中转航班）有什么区别？

答：stopover是飞机在途径某机场上下一部分乘客，再继续飞行。transfer flight是飞机途径某机场换成另一架飞机。

(3) What is the boarding time?（什么时候登机？）

boarding time 登机时间

2. Boarding（登机）

(4) Boarding will start thirty minutes before departure.（飞机起飞前三十分钟开始登机。）

boarding [ˈbɔː(r)dɪŋ] v. 登机

departure [dɪˈpɑː(r)tʃər] n. 背离；离开，启程

(5) Flight 123 to Bangkok is now boarding at Gate 5.（飞往曼谷的123次航班正在5号登机口登机。）

Boarding gate 登机口

(6) Can I see your boarding pass, please?（能给我看一下您的登机牌吗？）

boarding pass 登机牌（登机通行证）

(7) Please put the bag in the overhead compartment.（请把包放在头上方的置物箱。）

compartment [kəmˈpɑːtmənt] n. 隔层；置物箱

(8) Please keep your seat in the upright position.（请调直座椅靠背。）

upright [ˈʌpraɪt] adj. 直立的，垂直的

1. Calling the hotel（致电酒店）

(1) Is that Beijing International Hotel?（请问是北京国际酒店吗？）

(2) Do you have any room available? （请问有空房吗？）

(3) I’d like to reserve a single room for 3 nights.（我想要定一个单人间，三晚。）

(4) Which dates would you like to reserve?（您想预定哪几天？）

(5) Do you have a discount for online booking?（网上预订有折扣吗？）

2. Choosing room types（选择房型）

(6) Would you care for a corner room/ a room with a mountain view/ a room with an ocean view?（您想要角落房间/山景房/海景房吗？）

corner room 角落房间（安静）

room with a mountain view（山景房）

room with an ocean view（海景房）

(7) I’d like a（我想要一间）

standard room/double room（标准间/双人间）

single room（单人间）

family room（家庭房）

business room（商务房）

deluxe suite（豪华套房）

presidential suite（总统套房）

seaside room（海景房）

lakeside room（湖景房）

smoking room（吸烟房）

non-smoking room.（无烟房。）

今天的这篇文章，是一则说明文（Expository writing）。所谓的“说明文”，就是“以说明为主要表达方式的文体”。这篇文章用200多字的篇幅，以过去和现在对比的方式，向我们介绍了以前和现在两个不同时代的世界七大奇迹（Seven Wonders of the World），并且向我们简单描述了这些名胜古迹坐落的地点，以及解释了为什么把这些地方列为世界奇迹。需要注意的是，因为这些古迹遍布全球各地，涉及到很多语言翻译或音译到英语里，所以今天的文章里会有很多这类生词，我们要做的是见到认识即可，不需要会拼写。下面我们就来逐句看一下。

For the longest time,

这个时间状语的字面意思是：在最长的时间里。其实指的是：在过去漫长的岁月里/长久以来，

we had the Seven Wonders of the World.（我们拥有过世界七大奇迹。）

注意，这里的the Seven Wonders of the World是个专有名词短语，所以核心词首字母都大写了。

But there was an obvious problem（但是有一个明显的问题）

对于谁来说呢？

for the 21st-century travelers.（对于21世纪的旅行者们来说。）

这个问题是什么呢？我们接着往下看：

Except for the enduring Great Pyramids of Egypt,（除了经久不衰的埃及金字塔之外，）

the rest were nothing more than distant memories （其余的六大奇迹只不过是遥远的回忆）

来自哪里的遥远的回忆呢？后面是一个介词短语作地点状语：

from a hazy history.（来自一个模糊的历史的遥远回忆）

也就是说：其余的六大奇迹已不过是朦胧历史中的遥远记忆。

这句话比较长，我们先来看两个语言点：

首先，except和except for都表示“除了……以外”，两者也经常可以互换。比如说：

We work every day except (for) Sundays.（除了周日，我们每天都工作。）

不过有两种常见的情况，这两者一般不互换。

（1）后面接从句的时候，一般只用except。比如说：

I didn’t tell him anything except that I needed the money.（我除了告诉他我需要这笔钱以外，什么也没说。）

（2）在句首的时候，一般只用except for。比如说：

Except for a few grammatical mistakes, I like your writing.（除了几个语法错误以外，我喜欢你写的东西。）

你也可以反过来说：I like your writing except (for) a few grammatical mistakes.

其次，nothing more than，字面意思是“不比……更多”，其实指的就是“只不过是……、仅仅是……”

This is nothing more than an empty promise.（这只不过是一个空洞的承诺。）

I want nothing more than a quiet day.（我想要的只不过是安静的一天。）

这只不过是个谎言而已。（This is nothing more than a lie.）

他只不过耍了一个简单的把戏。（He did nothing but a simple trick.）

另外，原文里说出了埃及的金字塔以外，其它的六大奇迹都不复存在了。这些奇迹都是什么呢？分别是：

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 巴比伦空中花园

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 古希腊以弗所的阿尔忒弥斯神庙

Statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece希腊的奥林匹亚宙斯神像

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 摩索拉斯陵墓

The Colossus of Rhodes 罗德岛太阳神巨像

The Lighthouse of Alexandria 亚历山大灯塔

不过由于地震、火灾、战争等因素，这六大奇迹都已损毁。

我们继续往下看原文：

If you want to see the Hanging Gardens of Babylon（如果你想要看到巴比伦空中花园）

or Statue of Zeus  / zjuːs / at Olympia,（或者奥林匹亚宙斯神像，）

you've missed that boat by many centuries.（你已经错过了好几个世纪。）

这里的by many centuries是介词短语作时间状语。同时，miss that/the boat，字面意思是“错过那条船”，生活里指的是“错失良机”

Get yourself prepared and don't miss the boat.（你得好好准备，可不要错失良机。）

如果你不想错失良机，就早点行动吧。（Take action earlier if you don’t want to miss the boat.）

原文里提到的地方我们现在想看已经没机会了。我们能做的是什么呢？

A rendering（一张效果图）

在哪里的效果图呢？后面是两个并列的地点状语：

online or in a book（在网上或者一本书里的效果图）

is the best you'll ever do. （是你在任何时候能做的最好的事）

这里的the best是个名词，相当于the best thing（最好的事）。

也就是说：You can do a rendering online or in a book. This is the best thing you’ll ever do.

is the best (thing) you'll ever do.（你能做的最好的事就是……。）

Loving yourself is the best thing you’ll ever do.（你能做的最好的事就是自爱。）

Believing in yourself is the best thing you’ll ever do.（你能做的最好的事就是相信自己。）

你能做的最好的事就是每天进步一点点。（Making small progress every day is the best thing you'll ever do.）

你能做的最好的事就是照顾好你自己。（Taking care of yourself is the best thing you’ll ever do.）

前两段主要为我们描述了世界七大奇迹的现状。对于想亲临这些奇观现场大饱眼福、体会人类无穷智慧与魅力的现代人来讲，这无疑是非常令人惋惜的。我们继续来看下一段：

Any solutions to it?（针对这个问题，有什么解决办法吗？）

这是个省略句。还原完整应该是：Do we have/Are there any solutions to it?

In a global campaign in 2007,（在2007年的一次全球活动中，）

more than 100 million votes were cast（超过1亿的选票被投了出去）

这里的were cast是个被动语态，表示“被投”。针对什么投票呢？

for the New Seven Wonders of the World（针对新的世界七大奇迹）

参加投票的景观来自哪里呢？后面还有一个介词短语作地点状语：

from 200 existing monuments.（从200个现存的名胜古迹里。）

整句话也就是说：超过1亿张选票从200个现有历史遗迹中投选出了新的世界七大奇迹。

The winners are（胜出者是）

the Great Wall of China,（中国的长城，）

Taj Mahal in India,（印度的泰姬陵，）

当时的印度统治阶阶层是西来的穆斯林，说波斯语。在波斯语里，Taj的意思是“皇冠”，Mahal的意思是“皇宫”。Taj Mahal，字面意思是“皇冠皇宫”，汉语一般叫做“泰姬陵”或者“泰姬玛哈”，是印度“莫卧儿”（现在的“蒙古”）帝国皇帝沙·贾汗为了纪念他的第二个妻子慕塔芝·玛哈尔（Mumtaz Mahal，也被称为“泰姬”），在1631到1653年建造的宫殿。

Petra, Jordan,（约旦的佩特拉古城，）

这座古城在一条峡谷里，里面的建筑大多数都是直接从岩石上开凿和雕刻出来的，在古代这是一条非常重要的商路中心。

Colosseum in Rome,（罗马圆形大剧场，）

这是古罗马皇帝专门用来供奴隶主、贵族或者自由民众观看奴隶决斗或者斗兽的地方。

Christ the Redeemer in Rio,（里约的救世主基督像，）

Christ指的是“耶稣基督”（Jesus Christ）。后面的the Redeemer（救世主）是基督徒给耶稣的称号。Christ the Redeemer这尊雕像落成于1931年，高38米，重1145吨，双臂展开的左右手指间距23米，看起来非常壮观。同时，Rio（里约），全称是Rio de Janeiro，也就是巴西的“里约热内卢”。

Chichen Itza in Mexico（墨西哥的奇琴伊察）

这里曾是玛雅古国最繁华的城邦。Chichen Itza是玛雅语的音译词，意思是“在伊察的水井口”，因为井是建立城邦的基础。非常有名的高达29米的“库库尔坎金字塔”（The Pyramid of Kukulkan）就在这座城里。

and finally,（最后，）

Machu Picchu in Peru.（还有秘鲁的马丘比丘遗址。）

Machu Picchu在南美印加帝国时期的克丘亚语，意思是“古老的山脉”。马丘比丘遗址是南美洲最重要的考古发掘中心，也是前哥伦布时期的印加帝国在15世纪建造的遗址。

上一段主要为我们介绍了在2007年新评选出的新世界七大奇迹。那么这些奇迹的共同点是什么呢？我们接着看下一段：

These are all architectural marvels,（这些都是人类建筑史上的奇观，）

然后是一个过去分词短语作伴随状语：

mostly built by ancient and medieval empires.（大多由古代和中世纪的帝国建造。）

紧接着的句子首先是一个with引导的名词+动词的现在分词形式作伴随状语：

With millions of people flocking to these attractions each year,（伴随着每年数百万人的涌入参观，）

然后才是这个句子的主要信息：

they have long been（这些古迹长期以来一直是）

the most visited tourist spots in the world.（世界上被参观最多的游客景点。）

tourist spots字面意思是“游客聚集点”，其实就是“旅游景点”。

… has/have long been …（…… 一直以来都是……。）

Dogs have long been considered as human's best friend.（长期以来，狗一直被认为是人类最好的朋友。）

He has long been considered the best leader in this country.（他一直以来都被看作是这个国家最好的领袖。）

我一直以来都在等待一个升职的机会。（I have long been waiting for an opportunity to get promoted.）

北京一直以来都被看作是一座伟大的城市。（Beijing has long been considered as a great city.）

While many of them are very old,（虽然这些古迹其中的很多已经非常古旧了）

they're still here!（但它们仍然还存在！）

These are durable wonders（它们是经久不衰的奇迹）

什么样的奇迹呢？然后是一个that引导的定语从句：

that we can actually go visit.（我们切实可以去参观的奇迹）

也就是说：无论原来的世界七大奇迹有多好，他们当中的六个已经不复存在了。而新的世界七大奇迹却是我们能够走到跟前去真正感受的。

Seeing these magnificent sights is a must for any traveler.（参观这些宏伟壮丽的景点是任何旅行者的必修课。）

这句话的主语是动名词短语：Seeing these magnificent sights，表示“参观这些宏伟壮丽的景点（这件事）”。is a must是系动词和表语。最后的for any traveler（对于任何旅行者来说）是介词短语作地点状语。

is a must for any …（对于任何……，……都是必须的。）

This book is a must read for anyone who wants to be a photographer.（对于任何一个想做摄影师的人来说，这是一本必读书目。）

对于任何喜剧人来说，好的幽默感是必须的。（A good sense of humor is a must for any comedian. / kəˈmiːdiən /）

当然，想要打卡全部新的世界七大奇迹也并不容易，因为它们毕竟不在同一个地方。我们来看今天的最后一句话：

And by paying a visit to each of the seven,（通过逐一参观这七大奇迹，）

pay作动词，除了可以表示“支付”，也可以表示“给予”。pay a visit，字面意思是“给予一次参观”，其实就是“参观一次”。

you'll have checked off four continents（你就已经划掉了四个洲）

check off的字面意思是“检查并（使）离开”，也就是“检查完之后划掉、扣除”。

在哪儿划掉呢？

on your travel list（在你的旅行单上）

as well!（也！）

整句话也就是说：而且如果你逐个参观它们，你也能一并完成游历世界四大洲的梦想！

That’s all for today’s language points. I hope you can review in time and make progress day by day.

1. obvious [ˈɒbviəs; ˈɑːbviəs] adj.显然的，明显的

前缀ob-表示“在对面”；中间的-vi-是way（路）的意思；最后是一个形容词后缀-ous。obvious这个词，字面意思是“对着路、挡着路的”，指的是“明显的障碍”。现在obvious作形容词，表示“显然的、明显的”。比如说：

It's obvious (that) she doesn't like him.（很显然她不喜欢他。）

They have a small child, so for obvious reasons they need money.（他们有个年幼的孩子，所以显然很需要钱。）

2. enduring [ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ] adj. 持久的，持续的

这个词的动词形式是：

endure [ɪnˈdjʊə(r)] vt. 忍受，忍耐 vi. 持续

前缀en-是in-的变体，表示“进入”；后面的-dur(e)是“稳固、坚挺”的意思。我们熟悉的during（在……期间），指的就是“持续的时长”。endure这个词，字面意思是“在某种处境里很稳固”，作动词表示“忍耐、忍受”。比如说：

We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.（航班延误，我们不得不在机场苦等了9个小时。）

endure作动词，也可以表示“持续”。比如说：

This system has endured for almost 1000 years.（这种制度持续了几乎1000年。）

enduring作形容词，表示“持久的、持续的”。比如说：

His works have been enjoying an enduring popularity.（他的作品受到了持续的欢迎。）

今天的课文里，还有个单词和endure有关，叫做：

3. durable [ˈdjʊərəb(ə)l] adj. 持久的，耐用的

这个词的字面意思是“可以持续的”，作形容词表示“持久的、耐用的”。比如说：durable materials（耐用的材料）。和enduring相比，durable更突出able（可以、能够）。

4. hazy [ˈheɪzi] adj. 雾蒙蒙的；模糊不清的；拿不定主意的

hazy来自德语hase（野兔）。据说在中世纪德国的民间传说里，有很多关于野兔的超自然的事情。比如不能把死野兔带到渔船上，航海时候也不能说hase这个词。hazy这个词，后来用来形容海上的薄雾。现在hazy作形容词，表示“雾蒙蒙的”或者“模糊不清的、拿不定主意的”。比如说：

The mountains were hazy in the distance.（远处的山峦在薄雾中若隐若现。）

I'm a bit hazy about that accident.（我对那起事故记不太清了。）

I’m a little hazy about what to do next.（我有点拿不准下一步要做什么。）

5. statue [ˈstætʃuː] n. 雕像

这个词从读音上和stand（站立）有关。statue作名词，表示（竖起的）“雕像”。比如说：

They planned to put up a statue for the president.（他们计划为总统竖一尊雕像。）

6. rendering [ˈrendərɪŋ] n. 演奏；表演；表达；表现手法；翻译，翻译作品

这个词来自：

render [ˈrendə(r); ˈrendər] vt. 使成为；使变得；使处于某种状态；翻译；把…译成；给予，提供；表达；表演

这个词意思这么多，是很多同学很头疼的一个单词，别急。我先给你讲个故事。在希腊神话当中，因为先知普罗米修斯（Prometheus）从太阳神阿波罗那里把火偷给了人类，让主神宙斯非常生气。为了惩罚普罗米修斯，宙斯就命令火神赫菲斯托斯（Hephaestus）造出了世界上第一个凡人女子，打算送给普罗米修斯，并给她取名叫做Pandora（潘多拉）。据说当时所有看到潘多拉的众神和凡人都惊呆了，因为她的美简直无法用语言来表达。Pandora（潘多拉）这个名字很有意思，pan-在英文里做前缀是“全部”的意思，我们平时说的“整个亚洲地带”，英文就叫做Pan-Asia（泛亚地区）；Pandora中间的-do-，就是词根“给予、给”（来自拉丁语doron，礼物）。根据古罗马诗人赫西俄德（Hesiod）的《工作与时日》中的记载，pandora这个名字是宙斯的儿子赫尔墨斯（Hermes）起的，原因是所有的神都给了她一份礼物。她的另一个名字Anesidora，意思也是“送礼物的人”。

不过普罗米修斯是先知，他自然知道宙斯的用意，所以就坚决不接受这个女人，无奈的是潘多拉最后还是嫁给了普罗米修斯的弟弟埃庇米修斯（Epimetheus），而潘多拉随身携带的盒子（Pandora’s box），也被打开，里面放的居然是瘟疫、灾难等各种人间疾苦。

这个时候我们再回过头来看看render这个词，前面的ren-和前缀re-一样，都表示“再一次”；后面的-der-和-do-一样，都表示“给”。虽然看起来render有很多意思，但其实render的基本意思只有一个，那就是“再次给出、给回去”。这个时候我们再来结合具体的语境，体会一下render的多种用法。

render作动词，可以表示“使成为、使处于某种状态”，其实就是“加工之后再次让其呈现出的样子”。比如说：

His rudeness rendered me speechless.（他的粗暴无礼让我无言以对。）

Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.（成百上千的人因为地震而无家可归。）

render作动词，也可以表示“翻译”，其实就是“用另一种语言再次呈现出来”。比如说：

She is rendering the book into English from French.（她正在把这本书从法语译成英语。）

render作动词，还可以表示“提供、提交、表达、表演”，其实也都是“把事物或者想法加工后再次表现出来”，是个正式的措辞。比如说：

The jury rendered a verdict.（陪审团做出了判决。）

The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm.（歌手们热情洋溢地演唱了这首歌。）

rendering作名词，可以表示“演奏、表演、表现手法、翻译（作品）”等等，意思也都是“再加工”的意思。比如说：

Her rendering of the song is incredible.（她对这首歌曲的演奏非常棒。）

This is a very good rendering of the book.（这本译本非常好。）

7. campaign [kæmˈpeɪn] n.（政治、商业或军事）活动；运动；战役，战斗 vi. 从事活动；开展运动；发起运动

这个词和camp（营地）有关。我们平时说的“夏令营”和“冬令营”，英语就叫做summer camp和winter camp。再往前推，camp和campaign都和“空地”有关。营地往往是在一大片空地上驻扎，而campaign这个词，指的是在一大片空地上搞活动。现在campaign作名词，表示“活动、运动”，尤其指的是“政治、商业或军事活动”。比如说：advertising campaign（广告宣传活动）。另外，我们平时看的国外的“总统大选”，英语就叫做presidential campaign/election。

campaign作名词，也可以表示“战斗、战役”，早期指的也是在平地上作战。

campaign也可以作动词，表示“从事活动、开展运动、发起运动”。比如说：

They're busy campaigning against the building of a new factory near here.（他们正开展活动，反对在附近新建工厂。）

8. vote [vəʊt] v. 投票；选举；（对…）进行表决 n. 选票，票；投票，表决

这个词从读音上和vow（动词“发誓”）有关。vote指的是“通过庄严的誓言来选出的候选人”，现在vote作动词，表示“投票、选举”。比如说：

Did you vote for or against her?（你投了她的赞成票还是反对票？）

Employees voted to accept the offer of an eight percent pay rise.（员工们投票表决同意接受8%的工资涨幅。）

vote也可以作名词，表示“（选）票、表决意见”。比如说：

She cast her vote for her friend.（她为她的朋友投了票。）

9. monument [ˈmɒnjumənt; ˈmɑːnjumənt] n. 纪念碑，纪念馆；历史遗迹，名胜古迹

这个词前面的-mon(u)-是“提醒、警告”的意思。英语里有个词叫做monster，表示“怪兽”，早期指的就是“神灵发出的警告”，往往怪兽的出现预示着灾难。monument作名词，表示“纪念碑、纪念馆”，起到的也是“提醒、警告”的作用。比如说：

In the square stands a monument to all the people killed in the war.（在广场上矗立着纪念所有战争死难者的纪念碑。）

同时，monument也可以表示“历史遗迹、名胜古迹”，这也是我们铭记历史的重要途径。

10. architectural [ˌɑː(r)kɪˈtektʃərəl] adj. 建筑的；建筑学的

这个词来自：

architect [ˈɑː(r)kɪtekt] n. 建筑师；设计师，缔造者

这个词前面的archi-是chief（首领）的意思；后面的-tect-从读音上和text（动词“编短信发送”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“编织”有关。architect指的是“首席建造人”，生活里指的是“建筑师、设计师、缔造者”。比如说：

The architect is drawing up plans for the new offices.（建筑师正在绘制新办公楼的设计图。）

architect加上一个名词后缀-ure，就成了：architecture [ˈɑː(r)kɪtektʃər] n. 建筑设计，建筑风格；建筑学.比如说：

He studied classical architecture and design in Rome.（他在罗马学过古典建筑艺术和设计。）

architectural作形容词，表示“建筑的、建筑学的”。比如说：architectural drawings（建筑图纸）。

11. marvel [ˈmɑːrv(ə)l] n. 奇迹；令人感到惊奇的事物（或人）vi.（对…）感到惊奇，惊叹

marvel这个词很好记。美国有家公司就叫Marvel，汉语翻译成“漫威公司”，专门出品一些让人惊叹的经典科幻人物的作品，比如Spiderman（蜘蛛侠）, Ironman（钢铁侠）, Captain America（美国队长）等等，所以我们可以通过Marvel（漫威）来记住marvel这个词。marvel作名词，表示“奇迹、令人感到惊奇的事物（或人）”。比如说：

This robot is the latest technological marvel from Japan.（这个机器人是日本最新的科技奇迹。）

marvel也可以作动词，表示“（对…）感到惊奇、惊叹”。比如说：

Everyone marvelled at his courage. 人人对他的勇气都惊叹不已。

marvel加一个形容词后缀-ous，就变成了：marvelous [ˈmɑːrvələs] adj. 令人惊叹的；非凡的。比如说：

His performance was totally marvelous.（他的表演真是太让人惊叹了。）

12. ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 古代的，古老的

这个词前面的anci-和anti-同源，都表示“相对、在……之前”。ancient后面是一个形容词后缀-ent。ancient作形容词表达的历史概念，字面意思是“之前的”，尤其指的是很早以前的，汉语翻译成“古代的”。比如说：ancient Greece（古希腊），ancient history（古代史）等等。

13. medieval [ˌmediˈiːvl] adj. 中世纪的

这个词前面的medi-的意思是middle（中间的）；中间的-ev-是age（年龄、时代）的意思；最后是一个形容词后缀-al。medieval这个词，字面意思是“中间时代的”，专指“中世纪的”。比如说：

This church is a perfect example of medieval architecture.（这座教堂是中世纪建筑的完美范例。）

14. empire [ˈempaɪə(r)] n. 帝国；大企业

前缀em-是in-的变体表示“在里面、与之相关”；后面的pire是“安排、命令”的意思。我们熟悉的prepare（动词“准备”），字面意思是“提前安排”，而prepare里的pare也是“安排、命令”的意思。empire的字面意思是“在里面下命令”，早期指的是“军事指挥官”，后来又延伸成了“罗马帝国统治者”的意思。现在empire作名词，表示“帝国”。同时，一个帝国的“最高统治者、皇帝”，英语就叫做emperor / ˈempərər /。

在生活里，empire除了表示“帝国”，也可以表示“大企业、大集团”，是个修辞用法。比如说：

In just ten years, her company has grown from one small shop to a multi-billion-dollar empire.（仅仅10年的时间，她的公司就由一个小商店发展成为一家拥有数十亿美金资产的商业帝国。）

15. flock [flɒk; flɑːk] n. （鸟或羊等动物）群；一大群人 vi. 聚集；蜂拥

这个词从读音上和folk（名词“人们、普通百姓”）有关，指的是“群”。flock作名词，可以表示“人群、羊群、鸟群”等等。比如说：

They keep a small flock of sheep.（他们养了一小群绵羊。）

A flock of reporters rush to the star.（一大群记者快速跑向了那个明星。）

flock也可以作动词，表示”聚集、蜂拥”。比如说：

Hundreds of people flocked to the football match.（数百人蜂拥前来观看足球比赛。）

英语里有句谚语，叫做：

Birds of a feather flock together. 字面意思是“一种羽毛的鸟会聚到一起”。也就是汉语里对应的：物以类聚，人以群分。

16. magnificent [mæɡˈnɪfɪs(ə)nt] adj. 宏伟的，壮丽的；高尚的，高贵的

这个词前面的magn(i)-，意思是major（主要的、重大的）；中间的-fic-是“做”的意思，和fact（事实）相关，因为事实就是“做出来的事”；magnificent最后是一个形容词后缀-ent。这个词的字面意思是“大制作的、大手笔的”，也就是“宏伟的、壮丽的”。比如说：

This church looks magnificent.（这座教堂看起来太壮观了。）

生活里，magnificent作形容词，除了可以形容事物，也可以用来形容一个人的品格，表示“高尚的”。2016年，美国米高梅电影公司翻拍过一部1960年的同名的西部动作片，叫做《豪勇七蛟龙》，而这部电影的英文名字，就叫做The Magnificent Seven，也就是“七个高尚的人”。

17. continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt; ˈkɑːntɪnənt] n. 洲，大陆

这个词和continue（继续、连续）有关，表示的是一大块“连在一起的土地”，专指“大陆、洲”。比如说：Africa is a beautiful continent.（非洲是一个非常美丽的大陆。）古代交通不发达，人们缺乏地理知识，认为大陆是一大块连在一起的整体，所以大陆才和“连接”相关

In today's lesson, we have preliminarily learned the basic information of the new Seven Wonders of the World. Next, let's enjoy the charm of these seven scenic spots again from different perspectives with the drone. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课程中我们初步了解了世界新七大奇迹的基本信息。接下来，让我们随着无人机，以不同的视角再次领略一下这七个景点的魅力吧。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

Colosseum, Italy
Listed as one of the Seven Wonders of the World! Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 & was completed in AD 80. The Colosseum is an oval amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy. It is the largest ancient amphitheater ever built. And is still the largest standing amphitheater in the world today, despite its age. It is one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions.

意大利古罗马斗兽场

被列为世界七大奇迹之一! 建筑始于公元72年维斯帕先皇帝时期，于公元80年完工。罗马斗兽场是位于意大利罗马市中心的椭圆竞技场。它是有史以来最大的古代圆形剧场。尽管年代久远，它仍然是当今世界上最大的露天剧场。它是罗马最受欢迎的旅游景点之一。

核心词汇

Colosseum /ˌkɒləˈsiːəm/ n. 古罗马斗兽场

amphitheater /ˈæmfɪθɪətə(r)/ n. 竞技场

Series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and imperial China as protection. Several walls were built from as early as the 7th century BC. Later joined together by Qin Shi Huang(206 – 220 BC) , the first emperor of China. Archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km.

中国长城

作为保护，在跨越中国古代国家与帝国的北部边界建起了一系列的防御工事。早在公元前7世纪，就有几座城墙建成了。后来由秦始皇(公元前206 - 220)，中国的第一个皇帝加入其中。考古调查发现，整个城墙连同所有分支的长度为21,196公里。

核心词汇

fortification /ˌfɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 碉堡，防御工事

border/ˈbɔːdə(r)/ n. 边界

imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ adj. 帝国的，皇帝的

Chichen Itza, Mexico
Built by the pre Columbian Maya civilization sometime between the 9th and 12th centuries. The structure is 24 m (79 ft) height , plus an additional 6 m (20 ft) for the temple. Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people.

墨西哥的奇琴伊察

由前哥伦比亚玛雅文明在9世纪到12世纪之间建造。该建筑高24米(79英尺)，另外还有6米(20英尺)的寺庙。奇琴伊察是玛雅人在哥伦布发现美洲大陆前建造的一座大城市。

核心词汇

civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 文明

foot /fʊt/ n.英尺（缩写ft = 12英寸或30.48厘米）

 

Christ the Redeemer, Brazil
An Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was constructed between 1922 and 1931.

The statue is 30 meters (98 ft) tall. A cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil.

巴西的基督像

巴西里约热内卢的耶稣基督装饰艺术雕像建于1922年至1931年之间。这座雕像高30米(98英尺)。是里约热内卢和巴西的文化象征。

核心词汇

art deco /ˌɑːt ˈdekəʊ/ n. 装饰艺术

Rio de Janeiro /rɪəʊ diː dʒəˈnɪərəʊ/ n. 里约热内卢（巴西一座城市）

icon /ˈaɪkɒn/ n. 图标，偶像，代表

Machu Picchu, Peru
A 15th-century Inca citadel situated on a mountain ridge 2,430 meters (7,970 ft) above sea level.

Often mistakenly referred to as the ‘Lost City of the Incas’. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981. UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

秘鲁的马丘比丘城

坐落在海拔2430米(7970英尺)山脊上的一座15世纪的印加城堡。经常被错误地称为“印加失落之城”。1981年，马丘比丘被宣布为秘鲁历史保护区。1983年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。

核心词汇

citadel /ˈsɪtədəl/ n. 城堡

mountain ridge /ˈmaʊntn rɪdʒ/ n. 山脊

sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃuəri/ n. 避难所，保护区

UNESCO /juːˈneskəʊ/ abbr. 联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）

World Heritage Site /ˌwɜːld ˈherɪtɪdʒ saɪt/ n. 世界文化遗产

Taj Mahal, India
The Taj Mahal more often Persian for Crown of Palaces. The Taj Mahal is believed to have been completed in 1653. At a cost estimated in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( US $ 827 million). A symbol of India’s rich history. The Taj Mahal attracts 7-8 million visitors a year.

The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. For being ‘the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage.

印度的泰姬陵

泰姬陵通常被波斯语称为宫殿的皇冠。泰姬陵被认为完成于1653年。据估计，2015年的成本约为528亿卢比(8.27亿美元)。这是印度悠久历史的象征。泰姬陵每年吸引700 - 800万游客。泰姬陵于1983年被联合国教科文组织指定为世界遗产。因为它是印度穆斯林艺术的瑰宝，也是世界遗产中举世瞩目的杰作之一。

核心词汇

rupee /ruːˈpiː/ n. 卢布（货币）

designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/ v. 任命，指定

masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/ n. 杰作

City of Petra, Jordan
Petra is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. Established possibly as early as 312 BC as the capital city of the Arab Nabataeans. Also known as Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved. It is a symbol of Jordan , as well as Jordan’s most-visited tourist attraction.

Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. Was also chosen by the Smithsonian Magazine as one of the ‘28 Places to See Before You Die’.

约旦佩特拉古城

佩特拉是约旦南部的一座历史和考古城市。可能早在公元前312年就建立了，作为阿拉伯纳巴泰人的首都。也被称为玫瑰城，因为它被雕刻出来的石头的颜色。它是约旦的象征，也是约旦最受欢迎的旅游景点。佩特拉自1985年以来一直是联合国教科文组织的世界遗产。它也被史密森尼杂志选为“此生必去的28个地方”之一。

核心词汇

most-visited adj. 最受欢迎的

be known as 被称为……

Young sat down at the table.（杨在桌前坐下。）Across from him is his luggage after just coming back from Thailand.（对面是他刚从泰国带回来的行李。）

1. Young: I can’t believe（杨：我不敢相信）

不敢相信什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

I’ve already got to go back to the office tomorrow.（明天就要回去工作了。）

How time flies!

这句话相当于：How fast time flies! 也就是说：时间过得可真快啊！

2. Young: Our beach holiday in Thailand was amazing though.（杨：不过我们在泰国的海滩度假非常棒。）

It was just what we needed.（这正是我们需要的。）

这里的just是个程度副词，表示“仅仅”。同时，what we needed是个表语从句。

3. Young: The weather was spot on

spot on的字面意思是“触到那个点”，指的是“非常精准、完全正确”。这里也就是说：杨：当时的天气非常合心意。然后是一个for引导的介词短语作时间状语：

for the duration of our holiday.（在我们度假期间。）

duration这个词，和during（在……期间）有关，作名词表示“持续时间、期间”。整句话也就是说：在我们度假期间，天气都特别好。

Clear blue skies every day!（每天都万里无云。）

这是个省略句。还原完整应该是：There were clear blue skies every day.

4. Young: It felt amazing（杨：有件事感觉非常棒）

这里的it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式：

to wake up to such stunning views（醒来面对如此令人震惊的景色）

然后还有个时间状语：

every morning.（每天早晨。）

整句话也就是说：每天早上在如此迷人的景色中醒来，感觉相当不错。

He opens the photo album and starts going through the pictures.（他打开手机相册开始翻阅照片。）

5. Young: Much to my surprise,（杨： 让我非常惊喜的是，）

the hotel we booked（我们预订的酒店）

was even better than the pictures posted online.（比网上的照片看起来还要好。）

这里的posted online是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的the pictures。

6. Young: I was taken aback

aback来自on back（在后面），生活里往往指的是“（因为受到惊吓而）后退一步”。I was taken aback指的是“我被……吓到了、惊到了”。被什么惊到了呢？后面是介词短语作方式状语：

by the views（被那些景色）

来自哪里的景色呢？然后还有一个介词短语作后置定语：

from the rooftop pool.（来自屋顶的游泳池的景色）

rooftop是个合成词，由roof（外屋顶）和top（上方）组成。整句话也就是说：杨：酒店屋顶游泳池的美丽景色让我大吃一惊。

I was taken aback (by/when/to) ………（让）我大吃一惊

I was quite taken aback by the news.（这个消息让我吓了一跳。）

I was taken aback when I heard her accident.（当我听到她出事故的时候，我大吃一惊。）

I was taken aback to learn that he was moving to England next week.（知道他下周要搬到英国的消息，让我大吃一惊。）

他的表现让我大吃一惊。（I was taken aback by his behavior.）

当我听到你换工作的消息，我大吃一惊。（I was taken aback when I heard that you have changed your job.）

知道他们结婚了，我大吃一惊。（I was taken aback to learn that they got married.）

In our text today, Young says that he was taken aback by the views from the rooftop pool of the hotel. He continues:

I could stay up there all day and night.（我可以在那里呆上一天一夜。）

7. Young: The hotel was perfectly located as well.（杨：酒店的位置也特别好。）

It was only a stone’s throw away from the beach.（它离海滩只有一步之遥。）

a stone’s throw away from …，字面意思是“离……只有扔一个石头的距离”，指的是“非常近”，所以汉语意译成了“一步之遥”

My apartment is only a stone’s throw away from my workplace.（我的公寓离我工作的地方只有一步之遥。）

他的家离那所学校只有一步之遥。（His home is only a stone’s throw away from that school.）

A map appears, showing how close it was.

8. Young: Renting the motorcycle（杨：租摩托车这件事）

was so convenient and easy.（非常方便简单。）

motorcycle是个合成词，由motor（发动机、马达）和cycle（bicycle自行车的简称）组成。motorcycle的字面意思，是“带马达的自行车”，指的是“摩托车”，也叫motorbike。注意，“摩托”两个字，就是motor的音译词。

We got to drive around the stunning island（我们可以骑行在这个迷人的岛屿上）

and witness natural beauty at its finest.（并且欣赏它最美的一面。）

这里的at its finest是介词短语作后置定语，表示“在它最好的时候”，修饰前面的natural beauty（自然美）。

He now comes across more photos of the island trip.

9. Young: The trip out（杨：那次外出旅行）

什么外出旅行呢？后面是两个介词短语作后置定语：

on the longboat（乘坐长艇的）

longboat指的是那种航海的大划艇。

to some of the small islands（到一些小岛屿上的）

was incredible.（非常棒。）

整句话也就是说：那次乘坐长艇到一些小岛屿上的外出旅行非常棒。

10. Young: It's always been a dream of mine（杨：这一只都是我的梦想）

什么是我的梦想呢？这里的it照样是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式：

to visit some of the famous islands（去参观一些著名的岛）

哪里的岛呢？后面还有个介词短语作后置定语：

around the south of Thailand.（在泰国南部周围的岛）

也就是说：去游览泰国南部周围的一些著名岛屿一直都是我的梦想。

It's always been a dream of mine to …（……一直都是我的梦想。）

t's always been a dream of mine to travel around the world.（环游世界一直都是我的梦想。）

It's always been a dream of mine to marry her.（娶她为妻一直都是我的梦想。）

去国外读书一直都是我的梦想。（It's always been a dream of mine to study abroad.）

给我的爸爸妈妈买个大房子一直都是我的梦想。（It's always been a dream of mine to buy my parents a big house.）

Let’s go back to the text. Young says that it's always been a dream of his to visit some of the famous islands around the south of Thailand. He continues:

11. Young: Luckily, it was not packed with tourists.（杨：幸运的是，当时那里并没有客满为患。 ）

be packed with，指的是“充满……”。这里指的是当时那座岛上的游客不多。

It almost felt as if（那感觉就好像）

we were on our own private island（我们当时是在我们自己的私人小岛上）

at times.（有时候。）

也就是说：有时候感觉我们就像在自己的私人岛屿上一样。

12. Young: My favourite part of every day（杨：我每天最喜欢的时候）

was taking a stroll along the beachfront.（就是沿着海滨散步。）

stroll作名词表示“散步、溜达”。这里的take a stroll和take a walk一样，都是“散步”的意思。另外，beachfront也是个合成词，由beach（沙滩）和front（前面）组成。beachfront指的是“沙滩最前面”，专指的是“沙滩和海水的边缘、海滩线、海滨”。

13. Young: I was blown away by how crystal clear the sea was.（杨：我被清澈见底的大海所震撼。）

be blown away的字面意思是“被吹走”。这里指的是“受到了强烈的冲击、被深深震撼”。

I was blown away by …（我被……震撼了。）

I was blown away by the movie.（我被这部电影震撼了。）

I was blown away by her wonderful performance.（我被她出色的表演震撼了。）

我被大海的美震撼了。（I was blown away by the beauty of the sea.）

我被她的新歌震撼了。（I was blown away by her new song.）

Young says he was blown away by the clear sea. He continues:

It was the definition of natural beauty.

definition作名词表示“定义”。the definition of sth.，字面意思是“某事/某物的定义”，也就是“标准的某事/某物”，汉语翻译成“某事/某物的典范”。原文这句话也就是说：这是自然之美的典范。

… is/was the definition of …（……是……的典范。）

She is the definition of style and grace.（她是时尚和优雅的代言人。）

这座城市是高科技的典范。（This city is the definition of high technology.）

当然，definition作名词表示“定义”，所以更多时候出现the definition of …的时候，往往指的还是“……的定义”。比如说：

What’s the definition of this word?（这个词的定义是什么？）

Le’s go back to the text. Young loads pictures and the video of fish.

14. Young: This was a moment I'll never forget.（杨：我永远都不会忘记这一幕。）

这里的I'll never forget是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的moment。

It was my first time going snorkeling（这是我第一次去浮潜）

snorkeling（浮潜），简单来讲就是大部分时候漂浮在水面，也会下潜到10米以上的海域里，不带氧气筒的潜水。

and it beat all my expectations.（而且这打败了我的所有期待。）

其实就是“超出了我的所有期待”的意思。

15. Young: It was like a dream come true（杨：这件事就像梦想成真一样）

什么事呢？

to see so many tropical fish swimming around me.（看到这么多的热带鱼在我周围游。）

tropical fish，意思是“热带鱼”。也就是说：看到这么多热带鱼在我身边游来游去，就像梦想照进现实一样。

He comes across a photo from the restaurant of the food.（他看到了来自餐厅的食物照片。）

16. Young: The restaurants were also some of the best I've been to.（杨：这里的餐厅在我去过的餐厅里算是数一数二的。）

Not only was the food delicious,（不仅食物很美味，）

but the view was out of this world!（周围景色也非常棒。）

这里我们发现了Not only置于句首，后面的主谓结构发生了倒装，起到强调的作用。之前我们的倒装句一章也专门讲过。（Unit 22 Networking 单元总结·倒装句）

17. Young: Looking through all of these photos is making me want to go back!（杨：看着这些照片，让我真想再回去看看！）

这里的Looking through all of these photos指的是“看这些照片这件事”。

I’m now a big lover of beach holidays!（我现在可太爱海滩度假了！）

1. stunning [ˈstʌnɪŋ] adj. 令人震惊的；极好的

这个词的动词形式是：

stun [stʌn] vt. 使震惊；使惊讶；（从头部）把……打昏

前缀s-是ex-的变体表示“在外面”；后面的tun从读音上和thunder（名词“雷”）有关。stun这个词，字面意思是“留在外面遭雷击”。现在stun作动词，表示“使震惊、使惊讶”。比如说：

News of the disaster stunned people throughout the world.（灾难消息使全世界的人震惊。）

She was stunned by the amount of support she received.（那么多人的支持让她受宠若惊。）

stun作动词，也可以表示“（从头部）把……打昏”。比如说：

Stunned by the impact, he lay on the ground wondering what had happened.（遭重击后，他躺在地上想弄清楚发生了什么事。）

stunning作形容词，表示“令人震惊的、极好的”。比如说：

She looked stunning in that dress.（她穿那条连衣裙真是太美了。）

2. convenient [kənˈviːniənt] adj. 方便的，便利的

这个词前面的con-表示“到一起”；中间的-ven(i)-是“走来”的意思；从读音上很像went（go“走”的过去式）；最后是一个形容词后缀-ent。convenient的字面意思，是“走到一起来的”，也就是“触手可得的”，作形容词表示“方便的”。比如说：

Give me a call if it’s convenient for you.（方便的时候，给我打个电话。）

convenient的名词，叫做convenience，表示“便利”，我们平时熟悉的“便利店”的统称，英语就叫做Convenience Stores。比如1927年在美国德克萨斯州创立的7-11，当时打出的营业时间就是早7点到晚11点，不过后来也变成了24小时全天候营业。我现在住的城市是河北石家庄，石家庄有个连锁便利店叫36524，一年365天都24小时营业，这个主打的营业时间就更能体现出中国人民的勤劳。

3. witness [ˈwɪtnəs] n. （尤指犯罪或事故的）目击者；（法庭等的）证人 v. 目击，目睹；见证，经历 vt. 目击，看到（尤指事故或犯罪）

这个词前面的wit从读音上和-vis-（看）有关；后面是一个名词后缀-ness。witness作名词，指的是“目击者、见证人”。比如说：

According to the witness, the accident happened around 2pm.（据目击者说，这起事故发生在大约下午两点。）

witness也可以作动词，表示“目击、看到（尤指事故或犯罪）”。比如说：

He arrived home just in time to witness his brother being taken away by the police.（他到家时正好看到他兄弟被警察带走。）

4. stroll [strəʊl; stroʊl] vi. 散步，闲逛 n. 散步，溜达

这个词的词源不是很明确，读音上可能和street（街）有关。stroll作动词，表示“散步、溜达”。比如说：

We could stroll along the beach after dinner.（晚饭后我们可以去海滩散散步。）

stroll也可以作名词，表示“散步、溜达”。比如说：

We went for a stroll in the park.（我们去公园散了散步。）

5. snorkel [ˈsnɔː(r)kl] n.（潜水者用的）水下呼吸管

snorkel指的是“潜水的人用的水下呼吸管”，是一种水下的换气装置。这个词从读音上和snore（动词“打呼噜”）有关。再往前推，这两个词的意思都和nose（鼻子）有关。snorkel之所以得名，是因为这种设备的外形很像鼻子，在水里的声音又很像打呼噜。

6. tropical [ˈtrɒpɪk(ə)l; ˈtrɑːpɪk(ə)l] adj. 热带的

这个词的名词形式是：

tropic [ˈtrɒpɪk] n. 热带，热带地区；回归线

这个词前面的trop-从读音上和turn（转）有关。tropic作名词，指的是“地球上的回归线”，因为这是阳光在地球上直射点的极限界限，然后阳光就会转向其他地方。南北回归线之间是“热带”，所以tropic作名词，也可以表示“热带”或者“热带地区”。比如说：

She has spent several years doing research in the tropics.（她花了几年时间在热带地区做研究。）

tropical作形容词，表示“热带的”。比如说：tropical fish（热带鱼），tropical island（热带岛屿）等等。

With excellent weather, warm ocean water, and palm-fringed / frɪndʒd 具流苏的，加穗的；带边饰的/ beaches, Thailand is island living at its very best. Pair that with top-notch  / ˌtɑːp ˈnɑːtʃ  一流的；拔尖的 / accommodation and a pleasing exchange rate, and you have the ultimate holiday destination. An abundance / əˈbʌndəns 大量，丰富；繁荣，富裕 / of islands each offers their own unique personality, from bustling / ˈbʌslɪŋ 熙熙攘攘的，忙乱的 / markets and extraordinary temples to enchanting swimming spots, beach bars, and coral reefs. Whether you’re looking to keep busy kayaking / ˈkaɪækɪŋ 划独木舟（的行为） / , swimming, and snorkeling, or simply want to relax with a cocktail in hand – you’ll find a Thai island to suit you.

Number 5. Ko Phangan

The island of Ko Phangan is found in the Gulf / ɡʌlf 海湾 / of Thailand, and it is best known for hosting huge parties in honor of the full moon. These infamous beach festivals are popular with young backpackers from around the world, and the revelry / ˈrevlri 狂欢；欢宴 / is unparalleled / ʌnˈpærəleld 无与伦比的 / in Asia. However, that’s not all the island has to offer. Besides ideal beaches, you can also hike through the jungle and along the coast, go scuba / ˈskuːbə 水肺 使用水肺的 / diving or try out some sea kayaking.

Number 4. Ko Chang

Located near the border with Cambodia, Ko Chang is the third largest island in Thailand and the biggest in the Ko Chang Marine Park archipelago / ˌɑːrkɪˈpeləɡoʊ 群岛，列岛 / . It is a mountainous island known for several waterfalls, thriving coral reefs, rainforests and long white sandy beaches. In less than ten years, Ko Chang has become a major tourist destination in Thailand although still far quieter than islands like Phuket or Ko Samui. White Sand Beach is one of the most popular beaches on the island. Located on the island’s northwestern corner, it’s the longest beach on Ko Chang.

Number 3. Ko Lipe.

The island of Ko Lipe is just outside the jurisdiction / ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃ(ə)n 管辖范围 / of Tarutao National Park and as such is exempt / ɪɡˈzempt  豁免  获豁免的 / from certain laws prohibiting development. The island has some of the best reefs in Thailand, which makes for really great snorkeling and diving. If you’re looking for a deserted / dɪˈzɜːrtɪd 空旷的；被遗弃的 / Thai island, Ko Lipe is not the place to go. However, if you go in low season, which is May to October, you might enjoy the beautiful sandy beaches without the crowds, though some hotels may be closed. Any time of the year, however, you’ll find great snorkeling as well as gorgeous sunrises and sunsets.

Number 2. Ko Tao.

Ko Tao is an island in the Gulf of Thailand, and it is accessible by a high-speed ferry / ˈferi 渡船，摆渡；渡口 / from the mainland city of Chumphon. For travelers who enjoy diving, the island of Ko Tao is the perfect vacation destination. Around 7000 new divers get certified on Ko Tao each year, making it one of the most popular destinations in the world to learn to dive. Diving allows you to see bull sharks, underwater evolutionary sculptures at Ocean Utopia and plenty of turtles, among many other marine species. Other popular activities include cycling and sailing around the beautiful island.

Number 1. Ko Phi Phi.

Ko Phi Phi is possibly one of Thailand’s most famous archipelagos. It is most notable for a stunning natural bay that was filmed in the movie The Beach, starring Leonardo DiCaprio. But while many come here and have this renowned bay at the top of their to-do list, there are many more reasons to tempt you to Phi Phi beyond Maya Bay. The six islands of Phi Phi are jaw-droppingly   / ˈdʒɔː drɑːpɪŋ 令人震惊的 / beautiful, with pearl-white sand beaches and emerald / ˈemərəld 翡翠 鲜绿色的 / waters. Spend your days swimming and snorkeling among extraordinary marine life or hire a long tail boat. The surrounding islets  / ˈaɪlət 小岛 / like Monkey Beach are worth a visit, home to a plethora / ˈpleθərə 过多；过剩 / of cheeky  / ˈtʃiːki  无耻的；厚脸皮的 / tree-swinging monkeys.

天气宜人，海水温暖，海滩棕榈树环绕，泰国是一个最适合居住的岛屿。再加上一流的住宿和令人满意的汇率，你就拥有了终极的度假目的地。大量的岛屿都有自己独特的个性，从熙熙攘攘的市场、非凡的寺庙到迷人的游泳点、海滩酒吧和珊瑚礁。无论你是想忙着划皮划艇、游泳、浮潜，还是只是想拿着鸡尾酒放松一下，你都会找到一个适合你的泰国岛屿。

第五名 帕岸岛。

帕岸岛位于泰国湾，它以举办大型的满月派而闻名于世。这些著名的的海滩节日受到来自世界各地的年轻背包客的欢迎，狂欢在亚洲地区是无与伦比的。然而，这并不是这座岛的全部。除了理想的海滩，你还可以在丛林中徒步，沿着海岸，去潜水或尝试一些海上皮划艇。

第四名 象岛。

象岛位于柬埔寨边境附近，是泰国第三大岛，也是象岛海洋公园群岛中最大的岛屿。这是一个多山的岛屿，以多处瀑布、繁茂的珊瑚礁、热带雨林和长长的白色沙滩而闻名。在不到十年的时间里，象岛已经成为泰国的一个主要旅游目的地，尽管仍然比普吉岛或苏梅岛安静得多。白沙海滩是岛上最受欢迎的海滩之一。它位于岛上的西北角，是象岛最长的海滩。

第三名 丽贝岛。

丽贝岛就在塔鲁涛国家公园的管辖范围之外，因此不受某些禁止开发的法律的限制。岛上有泰国最好的珊瑚礁，非常适合浮潜和潜水。如果你在寻找一个荒凉的泰国岛屿，丽贝岛不是你应该去的地方。然而，如果你在淡季去，也就是5月到10月，你可能会享受到没有人潮的美丽沙滩，尽管一些酒店可能会关闭。然而，在一年中的任何时候，你都可以发现很棒的浮潜，以及美丽的日出和日落。

第二名 龟岛。

龟岛是泰国湾的一个岛屿，可以从大陆城市春丰乘坐高速渡轮前往。对于喜欢潜水的旅行者来说，龟岛是完美的度假胜地。每年大约有7000名新潜水员在科涛获得认证，使它成为世界上最受欢迎的潜水目的地之一。潜水可以让你看到牛鲨、海洋乌托邦的水下进化雕塑和大量的海龟，以及许多其他海洋物种。其他受欢迎的活动包括在美丽的岛上骑自行车和航行。

第一名 皮皮岛

皮皮岛可能是泰国最著名的群岛之一。它最著名的是一个令人惊叹的自然海湾，莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥主演的电影《海滩》曾在这里拍摄过。虽然很多人来到这里，把这个著名的海湾作为他们的首选，但还有更多的理由吸引你去玛雅湾以外的皮皮岛。皮皮岛的六个岛屿美得令人瞠目结舌，有珍珠白色的沙滩和翡翠色的海水。在非凡的海洋生物中游泳和浮潜，或者租一艘长尾船。周围的小岛如猴子海滩都值得一游，那里有大量嬉皮笑脸的摇树猴子。

 

top-notch /ˌtɒp ˈnɒtʃ/ adj. 一流的

ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/ adj. 最终的

bustling /ˈbʌslɪŋ/ adj. 熙熙攘攘的

extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːd(ə)n(ə)ri/ adj. 异乎寻常的，卓越的，特别的

enchanting /ɪnˈtʃɑːntɪŋ/ adj. 迷人的，妩媚的

kayaking /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ n. 独木舟

snorkeling /ˈsnɔ:klɪŋ/ n. 浮潜

revelry /ˈrevlri/ n. 狂欢

unparalleled /ʌnˈpærəleld/ adj. 无与伦比的

archipelago /ˌɑːkɪˈpeləɡəʊ/ n. 群岛

jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/ n. 司法权，管辖区域

exempt /ɪɡˈzempt/ adj. 豁免的

prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/ v. 禁止

gorgeous /ˈɡɔːdʒəs/ adj. 美丽动人的

emerald /ˈemərəld/ adj. 翠绿色的

islet/ˈaɪlət/ n. 小岛

cheeky /ˈtʃiːki/ adj. 嬉皮笑脸的，顽皮的

 

palm-fringed beaches 棕榈树环绕的海滩

at one’s best 处在…..的最佳状态

pair…with… 与……成对

an abundance of 大量的

scuba diving轻便（潜水器）潜水

to-do list 任务清单

jaw-droppingly 令人瞠目结舌地

a plethora of 大量的

Alice has just arrived back home after taking her friend out for a tour around Beijing. Young wants to know how it went.

1. Young: You're back early!（杨：你回来得挺早啊！）

How did it go?（玩得怎么样？）

2. Alice: It was great to catch up with an old friend.

catch up的字面意思是“完全赶上、追上”。catch up with sb.，可以表示“赶上某人”，也可以表示“了解自从上次和某人见面以来发生的事情”，汉语结合语境可以理解成：了解一下彼此的近况。

然后还有个时间状语：

after so many years.

整句话也就是说：爱丽丝：能和老朋友在这么多年后了解一下彼此的情况，感觉太棒了。

3. Young: Where did you guys go?（杨：你们去哪里玩了？）

4. Alice: We started off by visiting some of the famous hutongs in the capital.（爱丽丝：我们先去参观了首都一些有名的胡同。）

start off表示“开始”。后面的by visiting some of the famous hutongs是方式状语，表示“以参观一些著名胡同的方式开始”。最后的in the capital（在首都北京）是地点状语。

5. Young: I've heard（杨：我听说）

听说什么呢？后面是个宾语从句：

that fewer than 1,000 hutongs are left in Beijing nowadays.（现在北京的胡同只剩下不到1000条了。）

The majority（大部分）

大部分什么呢？

of the original courtyard residences（最初的庭院住宅）

courtyard是个合成词，由court（宫廷）和yard（院子）组成，汉语翻译成“庭院”。residence作名词表示“住宅”。courtyard residence在原文里指的是“老北京四合院”，也叫做quadrangle courtyard。

have now been transformed（现在已经被改造了）

改造成什么了呢？后面是个介词短语作结果状语：

into tourist attractions.（成了旅游景点。）

6. Alice: That doesn't surprise me in the slightest.（爱丽丝：这我可一点都不惊讶。）

The hutong area we went to today（我们今天去的胡同区）

was chock-a-block with tourists,（挤满了游客，）

chock作名词表示“楔子”，也就是塞到空隙里让东西变牢的那种一头宽一头窄的木片。chock也可以作动词，表示“用楔子塞住”。block作名词，可以表示“木块”。chock-a-block的字面意思，是“用楔子塞住木块的”，连字符连起来作形容词指的是“充满的”，生活里经常用来形容“塞满的、挤满的”，是个非常形象的说法。

be chock-a-block with …（充满……。）

The small roads are chock-a-block with traffic.（小路被车辆塞得满满的。）

这家超市挤满了人。（The supermarket is chock-a-block with people. ）

In our text, Alice said that the hutong they went to was chock-a-block with tourists. She continues:

so we ended up moving through the area（所以我们最后穿过那个区域）

怎么穿过呢？后面是一个介词短语作方式状语：

at a snail's pace.（以一种蜗牛的速度。）

也就是说：我们最后像蜗牛一样慢慢挤出来的。

… at a snail's pace.（……像蜗牛一样慢/非常缓慢地行驶。）

The little boy is doing his homework at a snail's pace.（这个小男孩做作业的速度像蜗牛一样慢。）

那辆火车正在非常缓慢地行驶。（That train is moving at a snail’s pace.）

7.Young: Yes, it would be busy as you went during the peak time.（杨：是的，你在高峰期去的话人就会很多。）

peak time表示“高峰期”。这里的as you went during the peak time（既然你是在高峰期去的）是原因状语从句。另外，我们之前学过的rush hour，专门指的是“上下班高峰期”，不一定是peak time。比如法定节假日这种旅游旺季，都属于peak time，但不是rush hour。

8. Alice: We left pretty quick anyway（爱丽丝：不管怎么样，我们很快就离开了）

anyway的字面意思是“任何一条路”，作副词表示“无论如何、不管怎样”。为什么呢？后面是一个as引导的原因状语从句：

as it started chucking it down.（因为开始下起了大雨。）

chuck作动词表示“随便扔、抛”，是个口语词汇。chuck it down在口语里指的是“下倾盆大雨”，尤其是在英式口语里。

9. Young: That's annoying.（杨：那可真烦人。）

10. Alice: Luckily, I had a backup plan.（爱丽丝：不过幸好我还有个备选计划。）

backup是个合成词，作名词表示“支援、备份”，也就是“后方有支持”。backup plan就是“备选计划”。什么备选计划呢？

My friend is really into art,（我的朋友非常喜欢艺术，）

so I took her to the funky art district called 798.（所以我带她去了一个叫做798的时髦的艺术区。）

11. Young: I've been meaning to visit some of the latest exhibitions（杨：我一直打算去参观一些最新的展览，）

but I've never found the chance.（但始终没机会去。）

We should go some time.（我们应该找个时间去看看。）

I've been meaning to …（我一直打算……。）

I've been meaning to talk with you.（我一直打算找你谈谈。）

I've been meaning to ask you a question.（我一直在打算问你一个问题。）

我一直打算给你打个电话，但我知道你有多忙。（I’ve been meaning to call you, but I know how busy you are.）

我一直都打算见你。（I’ve been meaning to see you.）

Young says that he wants to go to the latest exhibitions with Alice. Alice replies:

12. Alice: Sure,（爱丽丝：当然，）

but we need to put it off（但是我们得推迟）

put off，字面意思是“摆放在离开的位置”，指的是“推开、推迟、以后再说”。推迟到什么时候呢？后面是一个时间状语从句：

until my friend leaves.（直到我朋友走了。）

In the next few days,（接下来的几天里，）

she wants to visit some historical places（她想去参加一些历史悠久的地方）

然后还有个现在分词短语作后置定语：

providing loads of fun.（并且）能带来很多欢乐的（地方）。

也就是说：她还想参观一些历史悠久又好玩的地方。

Do you have anywhere cool in mind?（你有什么推荐吗？）

13. Young: I know just the place.（杨：我刚好知道这样一个地方。）

This is a very good colloquial expression.

It's one of the best-preserved parts of the Great Wall,（它是长城中保存最完好的部分之一，）

然后是一个过去分词短语作伴随状语：

surrounded by beautiful woodland and streams.（周围被漂亮的林地和溪流环绕。）

It's called Mutianyu.【叫慕田峪（长城）。】

这是明朝开国皇帝朱元璋手下的大臣徐达督建而成的一段长城，也是国家5A级风景区。

14. Alice: I've never heard of it before.（爱丽丝：我以前从来没听过这个地方。）

This is also a great colloquial expression.

15. Young: Well, it's not so famous（杨：好吧，它没有那么出名）

和什么相比呢？

as other parts of the Great Wall in Beijing.（像北京长城的其他部分一样）。

也就是说：它不像北京长城的其他部分那么有名，

But that means（但那意味着）

然后是一个宾语从句：

you don't need to look at a sea of people（你不用去看人山人海）

a sea of people就是“人山人海”。然后是一个时间状语从句：

while enjoying the fantastic views.（当享受绝美景色的时候。）

这里是个省略了主语和系动词的句子。还原完整也就是：while (you are) enjoying the fantastic views.

中国的好山好水好景色确实非常多，但是赶上节假日的时候确实没法去，因为人也太多了。相对来说，能找到一处历史悠久、景色优美，而且人还不多的经典确实不容易。从这点来说，慕田峪长城确实是个相对很好的选择。

16. Young: And besides utilizing thousands of steps,（杨：除了爬成千上万的台阶，）

utilize作动词表示“使用、利用”，是个正式的措辞。utilize the steps（使用台阶），就是“爬台阶”的意思。除了爬台阶之外还可以怎么上长城呢？

you may also take a cable car up（你也可以乘坐一辆缆车上去）

从哪里上去呢？

from the foothills.【从（长城下的小山丘上）。】

foothill是个合成词，指的是“高山脚下的小山”。

What's more for going back down,（还有，对于下来往回走的时候来说，）

if you want something more thrilling,（如果你想要点刺激的事情，）

they have a toboggan（他们有一条滑道）

toboggan来自加拿大法语（2001年加拿大全国人口调查结果显示，约有670万加拿大人以加拿大法语为母语，占全国人口的23%），指的是“平地雪橇”。同时在日常生活里，toboggan也可以表示“滑道”，比如孩子们玩的滑梯设备的滑道，或者景区娱乐设备的滑道，都可以叫做toboggan。什么样的滑道呢？后面是一个that引导的定语从句：

that goes from the top of the wall down to the bottom.【从长城最上面到最底下的（滑道）。】

也就是说：下山时如果你想来点更刺激的，那儿还有一条滑道，可以让你从最上面滑到最下面。

17. Alice: Perfect.（爱丽丝：太好了。）

This place would hit both nails on the head.

nail作名词表示“钉子”。hit the nail on the head，字面意思是“打在钉子头上”，指的是“正好打中要害、一针见血”。This is also the great colloquial expression today. For example:

His words hit the nail on the head.（他说的话一针见血。）

原文里的hit both nails on the head，结合语境指的是慕田峪长城既有历史气息又好玩。按照汉语的表达习惯，我们可以翻译成：这个地方两方面都正合我意！

I'll start looking into it a bit more.（我要再多看看这儿。）

1. original [əˈrɪdʒən(ə)l] adj. 起初的，原先的；独创的，有创意的，新颖的

这个词的名词形式是：

origin [ˈɒrɪdʒɪn; ˈɔːrɪdʒɪn] n. 起源；源头；出身

这个词是rise（动词“升起”）的意思，而且origin中间的rig和rise读音还很像。英语里有个词叫orient，作名词表示“东方”，指的就是“太阳升起的方向”。origin作名词，表示“起源、源头”，是“升起、崛起”的延伸含义。比如说：

It’s a book about the origin of the universe.（这是一本关于宇宙起源的书。）

Her unhappy childhood was the origin of her problems later in life.（她不幸的童年是她后来生活中的很多问题的源头。）

origin作名词，也可以表示“人的出身”。平时我们说一个人“出身卑微”，就经常用came from humble / ˈhʌmb(ə)l / origins。

original作形容词，表示“起初的、原先的”。比如说：The room still has many of its original features.（这个房间还保留着当初的许多特点。）

original作形容词，也可以表示“独创的、有创意的、新颖的”。比如说：She's a highly original young designer.（她是个很有创意的年轻设计师。）

2. residence [ˈrezɪdəns] n. 住宅，住所；居住，定居；（在某国的）居住权，居留许可

前缀re-表示“回来”；中间的-sid-从读音上和sit（坐）和settle（定居）都有关系；最后是一个名词后缀-ence。residence的字面意思，是“回来定居”，作名词专指“住宅、住所”，是个正式的措辞。比如说：official residence，就是我们所说的“官邸”。

residence作名词，也可以表示“居住、定居”。我们之前讲过的permanent residence/residency，就是“永久居住权”。同时，某地的“居民”，英语就叫做resident。

3. snail [sneɪl] n. 蜗牛

这个词从读音上和snake（蛇）有关。再往前推，两者都和“爬”有关。snail作名词，表示“蜗牛”，爬行速度很慢，所以snail也经常用来形容“反应迟钝的人”。比如说：

He drives like a snail.（他开车慢得像个蜗牛一样。）

4. peak [piːk] n. 巅峰，顶点；山顶；山峰 adj. 高峰的；巅峰的 vi. 达到巅峰

这个词从读音上和pick有关。pick除了作动词表示“挑选”，也可以作名词，表示“尖状的工具”。比如我们平时用的“牙签”，英语就叫做toothpick。peak作名词，专门指的是“巅峰、顶点”，因为山顶也是“尖状”。比如说：

Traffic reaches its peak between 8 and 9 in the morning.（上午8、9点钟之间是交通高峰期。）

peak作名词，也可以表示“山顶、山峰”。比如说：

It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.（这是最难攀登的山峰之一。）

peak也可以作形容词，表示“高峰的、巅峰的”。比如说：peak time（高峰/巅峰时期）。但是你要和rush hour（上下班高峰期）区分开。

peak还可以作动词，表示“达到巅峰”。比如说：

Oil production peaked in the early 1980s.（20世纪80年代初期，石油产量达到了最高峰。）

最后，中国的运动品牌“匹克”，其实就是英语单词PEAK的音译词。

5. funky[ˈfʌŋki]adj. 时髦的；恶臭的

这个词来自：

funk [fʌŋk]n. 浓烈的臭味；恶臭；乡土爵士乐

funk 这个词，字面意思是fill with smoke（充满烟），作名词指的是“浓烈的臭味”。这个词最开始是白人用来形容黑人身上的味道，后来黑人音乐家用funk来形容他们的爵士风格，所以funk就有了“乡土爵士乐”的意思。比如说：

James Brown is the master of funk.（詹姆斯‧布朗是乡土爵士乐的大师。）

funky作形容词，本意是“乡土爵士乐风格的”，后来就演变成了“时髦的、不同寻常的”。比如说：

She has some really funky clothes.（她有一些很时髦新潮的衣服。）

funky作形容词，也可以表示“难闻的”。比如说：

The milk smells kind of funky.（这些牛奶闻起来有点臭。）

6. district[ˈdɪstrɪkt]n. 地区，区域

前缀dis-表示“分开”；后面的strict是“严格的”（strict在词源上的意思是“拉直的、紧绷的”）。district这个词，字面意思是“拉条直线划分开”，现在district作名词，表示“地区、区域”。我们平时在房地产广告里经常听到的CBD，全称叫做Central Business District，也就是“中央商务区”的意思。

7. exhibition[ˌeksɪˈbɪʃ(ə)n] n. 展览，展出

前缀ex-表示“向外”；中间的-hibi-是hold（手持）的意思；最后是一个名词后缀-tion。exhibition的字面意思，是“拿出去给人看”，作名词专指“展览、展出”。比如说：

The photographs will be on exhibition until the end of the month.（这些照片将一直展出到月底。）

这里的on exhibition，指的就是“处于展览的状态”。

8. preserve[prɪˈzɜː(r)v]vt. 保护，维护；保留；保养

前缀pre-表示“提前”后面的-serv(e)-是“看管”的意思。serve作动词之所以有“服务”的意思，有一种说法指的也是“在一旁看护”。preserve的字面意思，是“提前看管好”，作动词表示”保护、维护、保留、保养”，指的都是“预防以后被损坏”。比如说：

We need to preserve the forest.（我们需要保护森林。）

He was anxious to preserve his reputation.（他急于维护自己的名声。）

9. utilize[ˈjuːtəlaɪz]vt. 利用，使用

这个词前面的ut-和use（动词“使用”）有关。utilize作动词，表示“使用、利用”，是个正式的措辞。比如说：

We must utilize all available resources.（我们必须利用一切可以利用的资源。）

Beijing. For more than 800 years, Beijing has been the capital of China. At the same time, it fully represents Old China and New modern China. The city was established over 3,000 years ago, and its rich history attracts millions of tourists every year and satisfies even the most demanding ones.

The absolute must-see place is the Imperial Palace known as the Forbidden City. Constructed in the 15th century, it is the former imperial palace and the emperor’s residence. It consists of 980 remaining buildings with 8,886 rooms, including several throne halls, and it is one of the largest palace complexes in the world. It got its name ‘forbidden city’ upon the tradition, according to which ordinary people were not allowed to enter.

Visit an unforgettable Temple of Heaven. The largest religious building complex in the Capital was built in the 15th century. There is a 38 meters tall Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests - one of the world’s largest medieval wooden structures. It is considered the holiest of Beijing's imperial temples. Surrounding the big park is a great place to see the locals practicing Tai Chi – a very healthy meditation in motion.

Beijing is the perfect starting point to explore the Great Wall of China. You can reach many sections of this breathtaking structure – only from a 1 to 3-hour drive from the capital.

If you like walking in splendid gardens, do not miss Summer Palace from the 18th century - also known as the ‘Imperial Garden Museum’. The area was used as a summer retreat by the Chinese royal family. There you can enjoy peaceful boating on artificial Kunming Lake, walk the long corridor with more than 14,000 colorful paintings on each beam or visit colorful Suzhou Market Street lined on both sides with archaized structures, such as various shops, Chinese teahouses, and traditional restaurants.

Do you like to discover new tastes on your travels? Then try sugar-coated haws. For those who are more of a savory eater, don't forget to try the world-famous Beijing Roast Duck with its thin and crispy skin. This dish is the epitome of Beijing cuisine.

北京。800多年来，北京一直是中国的首都。同时，它充分代表了旧中国和现代化的新中国。这座城市建立于3000多年前，其丰富的历史每年吸引数百万游客，甚至满足了最苛刻的要求。

绝对不容错过的地方是故宫，被称为紫禁城。建于15世纪，是以前的皇宫和皇帝的居所。它由980座剩余的建筑组成，共有8886间房间，包括几个王座大厅，是世界上最大的宫殿建筑群之一。根据传统，它被命名为“紫禁城”，根据这一传统，普通人不得进入。

参观令人难忘的天坛。首都最大的宗教建筑群建于15世纪。这里有一个38米高的祈福殿，是世界上最大的中世纪木制建筑之一。它被认为是北京最神圣的皇家寺庙。大公园周围是一个观看当地人练习太极的好地方，这是一种非常健康的运动冥想。

北京是探索中国长城的完美起点。你可以到达这座令人叹为观止的建筑的许多部分——从首都开车只有1到3个小时。

如果你喜欢漫步在壮丽的花园里，千万不要错过18世纪的颐和园——也被称为“皇家花园博物馆”。该地区曾被中国王室用作避暑胜地。在那里，你可以在人工昆明湖上享受平静的划船，在每根横梁上挂着14000多幅彩色油画的长廊上漫步，或者参观五颜六色的苏州市场街，街道两旁有仿古建筑，如各种商店、中国茶馆和传统餐厅。

你喜欢在旅行中发现新口味吗？那么试试糖葫芦吧。对于那些更爱吃美食的人，别忘了尝尝世界闻名的北京烤鸭，它的皮又薄又脆。这道菜是北京菜的缩影。

residence /ˈrezɪdəns/ n. 住所

medieval /ˌmediˈiːvl/ adj. 中世纪的

meditation /ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn/ n. 冥想

breathtaking /ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/ adj. 激动人心的

artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ adj. 人造的，人工的

archaized /ˈɑːkɪˌaɪz/ adj. 仿古的

savory /ˈseɪvəri/ adj. 美味的

epitome /ɪˈpɪtəmi/ n. 象征，缩影

cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ n. 烹饪，菜肴

Imperial Palace 皇宫

Forbidden City 紫禁城

throne hall 王座大厅

palace complex宫殿群

Temple of Heaven 天坛

Hall of Prayer 祈福殿

summer retreat 避暑地

sugar-coated haw 冰糖葫芦

Alice is looking through her moments and sees her friend has been to London.（爱丽丝正在翻看她的朋友圈，看到她的朋友去过伦敦。）

1. Alice: I'm so envious of my friend.（爱丽丝：我好羡慕我的朋友啊。）

envious是envy（动词“羡慕、嫉妒”）的形容词形式，表示“羡慕的、嫉妒的”。This is also the first sentence pattern today: be envious of …（羡慕……。）For example: She is very envious of her friend.（她非常羡慕她的朋友。）Don’t be envious of what others have. You should work hard and earn the things you want.（不要羡慕别人有什么。你应该努力工作去赢得你想要的。）Your turn: 当他娶了那个女孩的时候，每个人都特别羡慕他。（Everyone was very envious of him when he married that girl.）我的同事非常羡慕我的成功。（My colleagues are very envious of my success.）

Alice says that she is very envious of her friend. Why? Let’s move on to the text and find out:

She keeps posting the most amazing pictures（她一直在发一些特别好看的相片）

什么相片呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

from her travels.【从她的旅途里来的（相片）。】

也就是发的去伦敦旅游的相片。

She shows the photos to Young.

2. Young: This brings back fond memories!（杨：这勾起了我的美好回忆！）

fond作形容词，可以表示“喜欢的”，也可以表示“美好的”，因为美好，所以才喜欢。bring back fond memories，字面意思是“带回了美好的回忆”，其实就是“勾起了美好回忆”。This is a very good colloquial expression.

3. Alice: You've visited London before?（爱丽丝：你以前去过伦敦？）

4. Young: Yes!（杨：是的！）

I had a layover there for 48 hours（我在伦敦暂留过48小时，）

layover是个合成词，lay表示“放置、搁置”，over表示“穿过、超过”。layover指的是a stop overnight（停下来过夜），生活里指的是“临时滞留、中途短暂停留”。

so I took a mini tour around London to pass the time.（所以在那儿简单逛了一下打发时间。）

mini作形容词表示“小的、迷你的”。这里的mini tour指的是“小型旅行”，也就是“简单逛逛”。同时，pass the time指的是“打发时间”。

5. Alice: Where did you visit during your stay?（爱丽丝：你当时去了哪儿？）

6. Young: Well, I started off（杨：我开始）

怎么开始呢？后面是一个with引导的介词短语作方式状语：

with a tripon the famous London red bus.【以乘坐著名的伦敦红色双层巴士的方式（开始）。】

也就是说：我先是乘坐了著名的红色双层巴士。

I sat on the upper deck（我坐在巴士上层）

deck本身是“甲板”的意思，也可以表示公交车的层。

and took in the sights of London.

Take in表示“拿进来”，这里指的是“看到眼里”。看到什么呢？the sights of London（伦敦的美景。）整句话也就是说：我坐在巴士上层，欣赏了伦敦的风景。

I’m certain（我确信）

确信什么呢？后面是一个that引导的宾语从句：

that you’ll enjoy this way of exploring as well.【你也会喜欢这种探索（城市）的方式的。】

7. Alice: I do want to have a try!（爱丽丝：我确实很想试试！）

Did you get to see Big Ben?（你去看大本钟了吗？）

get to do sth.，这里指的是“得到机会、有机会做某事”。同时，Big Ben（大本钟），是英国议会大厦的附属钟楼（clock tower），2012年为庆祝伊丽莎白二世登基60周年改名为the Elizabeth Tower（伊丽莎白塔）。

8. Young: No visit to London is completewithout seeing the iconic clock tower.

这里的complete是形容词，表示“完整的”。同时，iconic是icon（名词“符号、象征”）的形容词形式，表示“象征性的、标志性的”。整句话的基本结构是：No … is complete without …（没有……，……就不完整。）也就是说：杨：不看这个标志性的钟楼，伦敦之行就不完整。

The second sentence pattern today is: No … is complete without …（没有……，……就不完整。）For example: No visit to Paris is complete without a trip to the Louvre.（没到过卢浮宫，巴黎之旅就不完整。）No trip to Los Angeles is complete without seeing the “Hollywood” sign.（没见过“好莱坞”标志，洛杉矶之旅就不完整。）Your turn: 没有音乐，派对就不完整。（No party is complete without music.）没有见过自由女神像，美国之旅就不完整。（No trip to America is complete without seeing the Statue of Liberty.）

Let’s move on to the text.

I also got the chance（我还有机会）

什么机会呢？后面是一个动词不定式作后置定语：

to see many other famous attractions,【去看很多其他的著名景点的（机会），】

然后是一个介词短语作后置定语，具体来指出是哪些景点：

like Houses of Parliament and the London Eye.【就像议会大厦和伦敦眼之类的（景点）。】

Houses of Parliament指的是英国的“议会大厦”，也就是“威斯敏斯特宫”（Palace of Westminster）。这也是世界上最大的哥特式建筑。议会大厦的对面就是“威斯敏斯特大教堂”（Westminster Abbey），也就是牛顿、达尔文，包括霍金等入葬的地方。

9. Alice: Where did you like the most?（爱丽丝：那你最喜欢哪里？）

10. Young: It's tough to say.（杨：这很难说。）

相当于：It’s hard to say. This is also a very useful colloquial expression.

There were so many highlights during my trip.（我这次旅行期间有太多高光时刻了。）

Though,（不过，）

one moment that stands outwas visiting Buckingham Palace.

这里的that stands out（站出来的）是定语从句，修饰前面的one moment，也就是“排在最前面的、最值得一提的时刻”。后面的visiting Buckingham Palace是动名词短语作表语，表示“参观白金汉宫这件事”。也就是说：最值得一提的还是参观白金汉宫。

Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）是英王的寝宫，也是一处对外开放的旅游景点。

11. Alice: Did you get to see the Queen?（爱丽丝：那你见到女王了吗？）

12. Young: Unfortunately not,（杨：很遗憾没有，）

but I took some pretty good shots.（但我拍到了一些很好的照片。）

He shows Alice the shots.

13. Alice: Looks like you were lucky with the weather!（爱丽丝：你很幸运，当时天气非常棒！）

14. Young: The first day was great,（杨：第一天天气很好，）

but the second day was pretty overcast and chilly.

overcast是个合成词，字面意思是“过度投射”，生活里指的是“天上的云太多了”，作形容词表示“阴天的、多云的”。同时，chilly是chill（动词“冷却”）的形容词形式，表示“阴冷的、寒冷的”。整句话也就是说：但第二天是个大阴天，还很冷。

I ended up spending most of my time（我最后花了很多时间）

在哪里花时间呢？后面是一个介词短语作地点状语：

at the National History Museum.（在自然史博物馆里待着。）

这里的National History Museum，指的是已经超过250年的伦敦“自然史博物馆”，也是欧洲最大的自然历史博物馆。如果你喜欢了解从古到今的各种动植物，这里的标本会让你大饱眼福。

But it’s a great pity（但是有件事是个很大的遗憾）

具体指的是什么事呢？这里的it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句：

that I didn’t have enough time to visit all the exhibitions and displays.（我没有足够的时间去参观完所有的展览场馆。）

15. Alice: Sounds really attractive!（爱丽丝：听起来挺吸引人的！）

I’d love to pay a visit in the future.（我很想以后去看看。）

But first and foremost,（但首先也是最重要的，）

I need to save up more money（我得存更多的钱）

if I'm to afford London prices!（如果我想负担得起伦敦的物价的话！）

16. Young: Yes.（杨：是的。）

London is far from cheap.

be far from …，字面意思是“离……很远”，这里指的是“跟……不沾边”。也就是说：伦敦的物价跟便宜不沾边、贵得要死。

I was caught off guard when I first saw the prices.

be caught字面意思是“被抓到”。guard作名词表示“看守、警戒”。off guard指的是“没有警惕”。be caught off guard（毫无警惕被抓住），生活里指的是“猝不及防、措手不及”。原文里也就是说：我第一次看到那些价格的时候有点措手不及。

The third sentence pattern today is: be caught off guard（措手不及；猝不及防）。For example: I need to prepare for the exam in advance so that I won’t be caught off guard.（我需要提前为考试做好准备，避免到时候猝不及防。）Your turn: 你需要跟他聊聊你应该做什么，避免到时候猝不及防。（You should talk with him about what you should do so that you won’t be caught off guard.）

Let’s go back to the text. Young says that he was caught off the guard when he first saw the prices in London. He continues:

Though as they say,（不过与有句话说得好：）

you can't put a price on happiness!

这句话的字面意思是：你没有办法在幸福上加一个价码。其实就是说：幸福是没法用金钱衡量的！

The fourth sentence pattern today is: You can't put a price on …（……是没法用金钱衡量的。）For example: You can’t put a price on friendship.（友谊是没法用金钱衡量的。）Your turn: 健康是没法用金钱衡量的。（You can’t put a price on health.）

Alice checks bank balance and sees that it is low.（爱丽丝看了看银行卡里的余额，钱不多了。）

17. Alice: I'll have to start being a bit more frugal（爱丽丝：我得开始变得更节俭一点了）

在哪儿节俭呢？然后是一个with引导的介词短语作伴随状语：

with my money（在我的钱上）

紧接着是一个if引导的条件状语从句：

if I'm ever gonna get the chance（如果我不管什么时候想找机会的话）

什么机会呢？后面是一个动词不定式作后置定语：

to see London up close!【去近距离看看伦敦的（机会）！】

整句话也就是说：如果我想什么时候找机会去近距离看看伦敦的话，我就得先开始更省钱了！

18. Young: All the more reason to start now!（杨：那就更应该从现在做起了！）

all the more的意思是“更加”。All the more reason to do sth.是个省略的说法，口语里很常见，相当于：That is all the more reason to do sth.“那就更有理由/更应该做某事了”。This is also the last sentence pattern today. For example: — I failed my final exam! — All the more reason to study hard.（——我期末考试没考过！——那就更应该努力学习了。）Your turn: — I’ve been working for seven days!（——我已经工作了七天了！）——那就更应该放松一下了。（— All the more reason to relax yourself.）

I'll get you started.（我会带你开始的。）

1. upper [ˈʌpə(r)] adj. （位置或水平）较高的，较上的；上层的

upper是up的比较级，作形容词表示“（位置或水平）较高的、上层的”。比如说：There is a good restaurant on the upper floor.（楼上有一家很好的餐馆。）或者说：He came from an upper class family.（他来自上层阶级的家庭。）

2. iconic [aɪˈkɒnɪk] adj. 偶像的，图符的，象征性的

这个词来自：

icon [ˈaɪkɒn; ˈaɪkɑːn] n. 图标；偶像，代表；类象符号

icon是个来自古希腊语的单词，指的是“图像”。现在icon作名词，表示“图标”，比如现在电脑上的各种可以用鼠标点击的图标，就叫icon。到19世纪初，基督教派里的东正教开始用icon这个词来指代教堂里的神像，也是出于这个原因，现在日常生活里，icon也可以用来表示“崇拜的对象、偶像”。比如说：She is an icon of the entertainment industry.（她是娱乐圈里的偶像。）

iconic作形容词，表示“偶像的、图符的、象征性的”。比如说：Michael Jackson is an iconic figure in pop music.（迈克尔·杰克逊在流行音乐领域是个象征性的人物。）或者说：This is the iconic building of the city.（这是这座城市的标志性建筑。）

3. highlight [‘haɪlaɪt] vt. 突出；标出 n. 最精彩的部分

这是个合成词，前面的high表示“高”，后面的light是“光线”。highlight的字面意思，是“用高光把一个地方照亮”，也就是“突出、标出”的意思。我们平时看书的时候用不同颜色的笔记笔记，目的就是为了“标出”某些地方，比如说：I’ve highlighted the important passages in yellow.（我用黄色标出了重要段落。）

highlight这个词，字面意思是“高光”，很像在舞台上为了突出某个演员而打的追光灯，让他（她）成为全场的焦点，所以在生活当中，highlight也经常作名词，表示“最精彩、最出彩的部分”，比如说：Her performance was the highlight of the show.（她的表演是全场演出里最精彩的部分。）

4. display [dɪˈspleɪ] vt. 展示，陈列；显露，表现 n. 展览，陈列；表演

前缀dis-表示“相反”；后面的-play-是fold（折叠）的意思，和单词play（玩）没关系。display的字面意思，是“不折叠、展开”，也就是“展示出来”，作动词表示“展示、陈列、显露、显示”。比如说：His wedding photo is displayed on the wall in his bedroom.（在他的卧室的墙上挂着他的结婚照。）或者说：She rarely displays any sign of emotion.（她很少情感外露。）也就是我们汉语里讲的“喜怒不形于色”。

display也可以作名词，表示“展览、表演”等等。比如说：window display（橱窗展示），firework display（烟火表演）等等。

5. frugal [ˈfruːɡ(ə)l] adj. 节俭的，朴素的

frugal这个词前面的frug从读音上和fruit（名词“水果、果实”）有关，指的是“价值”。frugal指的是“用节俭的方式来获得后期更大的价值”。现在frugal作形容词，泛指“节俭的、朴素的”。比如说：Be frugal in your material life.（在你的物质生活方面保持节俭。）或者说：A frugal person is not a cheap person.（一个节俭的人不是一个小气的人。）

his is London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. The big wheel you can see is theMillennium Wheel or London Eye as it'salso known. It's 135 meters high with 32 glasscapsules.The wheel was opened in March 2000 tomark the end of the 20th century and thebeginning of the new millennium.

Opposite the millennium wheel you canfind Big Ben, the famous clock tower andthe Palace of Westminster also known asthe Houses of Parliament.This is where the government meets.

One of the best things about London is its parks. In Regent’s Park, you have the largest grass area for sports in central London and an open-air theater. You can relax, walk and run in the parks, but you can't cycle - only the police can do that! Horses are another good and ecological way of keeping order in London.

This is Trafalgar Square with the National Gallery art museum in the background. Nelson's Column is a monument to Admiral Nelson who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1815. You can also visit the British Museum in Great Russell Street or walk over the new Millennium Bridge to the Tate Modern Museum when it opened on the 10th of June. The bridge had to be closed after just a few days because it was moving too much. Don't worry, it's okay now. The Tate Modern museum is a converted old power station. On the other side of the Millennium Bridge is Saint Paul’s Cathedral. It is a tourist attraction and you can walk the 530 steps up to the gallery and see London. Another feature of London is the changing of the guard which takes place inside the grounds of Buckingham Palace every day at 11 am. It lasts about 40 minutes, but come early, as there are usually lots of people. You can take a boat along the Thames. This is tower bridge, it opens up for big boats and all the car traffic has to stop for about 15 minutes. You can also walk along the top bridge that joins the two towers. If you keep going east you arrive in the new Docklands area. There are a lot of big offices and expensive new apartments on the river there. Time certainly flies when you're traveling around London.

这里是伦敦，英格兰和英国的首都。你能看到的大轮子是千年轮或者我们众所周知的伦敦眼。它高135米，装有32个玻璃舱。该摩天轮于2000年3月开启，标志着20世纪的结束和新千年的开始。

在千禧年之轮的对面，你可以看到大本钟，著名的钟楼和威斯敏斯特宫，也被称为议会大厦。这里是政府开会的地方。

伦敦最好的是它的公园。在摄政公园，你有伦敦市中心最大的运动草地和露天剧场。你可以在公园里放松、散步和跑步，但你不能骑自行车—只有警察才能这么做！马是伦敦维持秩序的另一种良好的生态方式。

这是特拉法加广场，背景是国家美术馆美术馆。纳尔逊纪念柱是纳尔逊海军上将的纪念碑，他于1815年死于特拉法加战役。你也可以参观位于大罗素街的大英博物馆，或在6月10日新千年大桥开放时步行前往泰特现代博物馆。这座桥因为移动太多，几天后不得不关闭。别担心，现在没事了。泰特现代博物馆是一座经过改造的旧发电站。

在千禧桥的另一边，是圣保罗大教堂。这是一个旅游景点，你可以走530级台阶到美术馆去看伦敦。伦敦的另一个特点是每天上午11点在白金汉宫内更换警卫。它持续大约40分钟，但要早点来，因为通常有很多人。

你可以乘船沿泰晤士河航行。这是塔桥，它向大船开放，所有的汽车交通必须停止大约15分钟。你也可以沿着连接两座塔的顶桥走。如果你继续往东走，你就会到达新的码头区。河边有许多大办公室和昂贵的新公寓。当你在伦敦旅行时，你会感觉时间过得飞快。

millennium /mɪˈleniəm/ n. 一千年

capsule /ˈkæpsjuːl/ n. 胶囊，容器，太空舱

ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ adj. 生态的

convert /kənˈvɜːt/ v. 转变，转换

London Eye 伦敦眼

Regent’s Park 摄政公园

Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场

Nelson's Column 纳尔逊纪念柱

Great Russell Street 大罗素街

Saint Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂

National Gallery 国家美术馆

Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫

Tate Modern museum 泰特现代美术馆

出国旅行的时候，在飞机上要填写一张“入境卡”（Arrival Card）。你要把自己的个人信息填写清楚。除了姓名、座位号外，你还需要填的主要信息是：

Nationality（国籍，例：China）

Passport no.（护照号码）

Length of stay（停留时长）

Purpose of visit（来访目的，例：Tour, Business, Study, Employment等）

Signature（签名）

一般在机场或者很多人口密集的街道上都有。这是出国旅行非常常用的一个环节。到地点以后，你一般可以通过大屏幕看到实时的exchange rate（兑换汇率），来大概估算出你需要换多少钱。下面我们来看一个外汇兑换时的模拟场景：

Tourist: Hello. I want to exchange some US Dollars. （游客：你好。我想换些美元。）

Attendant: What kind of currency have you got? （接待人员：您现在有哪国货币？）

Tourist: RMB. By the way, the exchange rate today? （游客：人民币。顺便问一下，今天的汇率是多少？）

Attendant: One US Dollar in cash is equivalent to 7.1 Yuan. （接待人员：1美元折合7.1元人民币。）

Tourist: And I want to change 5000 Yuan. （游客：我想换5000元。）

Attendant: Minus the fee, here are your dollars. Please sign here. （接待人员：减去手续费，这是您的美元，请在这里签字。）

Tourist: OK, thank you. （游客：好的，谢谢您。）

旅游景点买票的时候，不同类型、人群的票价往往不同，常见的门票类型有：

成人票（adult ticket）

儿童票（children ticket）

老人票（senior ticket）

家庭票（family ticket）

团体票（group ticket）

通票（all-inclusive ticket）

通常会有一些优惠（discount）。

我们下面就来看一下购买门票时常用的句子：

（1）Excuse me. Where can I buy a ticket?（打扰一下。哪里可以买票？）

（2）Where is the ticket office?（售票口在哪里？）

（3）Do you have a group discount?（请问有团体优惠吗？）

（4）One adult / children / senior ticket, please.（麻烦给我一张成人/ 儿童/ 老人票。）

（5）Can I use this coupon?（这张优惠券能用吗？）

（6）Can I see everything with this ticket?（请问这张票可以看所有的东西吗？）

（7）Do I have to pay extra on some spots?（在一些景点上我还需要额外购票吗？——

当我们身处异国他乡时，向当地人询问信息是常有的事儿。这里帮你列举两种旅游时候你要会问的信息：药店（pharmacy）和纪念品商店（souvenir shop）。

（1）Pharmacy（药店）

1）Excuse me. Where is the nearest pharmacy?（打扰一下。最近的药店怎么走？）

2）I have a severe headache probably fromjet lag, and I’m unable to sleep.（由于时差反应，我头疼的厉害，没法睡觉。）

jet lag飞行时差综合征；时差反应

3）I think I’m allergic to seafood. I need to buy some medicine.（我觉得我海鲜过敏了。我想买点药。）

allergic[əˈlɜːdʒɪk]adj. 对……过敏的

be allergic to 对……过敏

4）How many tablets should I take at a time?（这药片我一次吃几片？）

tablet [ˈtæblət] n. 药片；牌，碑，匾；平板电脑（tablet computer）

5）Does the drug have any side-effects?（这药有副作用吗？）

side-effect 副作用

（2）Souvenir shop（纪念品商店）

1）Can you recommend some souvenirs for me? I want to buy something for my wife / husband / children.（您能为我推荐一些纪念品么？我想给我妻子/ 丈夫/ 孩子买点东西。）

souvenir [ˌsuːvəˈnɪə(r)]n. 纪念品，纪念物

2）That’s over my budget. Can you give me a discount?（那超出我的预算了。您能便宜点/ 打个折么？）

budget [ˈbʌdʒɪt]n. 预算

3）Would you please wrap it up for me?（您能为我把它包起来么？）

wrap [ræp]v. 包，裹

如果你旅游期间买了很多东西，在回国的时候海关会让你进行申报(declare) ，确认是否需要缴税以及缴税的金额。但如果你买的东西都是duty-free/tax-free items（免税物品），你就可以不用缴税了。当然，如果在现场查到一些违禁物品，海关会没收（confiscate）, 我们下来一起了解一些过海关时的常用语：

1）Do you have anything to declare?（你有没有东西要申报？）

2）Would you mind opening this bag?（您介意打开这个包吗？）

3）How much currency are you carrying?（你带了多少现金？）

4）What will you use these cameras for?（你这些照相机是干什么用的？）

5）These cameras are for my personal use.（这些照相机是我自己要用的。）

6）I’m sorry. I'm going to have to confiscate these.（很抱歉。我得没收这些东西。）

From the smallest activities（从最小的活动）

什么活动呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

like weekend getaways, 就像周末出游（这种活动）

getaway是个合成词，字面意思是“处于离开的状态”，生活里指的是“逃跑”或者“短假”（short holiday），也就是短期离开一下普通生活，去享受一下假期。

to the biggest events（到最大的事情）

然后又是一个介词短语作后置定语：

like traveling around the globe,（就像环游世界，）

整体也就是说：从周末出游这种小事，到环游世界这种大事，

these most memorable experiences（这些最难忘的经历）

have taught us（教给了我们）

教给我们什么呢？后面是一个动词不定式作宾语补足语：

to cherish the breath-taking moments（去珍惜那些令人惊叹的瞬间）

breath-taking的字面意思是“带走呼吸的、令人窒息的”，生活里往往指的是“令人惊叹的”。然后是一个介词短语作地点状语：

in the places we visit.（在我们去过的地方。）

整句话也就是说：这些最难忘的经历教会了我们去珍惜我们去过的地方里的那些惊艳的时刻。

teach/have (has) taught us to … 教（会）我们去……

Difficult times have taught us to face challenges more bravely.（艰难的时刻教会了我们去更加勇敢地面对挑战。）

This story has taught us to be honest.（这个故事教会了我们要诚实。）

他的经历教会了我们要积极面对生活。（His experience has taught us to face life positively.）

这个故事教会了我们去珍惜我们所拥有的东西。（This story has taught us to cherish the things we have.）

放手出去玩固然是很多人都很喜欢的，但是你可能也会有所顾虑。什么顾虑呢？我们接着来看下一段：

But these special moments（但这些特别的时刻）

can sometimes（有时候会）

会什么呢？

set you back a nice chunk of change.（让你花好多钱。）

set sb. back，字面意思是“把某人往回拉”，生活里往往表示“花费某人很多钱”，有点类似于汉语里的“一朝回到解放前”的感觉。This is a very good colloquial expression. 同时set sb. back后面经常会加上具体的钱数。比如说：

His new car has set him back nearly a million dollars.（他的新车花了他将近100万美元。）

原文里的a nice chunk of change，结构是a chunk of（一大块、大量的）。同时nice（好的）这里指的是“相当多的”，change指的是“零钱”，也就是“换回来的钱”。a nice chunk of change，也就是“好多钱”的意思。

我们再把原文这句话完整看一遍：

But these special moments can sometimes set you back a nice chunk of change. 但这些特别的时刻有时候会让你花很多钱。

set sb. back + money（让某人花多少钱）

Your new car must have set you back quite a lot.（你的新车一定花了你不少钱。）

Getting the car fixed is going to set me back nearly a grand.（修好这辆车要花掉我将近1000块钱。）

他的新房子花了他50万美元。（His new house has set him back half a million dollars.）

我的电脑花了我1万块钱。（My computer has set me back ten thousand yuan.）

Let’s move on to the text:

Attending gigs,（观看现场演出，）

partaking in lavish activities（参加盛大的活动，）

or jetting off to a tourist hotspot（或者飞去热门旅游景点）

jet作名词表示“喷气式飞机”，作动词表示“坐喷气式飞机旅行”。jet off指的是“乘飞机出发”。同时，hotspot是个合成词，字面意思是“热点”，生活里指的是“热门地点”。tourist hotspot也就是“热门的旅游景点”。另外，前面整个部分是三个动名词短语作主语。紧接着后面才是这句话的其它部分：

are often kind of costly!（通常是有点贵的！）

costly来自cost（动词“花费”），作形容词表示“花钱多的、贵的、代价大的”。也就是说：这些活动往往是比较烧钱的。

Even a weekend camping（即使一趟周末露营）

can mean a considerable amount of money.（也可以是一笔可观的花销。）

considerable来自consider（动词“考虑”），作形容词表示“需要仔细考虑的、相当大的”。

我们接着来看第三段，聊一聊关于钱的问题：

For some people,（对于一些人来说，）

money may not be an issue,（钱可能不是一个问题，）

but for the majority,（但对大多数人来说，）

they need to be more careful with their spending.（他们需要在花销上更加谨慎一些。）

For some people, …, but for the majority, … 对于一些人来说，……，但对于大多数人来说，……

For some people, being single is OK. But for the majority, they need the other half.（对于一些人来说，单身没问题。但是对于大多数人来说，他们需要另一半。）

对于一些人来说，居家办公是可以的。（For some people, working from home is OK.）但是对于大多数人来说，他们需要良好的工作氛围。（But for the majority, they need a good working atmosphere.）

Let’s move on to the text.

So when you need to be budget-conscious（所以，当你需要有预算意识的时候）

为什么要有预算意识呢？

because you're saving up for something big（因为一些重要的事情正在存钱）

save up for，意思是“为了……而存钱”。

or you're just trying to stack some cash,（或者你只是想攒钱的时候，）

it often feels like（就总是感觉）

感觉什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

you have very limited affordable options.（你能负担得起的选择非常有限。）

这句话很长，我们再来完整看一遍：

So when you need to be budget-conscious because you're saving up for something big or you're just trying to stack some cash, it often feels like you have very limited affordable options. 按照汉语的表达习惯，也就是说：所以，当你需要有预算意识，比如因为一些重要的事情正在存钱或者只是想攒钱的时候，往往就会觉得自己的选择非常有限。

但钱不够就没法玩得开心吗？也不是。Let’s move on to the next paragraph and find out the solution:

However, this doesn't always need to be the case.（但情况并非总是如此。）

case作名词表示“某种具体情况、事例”。我们平时说的“小case”，就是“小事”的意思。However, this doesn't always need to be the case. 这句话的字面意思是：但并不总得是这种情况。也就是说：想玩好并不一定非得花很多钱。This is also a very good colloquial expression.

Having the time of your life（享受你生活里的时光）

doesn't have to bust your bank account.（并不非得榨干你的银行账户。）

bust在口语里作动词，可以表示“打碎”，在指钱的时候表示的是“搞垮、榨干”（to ruin financially）。原文里也就是说：享受生活不一定非得花很多钱。

Actually（事实上，）

there are plenty of free or super cheap things you can do.（有很多免费或者超级便宜的事情你都可以做。）

这里的you can do是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰前面的things。

The biggest challenge you'll run into（你会遇到的最大挑战）

run into指的是“跑入、遭遇”。这里的you’ll run into同样是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰前面的challenge。

might be（可能是）

是什么呢？后面是一个动名词短语作表语：

narrowing it down（缩小范围）

这里的it指的是你可以选择的范围。缩小到什么程度呢？后面是一个介词短语做程度状语：

to the ideas you want to try first（缩小到你想首先尝试的那些想法）

这里的you want to try first也是定语从句，修饰前面的ideas。

and take the first step.（然后迈出第一步。）

我们再把这句话完整看一遍：

The biggest challenge you'll run into might be narrowing it down to the ideas you want to try first and take the first step. 你遇到的最大问题可能就是缩小范围去找到自己首先想做的，然后迈出第一步。

The biggest challenge you'll run into is …（你要面临的最大挑战是……。）

The biggest challenge you'll run into is passing the test.（你要面临的最大挑战是通过这次考试。）

你要面临的最大挑战是接受他的道歉。（The biggest challenge you'll run into is accepting his apology.）

我们接着来看最后一段：

Even if you are an introvert（即使你是个内向的人）

and need some alone time,（需要一些独处的时间，）

there are plenty of activities to relax yourself.（也会有很多可以让你放松的活动。）

这里的to relax yourself（让你放松的）是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的activities。

Visiting different types of exhibitions（参观不同类型的展览）

is one of those great options（就是最好的选择之一）

什么样的选择呢？后面是一个that引导的定语从句：

that will leave you with lasting memories（会给你留下持久的回忆）

and give you the peace you've been seeking 并且给你你一直在追寻的平静的（选择之一）

这里的you’ve been seeking也是一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句。整句话也就是说：参观不同类型的展览就是一个很好的选择，会给你留下持久的回忆，也会赋予你长期追寻的平静。

1. cherish [ˈtʃerɪʃ] vt. 珍爱；珍惜

这个词前面的cher-从读音上很像care（动词“关心”，无词源关系）；后面是一个动词后缀-ish。我们可以把cherish看成“去关心、去爱护”，进而记住cherish作动词表示“珍爱、珍惜”。比如说：

We should cherish time.（我们应该珍惜时间。）

To cherish the environment is to love ourselves.（珍爱环境就是爱护我们自己。）

2. partake [pɑːrˈteɪk] vi. 吃，喝；分享；参与

这个词是part-taking的回构词，字面意思是take part，作动词表示“参加、参与”，是个正式的措辞，也是个不及物动词。比如说：

She likes to partake in different activities.（她喜欢参加不同的活动。）

生活里，partake也可以表示“吃、喝”，是个幽默的说法。比如说：

 Would you care to partake of a little wine with us?（你愿意和我们一起喝点酒吗？）

3. lavish [ˈlævɪʃ] adj. 奢侈的，盛大的；大量的；慷慨的，大方的

这个词前面的lav-是“冲洗、流动”（wash）的意思。我们在一些公共场合会看到一些洗手间的英语就叫做lavatory。lavish的字面意思是“大量涌出的”，生活里作形容词表示“奢华的、盛大的、大量的”，有点类似汉语里的“花钱如流水的”。比如说：lavish gifts（奢华的礼物），lavish lifestyle（奢华的生活方式）等等。

生活里，lavish作形容词，也可以表示“慷慨的、大方的”，也就是very generous。比如说：

The critics were lavish in their praise for the painting.（艺术评论人对这幅油画丝毫不吝啬他们的夸赞。）

4. issue [ˈɪʃuː] vt.&vi. 发行；发布 n. 问题；议题；（报刊的）期，号，版次

这个词从读音上和exit（安全出口）相关，前面的is-通前缀ex-表示“向外”。再往前推，这两个单词都和“走出去”相关，exit指的是“走出去的地方”，也就是“安全出口”，而issue作动词，表示“发行、发布”，也就是“让一样事物或一个消息走出去”。比如说：

Police issued a statement about the case.（警方关于这起案件发布了一项声明。）

同时，生活当中我们的驾照、护照等的“签发日期”，英语就叫做Issue Date或者Date of Issue。

生活里，issue也经常作名词，表示“重要的问题”，也就是“走出、冒出来的棘手的事情”。比如说：

She usually writes about environmental issues.（她经常写环境问题的文章。）

同时，issue作名词，也可以表示“（报刊的）期、号、版次”。比如说：

There's an article on learning English in the latest issue of the magazine.（在这个杂志的最近一期上有一篇关于学英语的文章。）

5. budget [ˈbʌdʒɪt] n. 预算 v. 制定预算

这个词前面的budg的意思是bag（包），后面是一个小词后缀-et。budget最早指的是“装财务预算材料的包”。在过去，英国财政大臣到议会申请审批财政预算时，通常会把预算材料事先装在一个皮包中，在会场上再从皮包中掏出来。所以当时的人们就会用“Open the budget”（“打开包拿出预算材料”）来表示“提出预算”。久而久之，budget这个词就变成了“预算”的意思。比如说：

They went over their budget.（他们超出了预算。）相当于：They spent more money than they expected.

budget也可以作动词，表示“预算、安排开支”。比如说：

If we budget carefully, we’ll be able to afford the trip.（如果精打细算一下，我们就能负担这次旅行。）

6. conscious [ˈkɒnʃəs; ˈkɑːnʃəs] adj. 意识到的；神志清醒的，有知觉的

前缀con-表示“共同、一起”；中间的-sci-表示“知道”，我们熟悉的science（科学），字面意思就是“我们知道的东西”；conscious最后是一个形容词后缀-ous。这个词的字面意思，是“全都知道的”，作形容词表示“有意识的、清醒的”。比如说：

He’s very badly injured but still conscious.（他伤得很重，但神志还清醒。）

英语里还有个单词，和conscious读音和长相都很像，也是conscious的同源词，叫做conscience / ˈkɑːnʃəns /，不过conscience是名词，表示“良心、良知”，也就是“一个人认识到的、能够明辨是非的道德观念”。比如说：

This is a matter of conscience.（这是一个有关良知的问题。）这两个词，你要做好区分。

7. stack [stæk] n.（通常指码放整齐的）一叠，一摞，一堆 vt. 把……放成整齐的一摞；把……码成堆

这个词从读音上和stick（棍子）有关。stack早期指的是“草堆”，现在stack作名词，泛指“整齐的一堆、一摞”。比如说：a stack of books（一摞书），a stack of files（一堆文件）等等。

生活里，stack作名词，也可以表示“大量”，通常用a stack of或者stacks of来表示。比如说：

Don't worry, we've got stacks of time.（别担心，我们有的是时间。）

stack也可以作动词，表示“把……放成整齐的一摞、一堆”。比如说：

They are busy stacking the shelves with goods.（他们正在忙着在架子上摆货。）

8. cash [kæʃ] n. 现款，现金；金钱，资金

这个词从读音上和case有关。case作名词，除了可以表示“事情、事例”，也可以表示“箱子、盒子”（异源同形词）。我们小时候用的“铅笔盒”，英语就叫做pencil case。同时我们现在用的“手机壳”，英语就可以叫做phone case。cash这个词，早期指的是装钱的箱子（money box），后来cash被用来代表“现金”。比如说：

Do you have any cash on you?（你身上有现金吗？）

不过现在cash这个词也可以泛指“钱”。比如说：

I'm short of cash right now.（我眼下正缺钱。）

cash也可以作动词，表示“兑现”。比如说：

Would you cash a cheque for me?（你能帮我兑一张支票吗？）

9. bust [bʌst] vt. 弄坏，打碎；逮捕；降级；阻止 n. 半身像；女子胸部，胸围 adj. 损坏的

bust这个词是burst（动词“爆裂、胀开”）的另一种写法。bust作动词，表示“击碎、打破、弄坏”，是个非正式的词。比如说：

Oh no! I bust my phone.（哎呀！我把手机弄坏了。）

He said he’ll bust the door down if she doesn’t open it.（他说如果她不开门，他就要把门砸开了。）

bust作动词，还可以表示“突击搜查或拘捕”，指的就是“破门而入逮捕罪犯”，我们在看很多美国的警匪片或者玩侠盗飞车这样的游戏的时候，经常会听到一句话，叫做：

You’re busted. 意思就是“你被逮捕了”。

在英式英语里，bust还可以作形容词，表示“损坏的”。比如说：

I think my watch is bust.（我想我的表坏了。）

英语里还有个单词也叫bust，作名词表示“半身像”或者“女子的胸围”。不过这是个来自意大利语的单词，和刚才的bust属于异源同形词。

10. account [əˈkaʊnt] n. 账户；描述；叙述；报告 vt. 认为是；视为

前缀ac-是ad-的变体表示“去”；后面的count作动词表示“数数”。account的字面意思是“去数”，作名词可以表示“账户”，也就是和“数钱”有关。比如说：

I need to draw some money out of my account.（我得从我的账户上取出一些钱来。）

account作名词，也可以表示“描述、叙述、报告”，也就是“细数过程的记录”。比如说：

She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle.（她把自己在丛林中生活的经历描述得惊险刺激。）

account也可以作动词，表示“认为是、视为”，通常会以被动语态的形式出现，也就是“被描述成”。比如说：

She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work.（所有知道她作品的人都认为她是个天才。）

11. introvert [ˈɪntrəvɜː(r)t] n. 内向的人

前缀intro-表示“向里”；后面的-ver(t)-是“转”的意思。introvert的字面意思，是“往里转”，作名词专指“内向的人”，相对的是extrovert（外向的人）。比如说：

Are you an introvert or an extrovert?（你是内向型还是外向型的人？）

Welcome to STASH. Today we'll talk about setting up a budget, specifically something called the ‘50-30-20 budget’. By creating a budget, you can make the most of your hard-earned money and stop living paycheck to paycheck. Instead you'll have a roadmap for your financial life that'll give you extra cash to spare. A budget will tell you how much money you have for bills, to pay off your student loans, daily coffees, meals out as well as savings. Most people give up on budgets because they sound scary or complicated, but they're actually pretty easy. The 50-30-20 budget will help you keep things simple. When you're setting up any budget, you'll be looking at your take-home pay which is how much you actually get after taxes with each paycheck. Next there are two types of expenses you should be aware of. The first one is called a fixed expense. That's an expense you have to pay every month no matter what and it won't change very much over time. Think of these as your ‘Needs’. The next kind of expense is called a variable expense and that's something you have more control over. These are things you spend on that can change over time and are fun but not necessarily must-haves. Consider these expenses your ‘Wants’. Grab a pencil and paper or use a spreadsheet and list your ‘Needs’ and ‘Wants’ for the month. Now let's get into the 50-30-20 budget. It involves using the fixed and variable expenses we were just talking about. Let's imagine your take-home pay is two thousand dollars a month. You'll allocate fifty percent or one thousand dollars to ‘Needs’. Remember, you have to pay these expenses each month and it's where the bulk of your spending will go. Next, aim to spend no more than thirty percent of your pay or six hundred dollars on ‘Wants’. These are more flexible expenses and should include some fun stuff like movies and meals out. The final 20 or 400 of your budget should be dedicated to saving and investing for both short and long-term goals. This can be cash savings and checking and savings accounts, emergency funds, investments, retirement accounts like 401ks or IRAs or other long-term investments. You'll return to ‘Wants’ to make some cuts if you want to save more money or need it for other essentials. Budgeting may sound daunting but it's a practice that gives you control over your money. The simpler your budget is, the more likely you are to stick to it. Happy budgeting!

欢迎来到STASH。今天我们将讨论制定预算，特别是所谓的50-30-20预算法。通过制定预算，你可以最大限度地利用你辛苦赚来的钱，不再靠薪水过日子。相反，你会为你的财务生活制定一个规划，让你有更多的现金结余。预算会告诉你有多少钱来支付账单、偿还学生贷款、每日咖啡、外出用餐以及储蓄。大多数人放弃预算是因为它们听起来很可怕或很复杂，但实际上它们很简单。50-30-20预算法将帮助您让事情变得简单。当你制定预算时，你会看到你的实际收入，即你每一张工资支票的税后实际收入。接下来有两种类型的费用你应该注意。第一种被称为固定费用。这是你每个月都要支付的费用，无论是什么，随着时间的推移不会有太大变化。将这些视为你的“必须项”。下一种费用称为可变费用，你可以更好地控制它。这些花费可以随着时间的推移而改变，东西很有趣，但不一定是必须的。将这些开支视为您的“需求项”。拿起一支铅笔和一张纸，或者使用电子表格，列出你这个月的“必须项”和“需求项”。现在让我们进入50-30-20预算法。它涉及到使用我们刚才讨论的固定费用和可变费用。让我们想象一下，你每个月的实得工资是两千美元。你将拨出百分之五十或一千美元来满足必须项。记住，你必须每月支付这些费用，这是你大部分支出的去处。其次，目标是花不超过你工资的百分之三十或六百美元来满足需求项。这些费用更加灵活，应该包括一些有趣的东西，如电影和外出就餐。预算的最后20或400应该用于短期和长期目标的储蓄和投资。这可以是现金储蓄、支票和储蓄账户、应急基金、投资、退休账户（如401ks或IRAs）或其他长期投资。如果你想节省更多的钱或需要其他必需品，你可以返回“需求项”进行一些削减。预算可能听起来令人畏惧，但这是一种让你可以控制你的钱的做法。你的预算越简单，你就越有可能坚持下去。祝你预算快乐！

must-have 必需品
daunting /ˈdɔːntɪŋ/ adj. 令人畏惧的
allocate /ˈæləkeɪt/ v. 分配

set up a budget 制定预算
make the most of 充分利用
take-home pay 税后收入
the bulk of 大部分
stick to 坚持

1. Young: It's nice to get out of the house for a while.（杨：能从家里出来一会儿真好。）

这句话里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to get out of the house（从家里出来）。同时后面的for a while（一会儿）是介词短语作时间状语。

These days（这些天）

work has been nonstop!（工作就没停过！）

2. Young: It's too bad（杨：有件事情很糟糕）

这里的it照样是形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句：

that Alice couldn't join me.（爱丽丝不能跟我一起。）

整句话也就是说：很可惜爱丽丝不能跟我一起来。

It's too bad that …（很可惜……。）

It's too bad that they lost the match.（很可惜他们输了这场比赛。）

It’s too bad that you have to go.（很可惜你得走。）

很可惜你错过了这次演出。（It’s too bad that you missed the performance.）

很可惜他没能参加这次会议。（It’s too bad that he couldn’t attend the meeting.）

Young says that it’s too bad that Alice couldn’t join him to the exhibition. He continues:

She is a way bigger art geek than me!

geek作名词，原本指的是痴迷一件小众的事而变得不是很合群的人，比如computer geek（电脑迷）。不过现在geek作名词，往往指的是“某个领域的高手”，汉语翻译成“极客”。原文里的art geek，也就是“艺术高手”的意思。原文里的way bigger里的way是个程度副词，表示“远远地”。She is a way bigger art geek than me! 字面意思是：她是个远比我大得多的艺术高手！按照汉语的表达习惯，也就是说：她远比我有艺术细胞！

3. Young: Nevertheless,（杨：不过，）

I'm gonna make the most of my day.（我还是要充分利用这一天。）

make the most of the day，指的是“最大化、充分利用好一天”。This is the first colloquial expression today.

Alice keeps talking about this place（爱丽丝一直在说这个地方）

so I think I can go check the latest art exhibition here.（所以我想来看看这里最新的艺术展览。）

He enters the Art exhibition.

4. Young: There's no admission fee.（杨：不要门票钱。）

admission fee意思是“入场费、门票费”。

How great is that! （这可太棒了！）

5. Young: Let's take a look here first.（杨：我们先来看看这里。）

It seems to be（这好像是）

是什么呢？后面是一个表语从句：

where everyone is heading.（每个人都去的地方。）

也就是说：Everyone is heading there.

I guess I can't go wrong（我觉得我不会出错）

if I follow the crowd.（如果我跟着大家的话。）

sb. can’t go wrong …（某人……肯定不会错。）

The machine can’t go wrong if you operate it carefully.（如果你小心操作，机器肯定不会出错。）

You can’t go wrong with suit.（你穿西装肯定不会错。）

如果我们一起努力，这个计划不会出错。（The plan can’t go wrong if we work together.）

你穿牛仔裤肯定不会错。（You can’t go wrong with jeans.）

Let’s go back to the text.

6. Young: I'm not the biggest fan of art,（杨：我不是特别喜欢艺术，）

but this is pretty cool.（但这儿挺酷的。）

I like（我喜欢）

喜欢什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

how the artist has blended the different tones together.（这些艺术家把不同色调融合在一起的方式。）

也就是说：I like the way (that the artist has blended the different tones together).

7. Young: The colors from the canvas（杨：画布上的颜色）

really jump out at you.

jump out at sb.，字面意思是“跳出来冲向某人”，生活里指的是“（在一堆人或事物当中）非常引人注目”。原文里这句话也就是说：画布上的颜色非常引人注目。

It's very pleasing to the eye.

这句话的字面意思是：这幅画让眼睛非常开心。其实就是汉语里说的：这幅画很赏心悦目/很养眼。This is also the second colloquial expression today.

8. Young: I sort of understand（杨：我有点明白）

明白什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

why Alice is really into these kinds of places.（为什么爱丽丝喜欢这种地方了。）

There's something very tranquil（有种很安静的东西）

然后是一个介词短语作地点状语：

about visiting an art exhibition.（在参观艺术展览这件事上。）

也就是说：参观艺术展览有种非常安静的感觉。

There's something very … about …（在……上有种非常……的感觉。）

There’s something very cute about you.（你身上有种非常可爱的感觉。）

There’s something very strange about this place.（这个地方有种非常奇怪的感觉。）

他身上有种非常吓人的东西。（There’s something very scary about him.）

这家餐厅有种非常浪漫的感觉。（There’s something very romantic about this restaurant.）

I’m a bit addicted to this kind of feeling now!（我现在有点对这种感觉上瘾了！）

9. Young: Everyone gathers around（大家都聚集在一起）

怎样聚集呢？后面是一个介词短语作方式状语：

in complete silence（用非常安静的方式）

为什么安静地聚集在一起呢？后面是动词不定式作目的状语：

to try to interpret the message（去尝试解读那种信息）

什么信息呢？后面是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句：

the artist is trying to put across. 艺术家尝试去传达的（信息）

put across的字面意思是“放到这边来”，也就是“从艺术家的视角传递到观众的视角这边来，让观众理解”。整句话也就是说：大家都安静地聚集一起，尝试理解艺术家想表达的信息。

10. Young: I remember seeing on the way in（杨：我记得进来的路上看到）

这里的on the way in（在进来的路上）是地点状语。在进来的路上看到什么呢？后面是一个that引导的宾语从句：

that there was a sculpture exhibition today.（今天有一个雕塑展。）

He goes to ask someone.

11. Young: Excuse me.（杨：打扰了。）

Can you point me in the direction of the room with the sculptures?（您能帮我指一下有雕塑的房间的方向吗？）

其实就是说：请问有雕塑的房间是在哪儿？

Can you point me in the direction of …（您能告诉我去……的方向吗？）

Excuse me. I’m a bit lost. Can you point me in the direction of the circus?（打扰一下。我有点迷路。您能告诉我去马戏团的方向吗？）

您能告诉我去图书馆的方向吗？（Can you point me in the direction of the library?）

Someone points him in a direction. He then walks into the next room.

12. Young: I wonder（杨：我很想知道）

知道什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

how the artists came up with such bold ideas in the first place!（这些艺术家当初是怎么想出这么大胆的构思的！）

in the first place在这里作时间状语，指的是“在最初的时候、当初”。

They truly are the masters of their works!【他们真的是自己（领域的）作品的大师！】

He checks the time.

13. Young: Is that the time?!（杨：已经到这个点了吗？！）

I can't believe how time has flown!（我真不敢相信时间过得这么快！）

I’d better make my exit（我最好出去）

and go get some dinner.（然后去吃点晚饭。）

1. nevertheless [ˌnevə(r)ðəˈles] adv. 然而，不过

这个词是never the less的合成词，字面意思是“从来不会更少”，相当于nonetheless（none the less），结合语境指的是“针对某种情况仍然有例外”，汉语翻译成“然而、不过、尽管如此”。比如说：

I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.（关于这个话题我已经知道很多了，不过她的报告听起来还是很有趣。）

The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it is true.（这个消息可能出乎意料，不过是真实的。）

2. admission [ədˈmɪʃ(ə)n] n.（尤指不情愿的）承认；供认；招认；准许进入；入场费；门票费

这个词来自：

admit [ədˈmɪt] v.（尤指不情愿地）承认；供认；招认；允许进入；准许加入；接纳

前缀ad-表示“朝向”；后面的-mit-和-miss-一样，都是词根“发送”的意思。英语里有个词叫做missile（导弹），字面意思就是“发射的一种炮弹”。admit这个词，字面意思是“朝某处发送”，生活里结合语境指的是“允许进入”。比如说：

Each ticket admits one member and one guest.（每张票可以让一位会员和一位客人进入。）

Men will not be admitted to the restaurant without a tie.（不系领带的男士不允许进入这家饭店。）

admit作动词，也可以表示“准许加入、接纳”。比如说：

Spain was admitted to the European Community in 1986.（西班牙于1986年被接纳为欧洲共同体成员。）

在日常生活里，admit作动词，更多用来表示“允许（别人的）观点进入”，作动词表示“承认、供认、招认”，尤其指的是开始“不情愿地承认”。比如说：

She admitted that she had made a mistake.（她承认自己犯了一个错误。）

admission作名词，表示“准许进入”。比如说：

Admission to the exhibition will be by invitation only.（只有收到邀请的人才可进入这次展览。）

admission作名词，也可以表示“入场费、门票费”，也就是“进入之前要交的钱”。比如说：

How much do they charge for admission?（他们入场费要收多少钱？）

当然，admission作名词，也可以表示“承认、供认、招认”。比如说：

Her silence was taken as an admission of guilt.（她的沉默被认为是承认自己有罪。）

3. fee [fiː] n. 费用，酬金

这个词从读音上很像汉语的“费”。fee作名词，表示“酬金、报酬、费用”。比如说：

He had to pay a fee of $40 to get his car back.（他必须付40美元的费用才能取回他的车。）

The bank charges a certain fee for setting up an account.（银行针对开户收取特定的费用。）

4. blend [blend] v. （使）混合，调和

blend作动词表示“使混合”。这个词从读音上和blind（瞎的、盲目的）有关。“瞎的”是眼睛“分不清光线”，“盲目的”是“分不清利害关系”，而blend（混合）就是东西混在一起之后“分不清彼此”。比如说：

Blend the eggs and sugar together. 把鸡蛋和糖掺到一起。

5. tone [təʊn] n. 升调；语气，腔调，口吻；格调，风格

这个词从读音上和tend（动词“倾向、趋向”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“延伸、伸展”有关。tend指的是“向某处延伸”，tone这个词早期指的是“拉伸乐器的弦，从而使乐器发出不同的音调”。现在tone作名词，表示“升调、语气、腔调、口吻”。比如说：

It wasn't so much what she said that annoyed me — it was her tone.（让我生气的不是她所说的话，而是她说话的语气。）

tone作名词，也可以表示“格调、风格”。比如说：

He was in a very bad mood when he arrived, and that set the tone for the whole meeting.（他到的时候情绪很不好，这就决定了整个会议的气氛。）

tone作名词，还可以表示“色调”。比如说：

warm tones like brown and yellow（棕色和黄色这种暖色调）

6. interpret [ɪnˈtɜː(r)prət] vt. 解释，说明；口译；（表演者根据本人对作品的理解）表演，演绎

这个词的前缀inter-表示“在中间”；后面的pret从读音上和price（价格）相关。interpret早期指的是“买卖双方的中介、谈判者”，后来延伸成了“在两种语言之间口头翻译”，也就是“口译”的意思。比如说：

She couldn't speak English so she hired a man to interpret for her.（她不会说英语，所以请人帮他做口译。）

常见的翻译工作者分为两种，一种叫做translator，往往表示的是“笔译人员”；另一种叫做interpretor，专门指的是“口译人员”。

interpret作动词，也可以表示“解释、说明”。比如说：

The students were asked to interpret the poem.（学生们被要求解释那首诗的意思。）

interpret作动词，还可以表示“（表演者根据本人对作品的理解）表演、演绎”。比如说：

He interpreted the role with a lot of humor.（他把这个角色演得十分幽默。）

7. sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃə(r)] n. 雕像，雕塑作品

这个词前面的sculp-是carve（刻）的意思；后面是一个名词后缀-ture。sculpture作名词，专指“雕塑、雕像”。比如说：

The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people and animals.（博物馆里陈列着几个实物大小的人和动物雕塑。）

How to Design an Exhibition?
In today’s lesson, Young went to an art exhibition and had a great day there. But do you know how an exhibition is designed at the very beginning? Watch the following video and you may get some relevant information. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课程中，杨去了一个艺术展并在那里度过了愉快的一天。但你知道一个展览在最开始的时候是如何设计的么？收看下面的这段视频你也许会了解到一些相关信息。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

Well it usually begins with conversations with the curator of that particular exhibition and it starts with a checklist from them. The title of the artwork, the artist name and the size. And I basically work from the size, translating that into a workable scale for the model. Half inch to a foot scale. How do I translate that, like a four-foot piece of artwork, original size would become 2 inches on this model. He's just over five and a half feet, approximately. This happens to be an old image of Santiago Calatrava. I usually need input from the curator if they have some sort of a logical order, whether it be chronological or by theme or whatever. Then it's just sort of laid in here to make sure it all kind of like fits. You have to think of the safety of the artwork at all times you have to be concerned about the flow of traffic for people. You've got always keep in mind that the average person's eye level is about sixty inches from the floor. you can't have something sky-high and something real low right next to each other, it's kind of jarring. And all these walls, which we have three different sizes, are all moveable. We could make a smaller wall here and or a larger wall in this place. They're all 12 feet high and they're too big to take out of here. So none of them can leave the gallery. So if they're not used to hang artwork on, they have to be stored somewhere. There's a whole slew of walls here that are being stored that no one really sees when they're in the gallery itself, they're just stored back behind other walls. They can also be doubled up which makes them thicker. They're two feet wide, so this would be four feet. We can often totally wall off a section and use it for storage, for walls and other things. And so it gives us a lot of options how to lay it out. Well, yeah it's… often compared to like you know a dollhouse. That's the nature of it.

准备工作通常是从与某个展览馆馆长的对话开始，从他们的清单开始。艺术品名称、艺术家的姓名和尺寸。我基本上是从尺寸着手，将其转化为模型的可行比例。半英寸到一英尺的范围。怎么说呢，就像一件四英尺长的艺术品，这个模型的原始尺寸会变成2英寸。他大约只有五英尺半多一点。这恰巧是圣地亚哥卡拉特拉瓦的旧照片。如果它们有某种逻辑顺序，我通常需要馆长提供的建议，无论是按时间顺序还是按主题或其他方式。然后就把它放在这里，以确保它完全合适。你必须时刻考虑艺术品的安全，你必须关注人们的流动量。你必须时刻记住，一般人的眼睛水平距离地面大约60英寸。你不能把过高的东西和很低的东西摆在一起，这有点不和谐。所有这些墙，通常有三种不同的尺寸，都是可移动的。我们可以在这里造一堵小墙，或者在这里造一面大墙。它们都有12英尺高，太大了，搬不出去。所以它们都不能离开画廊。因此，如果它们不用于悬挂艺术品，则必须将它们存放在某处。这里有一大堆墙，当它们在画廊里时，没有人真正看到它们，它们只是被放在其他墙后面。它们也可以对折，使其更厚。它们有两英尺宽，所以这应该是四英尺。我们通常可以完全隔开一个部分，将其用于存储、墙壁和其他物品。因此，它给了我们很多选择，如何布局。嗯，是的，这…经常被比作你熟悉的玩具屋。这就是它的本质。

curator /kjʊəˈreɪtə(r)/ n. (博物馆)馆长
approximately /əˈprɒksɪmətli/ adv. 大约，大概
input /ˈɪnpʊt/ n. 建议
chronological /ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ adj. 按时间发生顺序排列的
jarring /ˈdʒɑːrɪŋ/ adj. 不和谐的
dollhouse /ˈdɒlhaʊs/ n. 玩具屋，玩偶之家

happen to be 恰巧是……
a whole slew of 大量的……

Young pulls up to the destination and wakes up Alice who has been sleeping the whole car ride.

1. Young: Hey, wake up,sweetheart!（杨：嘿，醒醒，亲爱的！）

We have arrived.（我们到了。）

2. Alice: That quick?（爱丽丝：这么快吗？）

3. Young: Quick?（杨：快？）

We were on the road for 2 hours!（我们在路上可花了2个小时！）

As soon as we set off,（我们一出发，）

you were out like a light!

out除了可以表示“在外面”，也可以表示“消失”。在现实生活里结合语境，out还可以表示蜡烛或者灯光的“熄灭”。be out like a light，字面意思是“像烛光/灯光一样一下就熄灭了”，用来形容人的时候指的是“一下子睡着”或者“瞬间失去知觉”，也可以形容一个人“睡得很香”或者“完全没知觉”，是个很形象的说法。原文里也就是说：我们一出发，你就一下子睡着了！

This is also the first colloquial expression today. For example:

I was so tired last night that I was out like a light as soon as my head hit the pillow.（昨晚我太累了，以至于我的头一贴上枕头就立马睡着了。）

He fell and hit his head. Then he was out like a light for two minutes.（他摔倒碰到头了，然后他昏迷了两分钟。）

她一上床就马上睡着了。（She was out like a light the moment she went to bed.）

昨天晚上，他们一直喝到失去知觉。（Last night, they drank until they were out like a light.）

Let’s move on to the text. Alice smiles awkwardly, looks out the window and sees their friends setting up.（爱丽丝尴尬地笑了笑，看向窗外，看到他们的朋友正在布置。）

4. Alice: Oh look!（爱丽丝：看！）

We're late for the party!（我们来晚了！）

be late for sth.，指的是“针对某事迟到了、来晚了”。

Tom and Jenny beat us here.

beat在这里是“打败”的意思。这句话的字面意思是：汤姆和珍妮打败了我们，（率先）到了这里。也就是说：汤姆和珍妮比我们先到了。

We should go say hi.（我们应该去打个招呼。）

5. Alice: Hey guys!（爱丽丝：嗨，小伙伴们！）

guys在英语里是“伙伴们、伙计们”的意思。

Thanks for inviting us along.（谢谢邀请我们一起来。）

It feels so nice to be able to breathe / briːð / some fresh air!（能够呼吸一些新鲜空气的感觉真好！）

I've been dying to go check this place out.（我一直急着想看看这个地方。）

6. Jenny: Come check it out!（珍妮：来看看吧！）

They have a look around.

7. Young: You guys look like pros（杨：你们看起来像专业人士）

这里的pros是professionals的口语说法，意思是“专业人士”。为什么说他们很专业呢？后面还有一个with引导的介词短语作伴随状语：

with your setup!（连同你们的布置一起！）

setup是个合成词，指的是“布置、安装”。整句话也就是说：看你们的布置，感觉你们就像专业搞露营的。

It seems you've thought of everything.（好像你们已经把一切都考虑到了。）

8. Tom: Yes.（汤姆：是的。）

This is not our first rodeo!（这不是我们第一次这么干了！）

rodeo作名词，本意指的是北美的竞技比赛，比如牛仔骑野马、用绳子套牛等等。在英语里，not one’s first rodeo，字面意思是“不是某人的第一次竞技比赛”，生活里表示“某人不是第一次面对某种情况了、不是第一次这么干了、很有经验了”。

This is also the second colloquial expression today. For example:

Don't think I'll fall for that old trick. This isn't my first rodeo.（别觉得我会上那种老套路的当。我不是第一次遇到这种情况了。）

You’re very good at this. I bet this is not your first rodeo.（你这方面很在行啊。我敢打赌你不是第一次这么干了。）

别担心我。这不是我第一次这么干了。（Don’t worry about me. This is not my first rodeo.）

我确信他这方面没问题。这不是他第一次这么干了。（I’m sure he has no problem in this. This is not his first rodeo.）

Let’s go back to the text. Tom says it is not his first rodeo setting the things up. He continues:

And I've booked you guys（而且我还给你们定了）

定了什么呢？后面是直接宾语：

your very own tent.（真正属于你们自己的帐篷。）

He takes Young to his tent.

9. Young: This tent looks really comfy!（杨：这帐篷看起来真的很舒服！）

comfy是comfortable的口语简化说法。

10. Tom: That's the whole point of glamping.（汤姆：这才是豪华露营的要点所在。）

glamping（豪华露营）是glamorous camping的合成词，也是个口语的简化说法。同时，the (whole) point of sth.，指的是“某事的要点”。This is also the first and the only sentence pattern today: That’s the whole point of …（这是……的重点。）For example:

That's the whole point of today's experiment.（这就是今天实验的重点。）

这就是这篇论文的重点。（That’s the whole point of this paper.）

It's about going camping（这（虽然也）是关于去露营）

but in style（但是有格调）

and with all your home comforts!（并且有你家里的全部舒适度！）

11. Young: This is impressive!（杨：这真是太牛了！）

It beats all my expectations.

这句话的字面意思是：它打败了我的所有预期。其实就是说：这超出了我的所有预期。

12. Tom: By the way, dinner is at 7 pm.（汤姆：顺便说一下，晚餐是在晚上7点。）

13. Young: What's on the menu?（杨：菜单上都有什么？）

也就是说：晚上有什么吃的？

14. Tom: I'll be rustling us up some nice steaks

rustle up里的up是程度副词表示“完全”。rustle up的意思是“快点做一些（食物）”。I’ll be rustling us up some nice steaks指的是：汤姆：我要快点给我们做一些好的牛排。在哪里做呢？后面是一个地点状语：

on my new grill!（在我的新烤架上！）

The great thing about barbecueis（烧烤的好处就是）

然后是一个that引导的表语从句：

that everyone can choose（每个人都可以选择）

然后还有一个宾语从句：

how they want their meat cooked.（他们想要怎样烹饪自己的肉。）

也就是说：每个人都能选择自己的肉烤到什么程度。

Some people like their steak well done（有些人喜欢自己的牛排全熟）

well done在牛排里专指的是“全熟”。

while others like it rare.（有些人就喜欢他们的牛排半生。）

rare在牛排里指的是“几乎是生的”。同时还有一种情况就是medium（中等程度，五分熟）。

15. Young: Great!（杨：太好了！）

I'll come lend you a hand.（我来给你搭把手。）

They go over to the BBQ area.（他们走到烧烤区。）

16. Young: When you prep the steaks, I'll get the barbecue lit.（杨：你准备牛排的时候，我去把烧烤火点着。）

prep是prepare（准备）的口语简化说法。同时，get the barbecue lit是get sth. done（让某事被做）。这里的lit是light（动词“点燃”）的过去分词，表示“被点燃”。

17. Tom: Thanks.（汤姆：谢了。）

18. Young: Did you bring anything to light it?（杨：你带了什么东西来点火吗？）

19. Tom: You can scrunch up the newspaper（汤姆：你可以把那些报纸揉成团，）

scrunch up指的是“把某物完全揉成一团”。

and put it between the coals.（把它放在煤块中间。）

Then light the paper（然后点着报纸，）

and allow the flames to catch and get going in their own time.

catch and get going指的是“（彼此）连上并且烧着”。后面的in their own time意思是“按照自己的时间”。这句话也就是说：让火自己引燃一会儿吧。

20. Young: (Thought) That should do the trick.（杨：（想）这应该能行。）

trick在这里指的是“技巧、窍门”。do the trick意思是“可行”。The third colloquial expression today is: That should do the trick.（这应该能行。）For example:

— My phone is dead.（——我的手机死机了。） — Turn it off and back on. That should do the trick.（——关机重启一下。这应该能行。）

——这个汤一点味道也没有。（— The soup has no taste at all.）——倒点盐进去。这应该能行。（— Pour some salt in it. That should do the trick.）

Let’s move on to the text. Young lights the BBQ.

21. Tom: Nice one, man.（汤姆：干得漂亮，哥们儿。）

The fourth colloquial expression today is: Nice one.（干得漂亮。）You can use it to praise anything that is done very well.

A few coals have been lit（几块煤被点燃了，）

and the rest will catch on their own.（其余的会自己着起来的。）

Let's have something to drink（我们喝点东西吧）

然后还有一个时间状语从句：

when we wait for the BBQ to heat up.（当我们等着烧烤架温度上来的时候。）

也就是说：咱们来边喝东西边等着烧烤架温度上来吧。

22. Young: I was just thinking the exact same!（杨：我也是这么想的！）

23. Tom: You know what they say: Great minds think alike!（汤姆：你知道的，人们常说：英雄所见略同！）

Great minds think alike. 字面意思是：伟大的头脑想得都很相似。也就是“英雄所见略同”的意思。This is also the last colloquial expression today.

1. tent [tent] n. 帐篷

这个词从读音上和tend（动词“倾向、趋向”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“延伸”有关。tent在生活里专门指的是“帐篷”，也就是“伸展开”才能发挥功能的装备。比如说：

The whole family slept in that tent last night.（昨晚那家人都是在那个帐篷里睡的。）

2. rustle [ˈrʌsl] v. （使）沙沙作响；（rustle up）很快制作；迅速找到；仓促凑成 n. 轻轻的摩擦声；沙沙声

rustle是个拟声起源的词，模仿的是“快速、柔软的声音”，接近汉语里的“沙沙沙”。现在rustle作动词，表示“使沙沙作响、发出轻轻的摩擦声”。比如说：

The leaves rustled in the breeze.（树叶在微风中沙沙作响。）

生活里，经常用rustle up sth.或者rustle sth. up来表示“很快做好某物”。比如说：

If you’re hungry, I can rustle up a sandwich for you.（如果你饿了，我可以快速为你做个三明治。）

She's trying to rustle up some funding for the project.（她正设法尽快为这个项目筹集一些资金。）

rustle也可以作名词，表示“轻轻的摩擦声、沙沙声”。比如说：

I heard a rustle in the bushes.（我听到树丛里发出一阵沙沙的声音。）

今天的文本里还有词也是个拟声词：

3. scrunch [skrʌntʃ] v.（使）嘎吱作响；把……揉成一团；使蜷缩，碾压

这个词从读音上和crunch有关。

crunch作动词，表示“嘎吱地咬碎”，有点汉语里“嘎嘣脆”的感觉。比如说：

She is crunching on an apple.（她嘎吱嘎吱地嚼着苹果。）

crunch也可以作名词，表示“嘎吱的声音”。比如说：

The woods were silent apart from the crunch of our feet in the snow.（树林里一片寂静，只有我们踩在雪地上的嘎吱嘎吱声。）

scrunch作动词，表示“（使）嘎吱作响”。比如说：

We scrunched snow under our feet.（雪在我们脚下嘎吱作响。）

scrunch作动词，也可以表示“把……揉成一团”。比如说：

She scrunched the letter up and threw it in the bin.（她把信揉成团，扔进了垃圾筒。）

scrunch作动词，还可以表示“收缩、缩小”，其实也是“压成一团”的意思。比如说：

The cat scrunched up under the sofa.（那只猫蜷缩在了沙发下面。）

4. steak [steɪk] n. 肉排，（尤指）牛排

这个词从读音上和stick（棍子）有关。steak早期指的是“插在烤肉杆上的肉”，也就是“肉排”。比如beef steak（牛排）chicken steak（鸡排）等等。

5. grill [ɡrɪl] n. 烤架

grill指的是gridiron（grid iron，格状的铁），专指烤肉的“烤架”。同时，“在烤架上烤”，英语叫做broil / brɔɪl /，这两个词我们可以一起记：to broil on a grill。

6. rare [reə(r)] adj. 稀少的；罕见的；（肉）半熟的；煎得嫩的

rare作形容词表示”罕见的“，而且这个词的写法就很罕见，因为第一个字母r和后面三个字母are发音是一样的，所以我们可以这样快速记住rare作形容词表示”稀少的、罕见的“。比如说：

It's very rare to find these birds here in winter.（冬天在这里很少能看到这种鸟。）

在烤肉或者煎肉的时候，比如牛排，经常用rare来表示“半熟的、煎得嫩的”，也就是“少烹饪一会儿”（其实这两个rare是异源同形词，但可以这样记）。比如说：

I’d like my steak rare, please.（请把我的牛排煎嫩些。）

相对的是medium（五分熟）和well done（全熟）。

7. coal [kəʊl] n. 煤；煤炭工业

coal这个词的字面意思是glow（动词“燃烧”）。coal作名词，专指的是“煤”。英语里有个成语，叫做carry coals to Newcastle（往纽卡斯尔运煤）。Newcastle（纽卡斯尔）是英国的一个产煤中心，往纽卡斯尔运煤是一件多此一举的事情，所以carry coals to Newcastle就是“多此一举、徒劳无功”的意思。

8. flame [fleɪm] n. 火焰，火舌

flame作名词，表示“火焰”。比如说：

The flames grew larger as the fire spread.（火势蔓延，火焰越来越高。）

flame也可以作动词，表示“燃烧”，不过是个书面用法。比如说：

The fire suddenly flamed up.（火突然烧起来了。）

How to Start a Charcoal Barbecue?

In today’s lesson, Young and his friends made a barbecue while camping in the open air. In our daily life, many people find it somewhat difficult to grill, especially for the first time. If so, the following video may help you. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课程中，杨和他的朋友们去户外露营时进行了一次烧烤。在我们的日常生活中，很多人会觉得烧烤有些困难，尤其是第一次的时候。如果这样的话，接下来的视频可能就对你有所帮助喽。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

When the sun’s shining, there's nothing better than a barbecue to bring your friends, family together over great food and great conversation. Now if you're using a charcoal barbecue, there're a few tips to make sure you get the heat just right in the food perfectly cooked through. The first thing you want to do is keeping your barbecue on a nice flat even level and keep it away from any hedges or bushes or anything like that. And you want to have a bucket of water handy just in case. So the first thing you want to do when you're getting the barbecue lit is put the grill over to the side and get your charcoal. So I'm going to just rip the bag open and put a really good layer of charcoal into the barbecue. That's perfect. So I've got some newspaper. Just scrunched up and place this around and put a bit of the charcoal on top to get a really good pile in the center. Another one, there we go. And what I've got here is some lighting gel, so I'm just going to pour some over the coals and then put the lid on and put it safely to one side. Just so it's out of the way. Right, so we're good to go. I've got a barbecue lighter here and if you don't have one of these, just use some long matches so you can light it just slightly from a distance. And I’m ready to go and I'm just going to light the barbecue in a couple of places to get that gel going to get it really super-hot. Now once its flames are alight, don't be tempted to add any more lighter fluid, give it about twenty or thirty minutes to let everything come to temperature and get those coals super white-hot. So the flames have died down and the coals are really white hot. So we're ready to start. And actually what I've done here is called a split-level fire. I've got a single layer of coal one side and three to four deep the other and what that means is one side a little bit cooler than the other. So say, for example, if you're cooking something like a chicken for heater, you can sear the chicken really hot on this side and cook the peppers a little bit slower so they are lovely and sweet on the other. So that's been about 30 minutes now. If you're using a gas barbecue, I'd say leave it about 15 before you start cooking. Now we want to put the grill on before the food. So on to the food, a really good tip is to always oil the food and not the grill. Over here, I've got some lovely chicken breasts which I'm going to put on to the hot side to sear and then I've got some lovely juicy sweet bell peppers which I'm going to put onto the slightly cooler side just to soften. And by oiling the food, you're going to stop anything sticking to the grill. So if you follow these basic rules with a little bit of practice, you have the perfect barbecue every single time.

当阳光明媚的时候，没有什么比烧烤更好的事情了，它可以让你的朋友、家人聚在一起，一遍畅谈，一边享受美食。现在，如果你正在使用木炭烧烤，这里的一些小建议可以确保你在处理食材时把火候把握到最好。你要做的第一件事就是把烤肉架放在一个平坦的地方，远离任何树篱或灌木或类似的东西。以防万一，你的手边需要有一桶水。所以，当你点燃烤肉时，首先要做的是把烤架放在一边，拿上木炭。所以我现在要把袋子撕开，在烤肉炉里铺好一层木炭。好极了。我有一些旧报纸。把它揉成一团，放在周围，在上面放一点木炭，在中间堆一堆。再来一团，好了。我这里有一些点火凝胶，所以我要把一些倒在煤上，然后盖上盖子，把它安全地放在一边。确保它不碍事，我们准备的差不多了。我这里有一个烧烤打火机，如果你没有，就用一些长火柴，这样你就可以从稍远处点燃它。我准备好了，我将在几个不同的位置烤肉，让凝胶变得非常热。现在，一旦火焰点燃，不要再添加任何助燃的液体，给它大约二十或三十分钟的时间升温，让那些煤变得超级炙热。火焰已经熄灭，煤真的是炙热的。所以我们准备好开始了。实际上，我在这里所做的就是所谓的分层式火焰。我这边有一层煤，另一边有三到四层煤，这意味着一边比另一边温度低一些一些，比如说，如果你在做鸡肉之类的东西作为预热，你可以看到鸡肉在这边很热，辣椒烤制的速度慢一些，这样它们在另一边就会味道很好，很甜。现在已经30分钟了。如果你在用煤气烧烤，我会说在你开始烹饪之前，把它静置15分钟左右。现在我们在放食物之前先把烤架架上。因此，对于食物，一个非常好的建议是总是给食物刷上油，而不是给烤架上油。在这里，我有一些不错的鸡胸肉，我要把它放在热的一侧去烤制，然后把一些美味多汁的甜椒放在稍凉的一面，只是为了软化。通过给食物上油，你可以阻止任何粘在烤架上的东西。因此，如果你遵循这些基本规则，稍加练习，你每次都会有完美的烧烤。

hedge /hedʒ/ n. 树篱
bucket /ˈbʌkɪt/ n. 桶
handy /ˈhændi/ adj. 手边的，附近的
rip /rɪp/ v. 撕裂，撕破
lid /lɪd/ n. 盖子
fluid /ˈfluːɪd/ n. 液体
sear /sɪə(r)/ v. 烤焦

scrunch up 揉成团
be tempted to 被诱惑做某事
die down 逐渐消失
chicken breast 鸡胸肉
bell pepper 甜椒

1. Alice: Today,（爱丽丝：今天，）

me and Jenny are gonna check out the spa（我和珍妮要去看看那个水疗项目）

spa作名词，指的是“温泉浴场”，汉语里翻译得好听点，也叫“水疗”。水疗项目在哪儿呢？后面是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句：

they have on site.【他们在这里的（水疗项目）。】

也就是在这个露营地点的项目。同时这里的on site（在这个地方）是介词短语作地点状语。

2. Young: Are you serious?（杨：你是认真的吗？）

I thought we were gonna do some more typical camping activities.（我以为咱们要做一些更有代表性的野营活动呢。）

typical作形容词，除了可以表示“典型的”，也可以表示“有代表性的”，其实也是“最典型的”。

3. Alice: Like what?（爱丽丝：比如什么？）

4. Young: Hiking or perhaps going out on the river.（杨：徒步旅行，或者去河那边玩。）

on the river指的是“在水面上”，比如说：

There’s a boat on the river.（河里有一只船。）

相对的是in the river，指的是“在河水里”。比如说：

Let’s go swimming in the river.（我们去河里游泳吧。）

5. Alice: You know（爱丽丝：你知道）

知道什么呢？后面是一个宾语从句：

I don't like walking or getting my hair wet.（我不喜欢走路或者弄湿我的头发。）

6. Young: So what am I supposed to do?（杨：那我该做什么呢？）

7. Alice: Well, since you've packed your fishing tackle,（爱丽丝：既然你之前带上了你的渔具，）

why don't you and Tom go catch us some lunch?（为什么不和汤姆去给我们搞点午饭回来呢？）

也就是让杨和汤姆去钓点鱼回来。

8. Young: That's not a bad proposition.（杨：这倒是个不错的提议。）

proposition和proposal，字面意思都是“摆到前面的提议”，作名词都可以表示“提议、建议”，这一点上两者通常可以互换。不过proposal还可以表示“求婚”，而proposition不行。

Young says that Alice gives a good proposition by telling him and Tom to go fishing. He continues:

I'll catch you later.（待会儿见。）

catch you later相当于see you later，口语里都很常用。This is also the first colloquial expression today.

Alice heads off. Then Young walks over to the other tent.

9. Tom: Morning! Did you get a good night's sleep?（汤姆：早上好！你昨晚睡得好吗？）

10. Young: I slept like a log!（杨：我睡得很香！）

log作名词意思是“木材”。sleep like a log，字面意思是“睡得跟木头一样”，也就是“睡得很香”。This is also the second colloquial expression today. For example:

After a whole day’s playing on the beach, the little girl slept like a log.（在沙滩上玩了一整天以后，那个小姑娘睡得特别香。）

他太累了，以至于整晚睡得都很香。（He was so tired that he slept like a log all night.）

Let’s move on to the text. Young said that he slept like a log last night. Tom replies:

11. Tom: Glad to hear it.（汤姆：很高兴听你这么说。）

So what's up?（有什么事吗？）

12. Young: Well,（杨：那个什么，）

seeing as the ladies have gone off for some pampering,（既然女士们都出发去享受了，）

seeing as的字面意思是“看到这样”，也就是“既然如此”。同时pamper作动词表示“细心照顾、精心护理”，原文里的for some pampering指的是“为了得到精心的护理”，也就是“为了去享受”的意思。女士们都去享受了，男士们去干嘛呢？杨接着说：

I thought we could do a spot of fishing.

a spot of，相当于a little of（一点）。这句话也就是说：我觉得咱们可以去钓钓鱼。

13. Tom: Sounds like a plan to me!（汤姆：听起来不错！）

14. Young: I was gifted two really nice fishing rods a while back,（杨：前一阵子有人送给我两根非常好的鱼竿，）

gift除了可以作名词表示“礼物、天赋”，也可以作动词表示“赠送礼物”。同时，fishing rods指的是“鱼竿”。另外，a while back（一段时间以前、前一阵子）在句子里作时间状语。

but never got around to using them!（但我一直没时间用！）

get around to sth./doing sth.，字面意思是“转身应对某事”，生活里指的是“抽出时间来应对某事”，也就是汉语里说的“抽空做某事”。This is also the third colloquial expression today. For example:

I hope to get around to answering your letter next week.（我希望下周能抽出时间给你回信。）

I've got so much work to do today that I don't know when I'll get around to these reports.（我今天要做的事情太多，不知道什么时候才有空看这些报告。）

我终于有时间去买个新外套了。（I finally got around to buying a new coat.）

我现在太忙了，不知道什么时候才能给你回信息。（I’m too busy now and don’t know when I can get around to replying your message.）

Let’s go back to the text and continue:

They head off to the water. Some time passes.（他们向水边走去。过了一段时间。）

15. Young: (Thought) Well, this isn't as fun as I expected.【杨：（想）好吧，这没有我想象的那么有趣。】

It's been 2 hours and nothing!（已经两个小时了，什么都没钓到！）

16. Tom: Caught anything yet?（汤姆：你抓到什么了吗？）

17. Young: I got nada!（杨：什么都没有！）

nada是西班牙语nothing的意思，口语里这么说显得语气更活泼一些。

Suddenly something pulls on Young's line.（突然有东西拉住了杨的鱼线。）

Wait, I think I've got something!（等等，我觉得有东西上钩了！）

18. Tom: Reel in it steadily!（汤姆：稳稳地收线！）

reel作动词意思是“卷、绕”。reel in the lines steadily，也就是“把鱼线稳稳绕回来”。

You don't want it to get loose!（你可不想让鱼跑了！）

loose作形容词表示“没固定好的、松开的”。get loose这里指的就是“鱼脱钩跑了”。

Tom comes over to help.

19. Tom: Keep it coming!（汤姆：继续让鱼过来！）

You've got it!（搞定了！）

All of a sudden Young falls backwards. Then they look down at their catch - it’s a boot.（突然杨向后倒下。然后他们低头看了看他们钓到的东西——是个靴子。）

20. Young: Well, I got something.【杨：好吧，我（还是）钓上来点儿东西。】

Though I don't think it's gonna taste very good!（虽然我觉得它的味道不会很好！）

21. Tom: (Laugh) This might taste a bit too rubbery! 汤姆：（笑）这吃起来可能有点太难嚼了！

rubbery来自rubber（橡胶），作形容词表示“像橡胶一样的、有弹性的”，这里指的是“难嚼的”。

22. Young: I guess today's not our lucky day!（杨：我觉得我们今天点儿背啊！）

Today's not one’s lucky day! 是口语里经常出现的一句话，也就是汉语里“今天不走运、点儿背”的意思。This is also the fourth sentence pattern today.

23. Tom: No worries.（汤姆：别担心。）

We've still got tons of meat left over（我们还剩下很多肉呢）

ton是“吨”的意思。tons of在这里是个很夸张的说法，表示“很多”。然后是介词短语作地点状语：

in the cooler（在冷藏箱里）

cooler来自cool（形容词“冷的”），生活里指的是“冷却器、冷藏箱”。这些肉是哪儿来的呢？后面还有一个地点状语：

from yesterday!从昨天（吃的饭菜里）。

整句话也就是说：我们的冷藏箱里还有很多昨天剩下的肉呢！

Tom pats Young on the back.（汤姆拍了拍杨的背。）

24. Young: You’re right.（杨：你说得对。）

Let’s pack up and head back then!（那我们收拾东西回去吧！）

I guess the ladies will be waiting for us.（我猜女士们会在等咱们。）

1. hike [haɪk] n. 徒步旅行，远足；大幅涨价 vi. 远足，长途步行；大幅涨价

hike作名词，意思是“徒步旅行、远足”。比如说：

They went on a ten-mile hike through the forest.（他们做了一次穿越森林的十英里徒步旅行。）

hike也可以作动词，表示“远足、长途步行”。我们平时经常说go hiking，就是“去远足”。

在口语里，hike也可以表示“大幅涨价”。比如说：

They decide to hike up the price of their products.（他们决定大幅提高产品的价格。）

2. tackle [ˈtæk(ə)l] vt. 应付，解决（难题或局面）n.体育器械，（尤指）渔具

这个词从读音上和take（拿、采取）有关。tackle这个词，早期指的是需要抓的帆船的“船帆、索具”，现在tackle作动词，表示“处理、对付”。比如说：

There are many ways to tackle this problem.（处理这个问题有许多办法。）

tackle也可以作名词，表示“用具、装备”。比如fishing tackle，就是“渔具”的意思。

3. pamper [ˈpæmpə(r)] vt. 细心照顾，娇惯

在英语里，pap指的是儿童吃的“流食”，而且儿童吃东西的时候嘴巴的动作也很像pap的发音。pamper作动词，本来指的是“塞满食物”，后来延伸成了“细心照顾、精心护理”，或者“”纵容、娇惯”的意思，也就是“尽可能去满足需求”。比如说：

She pampers her dog with the finest steak.（她给她的狗吃上好的牛排，太娇惯了。）

或者说：

They pampered themselves after a hard day at work.（一天的辛苦工作之后，他们放纵了一下自己。）

4. rod [rɒd; rɑːd] n. 棒，杆；钓竿，鱼竿

rod作名词，表示“棒、杆”。我们之前学过一句英语的谚语，叫做：Spare the rod, spoil the child. 字面意思是：省下棍棒，宠坏孩子。也就是我们平时说的：孩子不打不成器。

5. reel [riːl]n. 卷轴，线轴；（钓竿上的）卷线轮 vi. 踉跄，摇摇晃晃走；仿佛天旋地转；卷，绕（reel sth. in）

这个词从读音上和ring（戒指）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“转”有关。ring（戒指）是弯曲环绕在手指上的配饰，reel作名词，指的是用来缠线或者金属丝等等的“卷轴、卷筒、卷盘”。比如说：

a reel on a fishing rod（一个钓鱼竿上的绕线轮）。

reel也可以作动词，表示“踉跄、摇摇晃晃地动”，也就是和画龙一样来回摇摆着走。比如说：

He reeled out of the bar and fell down on the ground.（他踉踉跄跄地从酒吧出来，摔倒在了地上。）

reel作动词，也可以表示“仿佛天旋地转”，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

When he opened his eyes, the room was reeling.（他睁开眼睛时，房间似乎在不停地旋转。）

reel作动词，还可以表示“发蒙、感到眩晕”，比如遇到惊喜或者很坏的事情的时候。比如说：

I was reeling with the news that I had won the lottery.（听到我中了彩票，我都发蒙了。）

6. steadily [ˈstedəli] adv. 逐渐地；稳步地；冷静地，镇定地

这个词的形容词形式是：

steady[ˈstedi] adj. 稳固的，平稳的；稳步的；持续的；沉稳的，冷静的 vt. 使稳定；使固定不动；（使）冷静

这个词前面的stead是“位置”的意思，从读音上和stand（站）有关。steady作形容词，意思是“稳固的、稳定的”，也就是“牢牢在位置上不乱动的”。比如说：

a steady relationship（一段稳定的关系）。

steady作形容词，也可以表示“稳步的、持续的”，也就是“趋势很平稳的”。比如说：

Progress has been slow but steady.（进展虽然缓慢，但却也在稳步向前。）

steady作形容词，还可以表示“沉稳的、冷静的”。比如说：

He has a very steady voice.（他的声音很沉稳。）

steady也可以作动词，表示“使稳定、（使）冷静”。比如说：

She steadied herself against the wall.（她靠墙站稳。）

Some people say that a drink will steady your nerves.（有些人说喝杯酒能稳定情绪。）

steadily作副词，表示“逐渐地、稳步地”，或者“冷静地、镇定地”。比如说：

Prices have risen steadily.（物价持续稳步上涨。）

She returned his gaze steadily.（她镇定地跟他对视。）

7. loose [luːs] adj. 未固定牢的，松动的；零散的，松脱的；（衣服）宽松的 vt. 松开；放开；释放；放任

这个词从读音上和lose（动词“丢失”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“松开”有关。“丢失”是没看管好、撒手松开了。loose作形容词，表示“松动的、松散的”。比如说：

She shook her hair loose.（她摇了摇头，把头发散开了。）

loose作形容词，也可以表示“（衣服）宽松的”。比如说：

Wear comfortable, loose clothing to exercise.（锻炼的时候要穿些舒适宽松的衣服。）

loose也可以作动词，表示“松开、放开”。比如说：

He loosed the straps that bound her arms.（他松开了绑在她手臂上的带子。）

8. rubbery [ˈrʌbəri] adj. 橡胶似的；有弹力的；坚韧的

这个词来自：

rubber [ˈrʌbə(r)]n. 橡胶

而rubber又来自rub（动词“擦、磨、搓”）。1770年，英国化学家Joseph Priestley无意中发现橡胶树的白色树胶的凝块可以擦掉（rub out）铅笔的痕迹，于是他就给它取名叫rubber，字面意思就是“可用来擦除的东西”。同时，因为rubber富有弹性，所以rubber的形容词rubbery意思就是“有弹性的”或者“难嚼的”。比如说：

He is chewing a rubbery piece of meat.（他正嚼着一块嚼不烂的肉。）

Camping Tips

The best campsites are portable, stripped-down versions of real life.They're part gear storage, part activity Launchpad and part watering hole.Turning your car full of gear into a base camp can be an art as well as a science.Here are some things to consider: layout and shelter, furniture and lighting.Giving some thought to these things can make your next camping trip amazing.Let's start with the overall layout of your camp.Creating a space around a common area like a table or a campfire is key to having a place for meals activities and gathering.This means that tents are grouped around this common space and every campsite is different.So taking care to not impact plants at your site may determine where you put your tents.You're in the great outdoors. If you have a view, enjoy it!Orienting your campsite or your tent toward that view will be a treat as you camp. And for dealing with weather, a shelter can be a protection from both rain and sun.When it comes to being comfortable in camp, the simple addition of chairs has a major effect.They come in a large variety of shapes and sizes to meet your needs.Tables are not only used for for meals.They serve well for games and inevitably they become a place to set everything down.Camping gets really good at night.Headlamps and flashlights are essential to getting around and finding things in the dark, but always make sure you have at least one lantern to create a comfortable space in the darkness around which people can gather. So remember, bypaying attention to your layout and shelters and by bringing along furniture and lighting, your next camping trip will be super fun.

最好的露营地应该是真实生活的便携版和精简版。它们一部分是装备仓库，一部分是活动发射台，还有一部分是酒吧。把你满载装备的汽车变成一个露营基地，既是一门艺术，也是一门科学。这里有一些事情要考虑：布局和遮蔽物，家具和照明。考虑一下这些事情可以让你的下一次露营之旅更加精彩。让我们从营地的总体布局开始吧。在餐桌或篝火等公共区域周围创造一个空间，是拥有用餐活动和聚会场所的关键。这意味着帐篷围绕着这个公共空间进行分组，每个营地都是不同的。因此，注意不要影响现场的植被，这可能会决定你把帐篷搭在哪里。你现在已经身处美妙的户外。如果能看到风景，那就尽情享受吧！当你露营时，把你的营地或帐篷朝向那个方向将是一种享受。为了应对天气，庇护所可以同时抵御雨水和阳光。当谈到在营地的舒适性时，简单地增加几把椅子就会有很大的影响。它们有多种形状和尺寸可满足你的需求。桌子不仅仅是用来吃饭的。他们在比赛中会有出色的表现，不可避免地会成为一个放下一切的地方。夜晚的露营会变得很好。前照灯和手电筒对于在黑暗中四处走动和寻找东西至关重要，但始终要确保至少有一个手提灯，以便在黑暗中创造一个舒适的空间，让人们可以聚集在周围。所以记住, 注意你的布局和庇护所，带上家具和照明，你的下一次露营旅行将会非常有趣。

portable /ˈpɔːtəb(ə)l/ adj. 便携式的
stripped-down /ˌstrɪpt ˈdaʊn/ adj. 简朴的，朴素的
gear /ɡɪə(r)/ n. 装备
launchpad /'lɔ:ntʃpæd/ n.发射台
orient /ˈɔːrient/ v. 朝向，面对
treat / tri:t/ n. 享受
determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ v. 决定
headlamp/ˈhedlæmp/ n. 照明灯

watering hole 酒吧
base camp 大本营
give thought to 考虑到……
when it comes to 当提到……
meet someone’s needs 满足某人的需求

- So, have you ever gone camping before ?

Matter of fact, yes I have. Serveral times.

- Do you like it ?

Yeah, I would say, I pretty enjoy it.

- So what's your favorite part of the whole camping ?

I think it was the magical hor during the sunset. You know. Because by that time, you've got your tent put up and all your epuipment (set up), everything is settled. And ... you can just sit in the chair, pop your beer and enjoy the view. Yeah, that was like, my favorite moment.

 

- Have you ever gone camping before ?

No

- Why don't want to go camping then ?

Actually I have never thought about going camping, as I am busy with work and study, and I think that camping can be very energy-consuming ,  since we need to go to suburban areas, carrying equipment. All I want to do is lying on my couch after a hectic day. In addition, buying equipment suitable for camping can be costly. Since I do not have much time to take part in this activity many times, this purchase can be a waste of money. Maybe It can be interesting to hang out with a bunch of friends in the field or maybe you can cook or manage things in an orderly fashion during the process. But I stilll think it can be exhausting and sometimes dangerous as people may be attacked by some poisonous insects or be stolen.

 

- So, have you ever gone camping before ?

No, I have never gone camping before

- No ? Why don't you want to go camping then ?

Because I'm always busy with my work and study, so I need to finish  many taks. But I really want to

 

- Have you ever gone camping before ?

Camping ? No .

- So why don't want to go camping then ? Any reasons ?

I think the main reason I don't like camping is that I don't like eating on the ground or on the grass, because there are so many ... like bugs, mosquitoes.

I ... I mean there are so many fancy restaurants we can go to and eat there. Why should we just eat on the ground ?

 

- Have you ever gone camping before ?

No, I haven't tried it before

- Any reasons for that ?

Well, I do like rivers, lakes, mountains and forests balabala But I just feel like  living outdoors is intolerable. I couldn't bear all kinds of bugs let alone mosquitoes. That's like a hell. And how to solve the need to go to the toilet is also a big problem.

- That really make sense. So is there any part of the camping that you think you would enjoy ?

Yeah, I love nature. So I think it's definitely a good way to enjoy the nature, to refresh yourself with the fantastic views or the fresh air. Especially if you go camping with your families or friends, you guys can get to know each other through activities like cooking or chatting

 

several [ˈsevrəl] adj. 几个；数个；一些（Lesson 12）

I've got several marketing people, but I haven't got any content creators.

tent [tent] 帐篷; 帐棚（Lesson 107）

Tom: Yes. This is not our first rodeo! And I've booked you guys your very own tent.

suburban [səˈbɜːbən] adj.郊区的，城郊的 （Lesson 9）

My company is located in suburban Beijing.

couch [kaʊtʃ] n.沙发; 长榻 （同sofa，Lesson 43）

Young: It's great, but I need to buy myself a new sofa.

hectic [ˈhektɪk] adj.忙碌的; 繁忙的（Lesson 70）

Alice: Sorry. It has been a hectic day. Please tell me dinner is ready.

suitable [ˈsuːtəbl] adj.合适的; 适宜的 （Lesson 71）

Alice: That would be great! I hope he thinks I'm suitable for the job.

costly [ˈkɒstli] adj.花钱多的; 昂贵的; 价钱高的（lesson 105）

Attending gigs, partaking in lavish activities or jetting off to a tourist hotspot are often kind of costly!

a waste of money 浪费钱 （Lesson 14 a total waste of... 完全是浪费......）

It's a total waste of time and money.

process [ˈprəʊses; ˈprɑːses] n. 过程 vt. 处理；加工；消化（Lesson 89）

These changes will not come easy though. I know I will face struggles and gains throughout this process.

exhausting [ɪɡˈzɔːstɪŋ] adj.使人精疲力竭的; 使人疲惫不堪的; 令人筋疲力尽的（Lesson 34 exhausted）

I'm exhausted.

task [tɑːsk; tæsk] n.（困难的）任务 （Lesson 30）

Young: You need to set a time limit to complete each task. If you can't finish a task on time, you should ask for help.

fancy [ˈfænsi] v. <英，非正式> 想象，自认为是；喜欢，想要 adj. 时髦的，奢华的；华丽的，花哨的 （Lesson 85）

Back in the old days, before smartphones and the invention of the Internet, networking was only possible through face to face contact at work, at a fancy event held by a company or maybe at a fun and lively party or gig.

fresh air 新鲜空气 （Lesson 107）

Alice: Hey guys! Thanks for inviting us along. It feels so nice to be able to breathe some fresh air!

sunset [ˈsʌnset] n.日落; 傍晚; 晚霞

There was a red sunset over Paris.

equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt] n.设备; 器材; 配备; 装备

New equipment is urgently needed.

put up 搭建 （put up/set up a tent 搭帐篷）

We put up a tent near a lake

We set up a tent near a lake

purchase [ˈpɜːtʃəs] n.<正式>购买，采购

It was decided that the school should purchase new software.

a bunch of 一群，一束

A bunch of kids were hanging around outside.

in an orderly fashion 井然有序

The organizers guided them in an orderly fashion out of the building.

bug [bʌɡ] n. 虫子; 小昆虫；(机器，尤指计算机的）故障，程序错误，缺陷

We noticed tiny bugs that were all over the walls.

The bug was caused by an error in the script.

mosquito [məˈskiːtəʊ] n.蚊子

A single mosquito can infect a large number of people.

intolerable [ɪnˈtɒlərəbl] adj.无法忍受的; 不能容忍的; 完全不可接受的

If you can't trust anything, life becomes intolerable.

bear [beə(r)] v. 承受，容忍

He can't bear to be laughed at.

The ice is too thin to bear your weight.

let alone 更不必说......，更不用提......

There isn't enough room for us, let alone any guests.

be busy with... 忙于... （Lesson 67）

Alice: Recently, I'm always too busy with work to worry about such things.

take part in 参加，参与 （Lesson 20）

Doris: There's a special event I must take part in.

hang out with sb. 和某人闲逛 (Lesson 52)

Young: Now, I think about it, the last time we met, she did say she wanted to hang out with me more.

make sense 有道理 （Lesson 68）

Young: What you've said makes a lot of sense. I should support her more.

it's a good way to... （Lesson 5）

Riding a bike is a good way to get some exercise.

Everything is settled. 事情都解决了。

You don't need to worry. Everything is settled.

All I want to do is... 我只想做......

All I want to do is to help her.
All I want to know is how fast you run.
That's all I want to say.

The main reason I don't like camping is that... 我不喜欢去露营的主要原因是......

The main reason I want to come is that I'm sure I can solve this problem.

refresh oneself with... 通过.....让某人神清气爽

I usually refresh myself with a cup of tea.

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

Well, I remember last month, I once went jogging with my postgraduate classmates at the Olympic Park near the National Stadium which is known as the Bird's Nest. The reason why I took in this activity is that it was organized by our class monitor 班长, and the class monitor said, that it would be a very good opportunity for us to communicate with each other and build a good relationship. And during the jogging, the gren trees, the beautiful flowers and the clear water of the lake all impressed me so much. Generally, it's a very impressive experience.

One of the most interesting parts of this activity is that, I can communicate with my best friends, do exercise and enjoy the beautiful scenery at the same time. So it's a very unforgettable memory for me.

 

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

 Once I volunteered  for an animal shelter. To be precise, it was a dog shelter. It was quite an amazing day. The thing is when we arrived there, I found that there wre like four or five hundred dogs. They are all so cute. It was a long and hard day, and I did some, you know, really "hardcore" labor. I was basically shoveling poops, and changing water and food for the dogs all day long.

There was just one giant dog who was in a cage and yeah, he has his own cage. By the time I was about to leave, I saw him looking at me and wagging his tail. So it's all worth it. That was quite an experience

 

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

I went hiking last month, which I will never forget. I learned from social media, that it was organized by a charity organization, aiming at encouraging participants to finish their journey to raise money, and the money will be donated to remote schools. So I though it is really meaningful to take part in, and now I am glad that I really made some contributions. Besides, the scenery on the way up was spectacular, as we were hiking on a mountain nearby the sea. During the trip, we can hear the sound fo water beating against the beach, which really refreshed my mind.

 

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

I think it's a trip to Qinghai. I went there with my best friends, after graduation from high school. Actually we had planned the trip for a long time since Senior Two, but we never got the chance to go there until that summer.  I think the trip is unforgettable for me because I have been living in a big city for a long time and I had never had the chance to enjoy the nature scenery like that

 

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

Well, OK. It was an event during my study abroad in Japan. So I took a course related to the traditional Japanese culture. And we went to this area in Tokyo called kitsujisijyo, where a matsuri was held. Well matsuri means festival in Japanese. Anyway. They had dance, drums, parade 游行 and even some mystical rites 仪式. The exciting festival vibes truly infected every foreign student there. And we were so happy to see women and kids participated in, because according to our professor, they were excluded from any matsuri in the past

- OK, that's really special memory.

 

- Can you describe an interesting or memorable activity you've taken part in before ?

Let me think. Uh, there is one.  In Chinese, it's called "随机舞蹈", it means random dancing.  I will just describe it briefly. It means that there's a stage and many people will gather around the stage and they will play the songs randomly. And if you happen to know the song, you can just come to the stage and dance to it.  I think it's special because, you know, all those people, are strangers to you .  So you are actually dancing with people you don't know.  And that is a kind of really interesting and special experience because you can also do the things you like.  I mean, dancing, because I love dancing.  And also you can make friends during the whole process. You can find people who share the same hobby with you .

 

opportunity [ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti; ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti] n. 时机，机会 （Lesson 71）

Alice: I have always wanted to get into the teaching industry! I've just been waiting for the right opportunity to come along.

impressive [ɪmˈpresɪv] adj. 给人印象深刻的（Lesson 107）

Young: This is impressive! It beats all my expectations.

go hiking 去远足（Lesson 108）

Young: Hiking or perhaps going out on the river.

social media 社交媒体（Lesson 85）

While events and parties do still exist, the majority of people now look to the Internet and social media for making connections.

encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] vt. 鼓励 （Lesson 83）

Young: At least back in the office, I had others around to encourage me. Being in the office gives me a sense of teamwork.

journey [ˈdʒɜːni] n. 旅行，旅程；历程（Lesson 39）

Alice: That road is always gridlocked at the weekend. You can get the taxi to pull over and finish the journey by bike.

remote [rɪˈməʊt] adj. 遥远的，偏僻的；微小的，微乎其微的；冷漠的；孤高的 n. 遥控装置，遥控器（Lesson 67、81）

Young: Seriously? Last night you were looking for the TV remote for over 20 minutes.

Remote work is the practice of employees doing their jobs from a location other than a central office operated by the employer.

meaningful [ˈmiːnɪŋf(ə)l] adj. 有意义的，重要的（Lesson 95）

Don't you want to record our lives and capture the meaningful moments? Just point the camera at me.

be related to 和......相关 (Lesson 88)

Young: Actually it isn't related to my full-time job. Do you remember I attended an event last week?

traditional [trəˈdɪʃən(ə)l] adj. 传统的（Lesson 81）

Such locations could include an employee's home, a private office, or any other place outside of the traditional office building.

gather around... 聚集在......（Lesson 106）

Young: Everyone gathers around in complete silence to try to interpret the message the artist is trying to put across.

stranger [ˈstreɪndʒə(r)] n. 陌生人；新来者（Lesson 77）

Young: So you sing in front of strangers?

make friends 交朋友（Lesson 53）

Leo: Well, she told me she already liked someone else and was only looking to make friends.

go jogging 慢跑

Every few days I go jogging. 每隔几天我就去慢跑。

scenery [ˈsiːnəri] n.风景; 景色; 风光

I think you can go there by train so that you can enjoy the natural scenery along the way.

unforgettable [ˌʌnfəˈɡetəb(ə)l ] adj. 难以忘怀的，令人难忘的

I think you can go there by train so that you can enjoy the natural scenery along the way.

an animal shelter 动物收容所

He was an ordinary black-and-white cat, adopted from an animal shelter.

basically [ˈbeɪsɪkli] adv.基本上，大体上；总的说来

As far as I can tell, Jason is basically a nice guy.

Basically, they want a lot more information about the project before they'll put any money into it.

shovel poop [ˈʃʌv(ə)l puːp ] 铲屎

I shovel my dog's poop every day.

wag its tail （狗）摇尾巴

When a dog is happy, it will wag its tail.

charity [ˈtʃærəti] n.慈善机构(或组织); 慈善; 赈济; 施舍; 仁爱; 宽容; 宽厚

Do you give much to charity?

raise money 募捐，捐款

We are raising money for charity.

spectacular [spekˈtækjələ(r)] adj.壮观的，令人惊叹的

There was a spectacular sunrise yesterday.

festival [ˈfestɪv(ə)l] n.活动节期；节日

The Spring Festival is coming.

vibe [vaɪb] n.<非正式>感应，氛围

Chengdu is famous for its laid-back vibe.

infect [ɪnˈfekt] v.影响；传染，浸染；污染

It is not possible to infect another person through touching.

They might infect others with their ideas.

random [ˈrændəm] adj.任意的，随机的，胡乱的

Police will conduct random breath tests.

briefly [ˈbriːfli] adv.简短地，简要地

Now would you please briefly introduce yourselves to each other?

The reason why ... is that ... ……的原因是…… （Lesson 84）

Alice: The reason why we call her that is that she was yelling at her husband to put the kettle on, but he wasn’t answering her.

It's a good opportunity/chance for sb. to... 这是一次让某人......的很好的机会。（Lesson 78）

Young: No problem. It was also a great chance for you to get to know some of the team you'll be working with.

I'm glad that ... 我很高兴.....（Lesson 52）

Alice: I'm glad that hasn't changed. When we were at college together, he was always willing to help others.

we never got the chance to... 我们没机会去......（Lesson 12）

It looks like I've got the chance to expand my team.

be known as... 以...闻名，以...为人所熟知

Beijing is known as the capital of China.

communicate with sb. 和某人交流

Nowadays, phone calls and messages help us communicate with others more often.

...impress sb. so much ......给某人留下了很深的印象

The sentence impressed her so much that she copied it down.

volunteer for... 自愿去......

Many of them volunteer for community service with disadvantaged 弱势 people.

To be precise, ... 准确来说

The shelf is about a metre long — well, 98cm, to be precise.

By the time... 正当...的时候

By the time we arrived the meeting was over.

It's all worth it. 一切都是值得的。

There will be days when you wonder if it's all worth it. 也许会有那么一些时候，你会怀疑这一切的努力是否值得。

That was quite an experience. 那确实是段难得的体验。

Our journey by bike was quite an experience.

made some contributions 做出一些贡献

He has made some contributions to society.

happen to know 恰好知道，碰巧知道

I happen to know him. He's my friend.

share the same hobby with you 和你有相同的爱好

She thinks it's acceptable to share friends' secrets with someone who does not know them.

My lover shares the same values with me.

欢迎来到今天的课文精讲。奥地利语言哲学家维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein）曾经说过：“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.”（“我语言的局限，即是我世界的局限。” ）这也是我平时经常跟同学们讲的：“语言观决定世界观。”简单来说，学习一门语言，往往不仅仅是在学习它的单词、语法和语音，更重要的，是了解这些语言符号背后所承载的各行各业千百年来智慧的结晶，并因此能具备更深邃的洞察力，对这个世界有更深刻的了解。

之前我出过一门课，叫做《全民英语背诵营》，定位是“有态度的英语课，有深度的文化课”。这门课通过上百篇精挑细选的各类音视频和文本素材片段，让大家能够学英语的同时了解世界的很多方面，目的也是为了让大家通过学习语言而拥有更广阔的世界观。

今天我们开始《全民英语享学营》阶段7最后一个单元的学习，单元主题叫World Culture（世界文化），我为大家精心挑选了四篇文章，都属于很有代表性的文化题材。现在，就让我们一起走进这个单元的学习吧。

今天的内容，要从十八世纪中后期的法国说起。当时在法国，由于在神职人员和贵族之间特权横行，以及统治阶级在社会、政治和经济方面的各种失职，导致普通百姓的日常生活日益艰难，加上“启蒙运动”（the Enlightenment Movement）让“天赋人权、主权在民”等这类思想逐渐深入民心，最终在1789年7月14号，法国人民发动了一场革命，也就是在世界历史上非常著名的“法国大革命”（French Rovolution），在三年内推翻了君主制，并且在1793年1月21号把法国国王路易十六（Louis XVI）送上了断头台。

时间来到1884年，此时距离法国大革命100周年还有5年的时间。为庆祝法国大革命100周年，法国政府打算在1889年举办一次世界博览会（world’s fair），并且公开征集一个世博会的核心装饰品（centerpiece）。当时，在法国土木工程师古斯塔夫•埃菲尔（Gustave Eiffel）

创立的公司里，有一名叫做莫雷斯·克什兰（Maurice Koechlin）的工程师，

提出了建造一座高300米的大型铁塔的想法，并且画出了铁塔的草图，在旁边还画上了法国的巴黎圣母院（Notre Dame de Paris），美国的自由女神像（Statue of Liberty）等建筑，以此来衬托出这座塔的巨大。

虽然起初埃菲尔本人并不是很看好这座塔，因为在当时，修建一座300米的高塔是一项非常巨大的工程。但是克什兰和公司的其他两名工程师一起，逐渐把这座铁塔设计得更加细化和美观，也最终赢得了老板埃菲尔的支持。后来，埃菲尔买下了三人的铁塔设计专利权，并且在1884年的一个装饰艺术展上以公司的名义首次向公众展出了铁塔的设计。在向大家阐述了铁塔的技术问题和实用价值以后，埃菲尔说了一段非常具有感染力的话：

“The tower would symbolize not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.”

“这座塔不仅象征着现代工程师的艺术，也象征着我们所处的工业和科学的时代，并且18世纪伟大的科学运动和1789年的法国大革命都为（修建）这座塔铺平了道路。为了表达法国对此的感激之情，将建造这座纪念碑（式的铁塔）。”

1886年5月12号，法国政府成立了一个专门的委员会来审查这座铁塔和其它所有竞争对手的作品，并且在一个月之后宣布：除了这座铁塔外，其它所有的竞品都不切实际或缺乏细节。由此而敲定了把这座铁塔作为1889年世博会的核心建筑。这就是现在举世闻名的“埃菲尔铁塔”（Eiffel Tower），也是我们今天要学习的课文内容。

下面我们来逐句学习一下这篇文章：

The Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel（埃菲尔铁塔是古斯塔夫·埃菲尔建造的）

为什么而建造的呢？后面是一个介词短语作目的状语：

for the 1889 World’s Fair,（为了1889年的世界博览会，）

The first sentence pattern today is very simple: … be built by …（……由……所建造。）:

This church was built by an ancient emperor.（这座教堂是由一个古代皇帝建造的。）

这栋房子是我的爷爷盖的。（This house was built by my grandfather.）

不过原文里这句话到现在还没完，紧接着逗号后面是一个which引导的非限定性定语从句，具体来解释说明1889年的世博会：

which was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of the French Revolution.（这个世博会的目的是庆祝法国大革命100周年。）

Here comes the second sentence pattern today: celebrate the … anniversary of …:

This supermarket is having a big promotion to celebrate its 5th anniversary.（这家超市在进行大促销来庆祝5周年。）

This party is to celebrate their 20th wedding anniversary.（这次聚会是为了庆祝他们结婚20周年。）

这项活动是为了庆祝公司20周年。（This event is to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the company.）

我们要去度假，庆祝我们结婚10周年。（We will go on a holiday to celebrate our 10th wedding anniversary.）

Let’s move on to the text:

Its construction（埃菲尔铁塔的施工）

然后是一个介词短语作后置定语：

in 2 years, 2 months and 5 days 在两年两个月零五天的（施工）

was a veritable（是一种名副其实的）

technical and architectural achievement.（技术和建筑方面的成就。）

按照汉语的表达习惯，整句话也就是说：埃菲尔铁塔的施工花费了两年两个月零五天，是一项名副其实的技术和建筑成就。

当时埃菲尔铁塔的建筑预算大约是650万法郎（6.5 million francs），但其实古斯塔斯·埃菲尔是以个人，而非公司的名义和政府签署了施工合同，并且只拿到了150万法郎（1.5 million francs）的施工费用，也就是还不到总预算的四分之一。但有一个条件，那就是在铁塔建成后的展览会期间，以及今后的20年里，铁塔产生的所有营收都归埃菲尔本人所有。随后埃菲尔又单独成立了一家公司，并且拿出了建造铁塔的必要费用。从这件事上我们也不难看出埃菲尔超前的商业思维。另外，当时政府的规划是世博会20年后就要拆除埃菲尔铁塔，但后来埃菲尔在铁塔上安装了无线电台天线（radio antenna）和无线电报发射台（wireless telegraph transmitter），让铁塔的实用价值变得非常大，所以才得以使铁塔被保留下来。或许所有人都没想到，现在埃菲尔铁塔在世界上居然有这么大的名气。

As France’s symbol in the world,（作为法国在世界上的象征，）

and the landmark of Paris,（以及巴黎的地标性建筑，）

today it welcomes almost 7 million visitors a year,（现在埃菲尔铁塔每年接待近700万游客，）

紧接着是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

making it the most visited monument（使它成为了参观最多的纪念碑）

什么样的纪念碑呢？后面还有一个that引导的定语从句：

that you have to pay for 你得付费参观的（纪念碑）

然后是一个地点状语：

in the world.（在世界上。）

也就是说：埃菲尔铁塔是世界上参观人数最多的付费纪念碑。

我们接着来看下一段，了解一下埃菲尔铁塔的建筑细节：

The tower is 330 meters (1,083 ft) tall, 这座塔高330米（1083英尺），

about the same height as an 81-storey building,（大约相当于一座81层高的大楼，）

and the tallest structure in Paris.（是巴黎最高的建筑。）

这个塔高如果你没概念，可以对比一下国内的很多高层小区。如果小区居民楼是32层，那么大约高度也就是100米。换句话说，19世纪巴黎盖出的一座铁塔，相当于现在高层小区居民楼高度的三倍，可以说是非常壮观的。

Its base is square,（它的底座是正方形的，）

然后是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

measuring 125 meters (410ft) on each side.【每边长125米（410英尺）。】

一个标准足球场的长度和宽度分别是105米和68米，也就是说在埃菲尔铁塔底座的空间踢一场足球比赛都绰绰有余。

During its construction,（在其建造期间，）

the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument（埃菲尔铁塔超过了华盛顿纪念碑，）

to become the tallest human-made structure in the world,（成为了世界上最高的人造建筑，）

紧接着逗号后面是一个同位语，来进一步解释说明这里的the tallest human-made structure in the world：

a title it held for 41 years（一个埃菲尔铁塔保持了41年的头衔）

这里的it held for 41 years是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰前面的title。

然后是一个时间状语从句：

until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930.（直到1930年纽约市的克莱斯勒大厦竣工。）

这句话很长，我们再来完整看一遍：

During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest human-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930.在建造期间，埃菲尔铁塔超过了华盛顿纪念碑，成为了世界上最高的人造建筑，并且一直保持这一头衔41年，直到1930年纽约市的克莱斯勒大厦竣工。

Also, the third sentence pattern today is: surpass … to become …（超越……，成为……。）:

India will surpass China to become the world’s most populous country in less than two decades.（在二十年内，印度将超越中国，成为世界上人口最多的国家。）

Smart phones have surpassed the television to become the main source of video information.（智能手机已经超过了电视，成为了最主要的视频信息来源。）

这家公司超过了其它所有公司，成为了行业里的第一名。（This company has surpassed all the others to become NO. 1 in the industry.）

这本书超越了其它所有书，成为了今年的最佳畅销书。（This book has surpassed all the others to become this year’s best-seller.）

顺便提两个原文里的背景知识：第一，华盛顿纪念碑（Washington Monument）在美国华盛顿哥伦比亚特区美国国家广场（National Mall in Washington D.C），是为了纪念美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿（George Washington）而建造，高度是169.046米。其实已经很高了，但是跟埃菲尔铁塔一比，就有点小巫见大巫的意思。

第二，克莱斯勒大厦（Chrysler Building）在美国纽约市曼哈顿区的东边（on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City），于1930年建成，高度是319米。

Let’s go back to the text and continue talking about the Eiffel Tower:

It was the first structure in the world（埃菲尔铁塔是世界上的第一个建筑）

什么样的建筑呢？后面是一个动词不定式作后置定语：

to surpass both the 200-meter and 300-meter mark in height. 在高度方面同时超过200米和300米水平的（建筑）。

Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial 由于增加了一条广播天线

broadcasting aerial指的是“广播天线”。什么时候、在哪儿安装的广播天线呢？后面是两个介词短语分别作地点和时间状语：

at the top of the tower in 1957,（1957年在铁塔的顶端，）

it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 meters (17 ft). 铁塔现在比克莱斯勒大厦还要高5.2米（17英尺）。

The fourth sentence pattern today is: due to …（由于……）因为due to引出的是原因，所以引导状语的时候，位置可以放在句子的前面或者后面:

Due to the bad weather, the sports meeting is delayed.（由于天气不好，运动会被推迟了。）我们也可以说成：The sports meeting is delayed due to the bad weather

由于新冠病毒，很多人失业了。（Many people become unemployed due to COVID-19.）

由于大雪，我的航班取消了。（My flight was cancelled due to the heavy snow.）

我们接着来看最后一段，简单了解一下铁塔的内部用途：

The tower has three levels for visitors,（铁塔有三层供游客使用，）

然后是一个with引导的介词短语作伴随状语：

with restaurants on the first and second levels.（第一层和第二层设有餐厅。）

The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground 顶层的上层平台高出地面276米（906英尺）

然后是一个破折号引出的补充说明的信息：

– the highest observation deck（——最高的观景台）

observation deck指的是“观景台”。然后还有一个后置定语：

accessible to the public（观众能够进入）

以及一个地点状语：

in the European Union.（在欧盟。）

也就是说：埃菲尔铁塔是欧盟境内对公众开放的最高观景台。

今日总结：

在《全民英语背诵营·第二辑》里，我讲过一节关于希特勒的课。关于埃菲尔铁塔和希特勒之间，还有一段有趣的往事。1940年，德军攻占法国。法国的抵抗战士为了阻止希特勒登上埃菲尔铁塔，把塔上的电梯摧毁了，所以纳粹不得不爬楼梯升上自己的国旗。同时，1944年，德军撤离巴黎的时候，希特勒曾经下令炸毁埃菲尔铁塔，只不过手下没有执行命令。还好如此，否则咱们也就学不到今天这一课了。

1. veritable [ˈverɪtəb(ə)l] adj. 真正的，名副其实的

这个词来自：

verity [ˈverəti] n. 真实；真理

这个词前面的-veri-是“真”的意思。我们熟悉的very（副词“非常”），其实字面意思就是“真正地、确实”。verity作名词，表示“真实”，是个正式的措辞。比如说：

Can you confirm the verity of this file?（你能确定这份文件的真实性吗？）

verity作名词，也可以表示“真理”。比如说：

She has spent her life in search for universal verities.（她穷极一生追寻普遍的真理。）

veritable作形容词，表示“真正的、名副其实的”。比如说：

From his works, we can see that he is a veritable artist.（从他的作品里，我们可以看出他是一个名副其实的艺术家。）

2. technical [ˈteknɪk(ə)l] adj. 工艺的，技术的

这个词和technology（技术）有关。technical作形容词，表示“技术的”。我们平时说的“技术支持”，就叫做technical support。

techinical作形容词，也可以表示“专业的、专科的”。比如说：This article is full of technical terms.（这篇文章满篇皆是专业术语。）

3. achievement [əˈtʃiːvmənt] n. 成绩，成就

这个词的动词形式是：

achieve [əˈtʃiːv] vt. 达到；实现

前缀a-是ad-的简写表示“朝向、去”；后面的-chiev(e)-从读音上和chief（名词“首领”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“头”有关，chief（首领）是一个组织里的“头儿”，而achieve这个词，字面意思是“走到头”，作动词表示“达到、实现”。比如说：

You can only achieve success through hard work.（只有努力工作，你才能成功。）

Big goals are always hard to achieve.（远大的目标总是难以实现。）

achievement作名词，表示“成绩、成就”。比如说：This is an impressive achievement.（这是一项了不起的成就。）

4. landmark [ˈlændmɑːrk] n. 地标；（发展过程中的）里程碑

landmark是个合成词，由land（陆地）和mark（标记）组成。landmark作名词，意思是“地标”，指的是一个地方的标志性建筑。比如说：

The Empire State Building is a landmark in New York City.（帝国大厦是纽约市的地标。）

landmark作名词，也可以指代“（发展过程中的）里程碑”，也就是“标志性阶段”，相当于milestone，是个很形象的说法。比如说：

The invention of the Internet was a landmark in the history of the computer.（英特网的发明是计算机发展史上的一个里程碑。）

5. storey [ˈstɔːri] n. 楼层，层

storey在早期和story（故事）其实是一个词。storey指的是建筑物不同楼层的玻璃窗户上贴着的各种图片，就好像讲述一个一个的故事一样。久而久之，storey就变成了“楼层、层”的代名词。比如说：

Their new house has four storeys including the attic.（他们的新房子包括阁楼一共有4层。）

6. square [skweə(r)] n. 正方形 adj. 正方形的；平方的；古板守旧的

前缀s-是ex-的变体表示“在外面”；后面的quare从读音上和four（四）有关。square的字面意思，是“外面有四个边”，作名词专指“正方形”。比如说：

This is a square-shaped room.（这是个正方形的房间。）

square作名词，也可以表示“广场”，早期指的也是“正方形的空地”，只不过现在可以泛指任何广场。比如说：

A band is playing in the town square.（一个乐队正在城市广场上演出。）

square也可以作形容词，表示“正方形的、平方的”。比如说：

This book has round corners, not square.（这本书是圆角的，不是方角的。）
This place is 15 square meters.（这个地方是15平方米。）

在日常口语里，square作形容词，也可以用来形容一个人“无聊、古板、守旧”，也就是“循规蹈矩、不会变通的”。比如说：

His new haircut makes him look a bit square.（他的新发型让他看起来有点古板。）

英语口语里有个俏皮话，叫：be there or be square，字面意思是“要么你就（按时）到那儿，要么你就是个无趣的人”，有点儿类似于汉语口语里说的：谁不去谁是小狗儿。

7. surpass [səˈpɑːs; sərˈpæs] v. 超越，超过，胜过

前缀sur-是super-的变体表示“在上面”；后面的pass表示“超过”。surpass作动词，表示“超越、超过、胜过”。比如说：

The book's success has surpassed everyone's expectations.（这本书获得了超出所有人意料的成功。）

8. broadcast [ˈbrɔːdkɑːst; ˈbrɔːdkæst] v. 播送（电视或无线电节目），广播 n. 广播节目，电视节目

这是个合成词，由broad（形容词“宽广的、广泛的”）和cast（动词“扔、抛”）组成。broadcast的字面意思，是“广泛散播”，早期主要指的是农作物的“播种”。到了20世纪20年代，broadcast这个词开始被用于无线电信号的传输，也就是“广播”。现在可以考证的第一次broadcast表示“广播”的用法，是在1921年4月份的《发现》杂志（Discovery）上，原文是：

‘The radio station at Poldhu is used partly for broadcasting Press and other messages to ships.’（“英国宝窦电台部分被用于向船只广播新闻和其他信息。”）

现在broadcast作动词，一般只表示“广播”。比如说：

The meeting will be broadcast live tomorrow evening.（这次会议将在明晚现场直播。）

broadcast也可以作名词，表示“广播节目、电视节目”。比如说：

We watched a live broadcast of the concert.（我们观看了这次音乐会的现场直播。）

9. aerial [ˈeəriəl] n. 天线 adj. 空中的；空气中的

这个词前面的aeri-从读音上和air（空气、空中）有关；后面是一个名词后缀-al。aerial作名词，是aerial antenna（空中天线）的简称。antenna（天线）也是个很有趣的词，因为这个词前面的ant是“蚂蚁”的意思，因为天线的样子很像蚂蚁或者昆虫的触角，所以antenna本身是“触须、触角”的意思，后来才指代“天线”。现在，无论是aerial还是antenna，都可以表示“天线”。

同时，aerial还可以作形容词，表示“空中的、空气中的”。比如说：aerial photography（空中摄影）。

10. observation [ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n; ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃ(ə)n] n. 观察，监视；观察力；评论，评述

这个词的动词形式是：

observe [əbˈzɜːrv] vt. 观察；察觉到，注意到；监视；遵守（法律、规则或习俗）

前缀ob-表示“在对面”；后面的-serv(e)-是“看管、看”的意思，我们熟悉的preserve，字面意思是“提前看管好”，汉语翻译成“保护、维护”。observe这个词，字面意思是“在对面仔细看”或者“看管好”，作动词表示“观察、察觉到、注意到”或者“监视”。比如说：

Children learn by observing adults.（儿童通过观察成年人来学习。）

He observed a look of anxiety on her face.（他注意到了她脸上焦急的神情。）

The prisoners are closely observed.（这些犯人正被严密监视着。）

observe作动词，也可以表示“评论、评述”，指的是“仔细观察后发表言论”。比如说：

He observed that he had always found German cars very reliable.（他评论说他一直觉得德国汽车很靠谱。）

observe作动词，还可以表示“遵守（法律、规则或习俗）”，也就是“在对面看好、不要违背”。比如说：

People must observe the law and nobody should be an exception.（人们都必须遵纪守法，谁也不该例外。）

observation作名词，表示“观察、观测、监视”，或者“评论、评述”。比如说：

He has outstanding powers of observation.（他有着超强的观察力。）

This book is full of interesting observations about animals.（这本书里有许多关于动物的有趣评论。

You know what one of the most iconic buildings in the world is? Hmm, oh, it's that one right there, the Eiffel Tower. Let's go check it out. From far away, the Eiffel Tower doesn't look all that tall, but when you get here, and you look up, it's huge. This is so cool. It's not just to go up here and look at the views, you can hang out, lay on a pillow, go to a cafe. People are loving life up here. You know, coming to the Eiffel Tower, it's easy to take the elevator up, but I like to earn my views, I'm gonna walk. All right, made it! Look at this! Wow! So, I can see the Seine River, all the boats, the giant cathedrals far off in the distance, golden domes. This is so cool, I feel like I'm in an airplane flying over Paris. The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 for the Exposition, and actually, they were gonna destroy it 20 years after they built it, but in 1909 they decided, "Well, this is pretty darn cool," so they kept it. And I ,for one, am very happy about that. Ah, it is totally worth the trip to the Eiffel Tower when you're in Paris.

你知道世界上最具标志性的建筑是什么吗？嗯，哦，就是那个，埃菲尔铁塔。让我们去看看。从远处看，埃菲尔铁塔并没有那么高，但当你到了这里，抬头看，好大啊。这太酷了。到这里不仅仅是看看风景，你还可以出去逛逛，躺在枕头上，去咖啡馆。人们热爱这里的生活。你知道，来到埃菲尔铁塔，乘电梯上去很容易，但我想得到我独有的风景，我要步行。好了，成功了！看看这个！哇！所以，我可以看到塞纳河，所有的船，远处的巨大教堂，金色的圆顶。这真是太酷了，我感觉就像坐在一架飞越巴黎的飞机上。埃菲尔铁塔是1889年为世博会建造的，实际上，他们在建造20年后就打算把它摧毁，但在1909年，他们决定，“好吧，这太酷了”，所以他们保留了它。我对此感到非常高兴。啊，当你在巴黎时，去埃菲尔铁塔一趟是值得的。

iconic /aɪˈkɒnɪk/ adj. 标志性的
cathedral /kəˈθiːdrəl/ n. 大教堂
dome /dəʊm/ n. 圆顶屋，穹顶
exposition /ˌekspəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 博览会
darn /dɑːn/ adv. 非常（同damn）

check it out 去看看
the Seine River 塞纳河
far off in the distance 在远处

欢迎来到今天的课文精讲。

今天的这篇文章，要从1865年12月18号说起。这一天，美国宪法第十三条修正案（Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution）正式宣布了废除奴隶制（Abolishing Slavery）。

这也是美国南北战争（也就是美国内战，American Civil War）以后正式通过的三项重建修正案的第一项。

同年的一个晚上，时任法国反奴隶制度协会的会长（president of the French Anti-Slavery Society）、法国著名的政治思想家爱德华·勒内·德·拉沃拉叶（Édouard René de Laboulaye）

在自己的家里，和法国雕塑家弗雷德里克·奥古斯特·巴特勒迪（Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi）

一起萌生出了代表法国赠送给美国一座雕像的想法，并且表明这座雕像的目的是为了纪念美国联邦（the Union）在内战中的胜利，以及由此而带来的奴隶制度的废除。其实当时的拉沃拉叶还有一个目的，那就是希望通过此举来呼吁法国人在当时压抑的君主制（也就是拿破仑三世统治的法兰西第二帝国）里追求民主和自由。这座雕像，就是现在大名鼎鼎的The Statue of Liberty（自由女神像），也叫做Liberty Enlightening the World（自由照耀世界）。

不过由于当时法国的政治环境并不是很好，所以这件事一直处于被搁浅的状态。

1870年，法兰西第二帝国和普鲁士王国开战（Franco-Prussian War，也就是“普法战争”），随后拿破仑三世被捕并被废黜，法国变成了一个共和国，同时巴特勒迪正计划走访美国，才感觉赠送雕像的时机已经成熟。1871年6月，巴特勒迪带着拉沃拉叶的介绍信，横跨大西洋登上了美国，拉开了长达16年的商讨、确立、打造、运送、组装和落成自由女神像的序幕。

1886年10月28号，自由女神像的落成典礼在美国纽约市纽约港的贝德罗岛（Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor, New York City）举行。自此，自由女神像正式入驻美国，并且逐渐成为了美国的标志性建筑。而且在1956年，美国国会通过了一项法案，把贝德罗岛改名为自由岛（Liberty Island）。

今天我们要学习的这篇文章，标题就叫做The Statue of Liberty。

下面我们来逐句学习一下这篇文章：

"The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World”（自由照耀世界的雕像）

这里的Liberty Enlightening the World（自由照耀世界）是这座雕像的名字。

was a gift of friendship（曾是一份友谊的礼物）

谁给谁的礼物呢？后面是两个介词短语作后置定语：

from the people of France to the United States来自法国的送给美国的（礼物）。

然后还有个and引导的并列句：

and is known（并且被熟知）

作为什么被熟知呢？

as a universal symbol（作为一种普遍的象征）

什么象征呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

of freedom. 自由的（象征）。

这句话很长。我们再来完整看一遍：

"The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World" was a gift of friendship from the people of France to the United States and is known as a universal symbol of freedom. “自由照耀世界的雕像”是法国人民送给美国的代表友谊的礼物，被公认为是自由的普遍象征。

Also, here comes the first sentence pattern today: be known as a (universal) symbol of…作为……的（普遍）象征而被熟知:

Doves are recognized as a universal symbol of peace.（鸽子被公认为是和平的普遍象征。）

长城被公认为是中国的象征。（The great wall is known as a symbol of China.）

玫瑰被公认为是爱情的普遍象征（Roses are recognized as a universal symbol of love.）

黄金被公认为是财富的象征。（Gold is known as a symbol of wealth.）

Let’s go back to the text.

The Statue of Liberty was dedicated（自由女神像落成）

dedicate作动词，可以表示“把……奉献给……”，也可以表示“为建筑举行落成典礼”。自由女神像在什么时候落成呢？后面是一个介词短语作时间状语：

on October 28, 1886.（在1886年10月28号。）

美国建国是在1776年7月4号，到自由女神像落成这一年，正好是110周年，所以这个时候法国赠送这座雕像给美国也是一个很好的选择。

It was designated as a National Monument in 1924.（1924年，它被指定为国家纪念碑。）

Here comes the second sentence pattern today: be designated as …（被指定/选定为……。）:

This area of the restaurant is designated for children.（餐厅的这个区域被指定为儿童活动区。）

She was designated as the new manager.（她被选定当了新经理了。）

这间屋子是被指定当做老板办公室的。（This room is designated as the boss’s office.）

他被选定当了新总统。（He was designated as the new president.）

我们接着来看下一段，具体来了解一下自由女神像的细节：

The statue is a figure of Libertas,（这座雕像是利伯塔斯的人像，）

利伯塔斯是谁呢？后面是一个同位语：

a robed Roman liberty goddess.（一个身着长袍的罗马自由女神。）

robed是robe（动词“穿长袍”）的形容词形式，表示“穿着长袍的”。goddess指的是“女神”，相对god（神）。

在构思雕像的时候，拉沃拉叶和巴特勒迪仔细思考过如何最好地呈现出美国的自由主义。在早期的美国历史当中，有两位女性的形象经常被当做美国的化身。一位是哥伦比亚女士（Miss Columbia），这是早期美国国家的化身，也是为了纪念哥伦布1492年发现美洲新大陆而起的名字，相对的是美国的男性代表山姆大叔（Uncle Sam），也就是US。我们很多人都很眼熟的美国哥伦比亚电影公司（Columbia Pictures）电影开场的那个手举火炬的形象，就是哥伦比亚女士。

需要指出的是，南美洲的哥伦比亚共和国（Colombia），和Columbia虽然汉语翻译一样，但是英语单词拼写不一样，不过这两个名字都是为了纪念哥伦布发现新大陆。

另一个作为美国化身的女性形象，就是古罗马的自由女神利伯塔斯（Libertas），也就是拉沃拉叶和巴特勒迪最终选定的形象。

Let’s go back to the text and continue looking at the details of the Statue of Liberty.

She holds a torch above her head with her right hand,（她右手高举火炬，）

and in her left hand（然后在她的左手里）

carries a tabula ansata（捧着一个书板）

tabula ansata是拉丁语，指的是一块带有鸽尾状把手的平板。这种平板在罗马帝国是一种很流行的还愿牌的样子。

然后还有一个介词短语作后置定语，来修饰这块书板：

with July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals 带有罗马数字写成的1776年7月4号的（书板）

numeral这个词从读音上和number（数字）有关，作名词表示“数字或者表示数量的符号”。后面的括号里还给出了书板的罗马数字：(JULY IV MDCCLXXVI),

紧接着逗号后面又是一个同位语，进一步来解释这个日期的含义：

the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence.（也就是美国独立宣言的日期。）

这句话也挺长。我们再来完整看一遍：

She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata with July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. 她右手高举火炬，左手捧着刻有罗马数字1776年7月4日的书板，也就是美国独立宣言的日期。

A broken shackle and chain（一副打碎的镣铐和锁链）

lie at her feet（在她的脚边）

然后是一个as引导的时间状语从句：

as she walks forward,（当她向前迈步的时候，）

紧接着是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

marking the recent national abolition of slavery.（标志着最近全国奴隶制的废除。）

按照当时来推算，从1886年自由女神像落成算起，废除奴隶制刚刚过去21年。

After its dedication,（在落成以后，）

the statue became an icon（这座雕像成为了符号）

icon这个词，本意是“图标”，也可以用来代表大家崇拜的“偶像”或者一个时代或者领域的类象符号。

什么符号呢？后面是两个并列的介词短语作后置定语：

of freedom and of the United States, 自由和美国的（符号），

然后又是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

welcoming the immigrants arriving by sea.（欢迎从海上而来的移民们。）

这里的arriving by sea是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的immigrants。

我们再把这句话完整看一遍：

After its dedication, the statue became an icon of the United States, welcoming immigrants arriving by sea. 在落成以后，这座雕像成为了美国的符号，欢迎从海上而来的移民们。

The third sentence pattern today is: … became/has become/is an icon of … …… 变成了/是……的符号:

Gandhi became/had become an icon of India's independence movement after his continuous effort.（在不懈努力以后，甘地变成了印度独立运动的标志性人物。）

Michael Jackson is an icon of pop music.（迈克尔·杰克逊是流行音乐的标志性人物。）

她已经变成了娱乐界的标志性人物。（She has become an icon of the entertainment industry.）

基督救世主是里约的标志。（Christ the Redeemer is an icon of Rio.）

Let’s go back to the text. 值得一提的是，自由女神像的外貌参照的是巴特勒迪自己的母亲，高举火炬的右手参照的是巴特勒迪的妻子。可以说这个雕塑家通过对自由女神形象的塑造，也让自己生命里最重要的两个女人的生命用另一种形式延续了。

我们接着来看最后一段，了解一下自由女神像一些你可能不知道的有趣的细节：

The Statue of Liberty has a 35-foot waistline, 自由女神像腰围35英尺（约10.7米），

waistline是个合成词，由waist（腰）和line（线条）组成，表示“腰围”。

stands 305 feet tall, 身高305英尺（约93米），

这是含上基座的身高。如果不含基座，单纯的自由女神像是151英尺零1英寸，大约是46米高。相当于大概15层楼的高度。

and wears a size 879 shoe.（穿着879号的鞋子。）

这个数据听起来还是比较吓人的哈哈。

She is covered with a layer of copper（她周身被一层铜覆盖着）

layer来自lay（动词“放下、铺设”），作名词表示“铺设的层”。a layer of，就是“一层……”的意思。也就是说，自由女神像外面的材质是铜的。然后还有一个定语从句来修饰刚才的a layer of copper：

that is very thin 非常薄的（一层铜）

这个厚度相当于什么呢？后面还有一个破折号引导的补充说明的信息：

– about the depth（大概是那种厚度）

哪种呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

of two pennies pressed together. 两枚硬币被挤压到一起的（厚度）。

简单来讲，自由女神像并不是实心的，而是外面一层很薄的铜，包裹着里面的金属框架。这个结构的设计人，叫做古斯塔夫·埃菲尔（Gustave Eiffel）。这个人还设计过另一个闻名世界的建筑，就是法国巴黎的标志性建筑：埃菲尔铁塔（Eiffel Tower）。

Also, the last sentence pattern today is pretty simple: be covered with …（被……覆盖/充满……。）:

Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust.（所有的东西都覆盖着厚厚的一层灰尘。）

The desk is covered with papers.（书桌上铺了些报纸。）

下雪以后，车上覆盖了一层冰。（After snowing, the car is covered with a layer of ice.）

整栋大楼都充满了一层厚厚的灰尘。（The entire building is covered with a thick layer of dust.）

When she was assembled on Bedloe’s Island,（当她在贝德洛岛上被组装起来时，）

she was a beautiful brown color, 她是个很美的棕色（雕像）

and stayed this way for around 35 years.（并且这个样子持续了大约35年。）

By 1920,（到了1920年，）

the copper skin had begun to oxidize（铜皮就已经开始氧化，）

and turn the lovely sea green（然后变成了可爱的海绿色）

然后是一个省略了that的定语从句：

we know today.我们今天所了解的（海绿色）。

今日总结：

今天我们相对比较细节地了解了一下自由女神像的故事。但如今举世闻名的自由女神像，其实真正在美国落成之前的遭遇却并不是那么好。1885年6月17号，自由女神像被分成300多块，装到214个板条箱里，从法国乘船启程运往美国。但是女神标志性的高举火炬的右臂却并不在其中，因为早在6年前，它就被摆在了纽约曼哈顿的麦迪逊广场公园（Madison Square Park），来呼吁人们捐款为自由女神像建一个基座。为什么呢？因为当时法国把自由女神像送给美国有个条件，就是要美国人给雕像配一个像样的基座。但是当时的美国政府不想出那么多钱，所以这个礼物就一直没被送过去。后来还是美国报业的巨头约瑟夫·普利策（Joseph pulitzer）开始了众筹的方式，并且承诺把每个捐款者的名字刊登到报纸上，才筹到了超过12万美金，这才算把基座的事情基本解决了。可见如今象征美国自由主义的自由女神像，遇到资金问题，也一度被压得抬不起头来。

同时，由于材质的原因，自由女神像自建成以来，每年都会被闪电击中大约600回。曼哈顿有个摄影师叫Jay Fine，在2010年首次拍到了自由女神像被雷击的相片，视觉效果还是挺震撼的。

科技的发展日新月异，现在的自由女神像里不光有螺旋状的三百多个台阶直通女神的头部，还有电梯设备，让你可以非常轻松地就进入到利伯塔斯的头里，用自由女神的视角俯瞰纽约的美景。同时，里面还有公共厕所等各种设施，让你不至于从那么高的地方下来才能解决人生大事。那么如果有机会，你要不要去试试呢？

1. enlighten [ɪnˈlaɪt(ə)n] v. 启发，启迪；开导；向某人阐明

前缀en-是in-的变体表示“进入、注入”；中间的light是名词“光”；最后是一个动词后缀-en。enlighten的字面意思，是“注入光”，作动词表示“启发、开导”，是个修辞手法，也就是汉语里所说的“照亮内心”。比如说：

This book will enlighten the reader on the importance of environmental protection.（这本书会在环保方面启发读者。）

enlighten作动词，也可以表示“向某人阐明”，也就是“把话说明白”。比如说：

She didn't enlighten him about her background.（她未向他讲明自己的出身背景。）

2. universal [ˌjuːnɪˈvɜː(r)s(ə)l] adj. 普遍的；全体的；通用的

这个词来自：

universe [ˈjuːnɪvɜː(r)s] n. 宇宙；天地万物

前缀uni-是one（一）的意思，我们熟悉的unit（单元），就是“一个整体”；universe后面的-vers(e)-是“转”的意思，之前我们学过的reverse（动词“倒车”），就是“往回转”。universe指的是“周而复始、万众合一”，作名词表示“宇宙、天地万物”。

universal作形容词，表示“普遍的、全体的、通用的”。比如说：Smile is a universal language.（微笑是全世界通用的语言。）

之前有同学问我，universe（宇宙）和university（大学）有关系吗？有。在中世纪的欧洲，教会是古代文化的主要继承者和传播者。那个时候，一些教会的牧师经常会走到大街上，向老百姓宣讲自己的研究心得，这些牧师也是最早的学院派讲师。当时，这些人里的一些知识渊博、见解独到又口才出众的讲师周围，逐渐就聚集了一批学生，定期到教堂里听课。当时这些教堂所在的地区，慢慢就变成了知名的学术中心，拥有很多讲师和学生。再到后来，随着人数的增加，为了保障自己的权利，教师和学生就自发组成了社团，这种社团在拉丁语里叫做universitas magistrorum et scholarium，意思是“ university of masters and scholars ”（专家学者社团），简称universitas ，意思是“团体、集合体”，源自universus （整体、集合体）。这就是英语单词university的来源。简单来讲，其实宇宙和大学指的都是“集合体”。

3. symbol [ˈsɪmb(ə)l] n. 象征，标志；符号

symbol这个词从读音上和simple（形容词“简单的”）有关。再往前推，这两个词都可以表示“单一、一起”。simple指的是“不复杂的、单一的”，而symbol指的是“用一种形式代表一个对象”，作名词表示“象征、标志、符号”。比如说：

A heart shape is the symbol of love.（心形是爱的象征。）

White has always been a symbol of purity in Western cultures.（在西方文化中，白色一向象征纯洁。）

4. dedicate [ˈdedɪkeɪt] vt. 奉献，献出（全部精力、时间等）；（把书籍、戏剧、演出等）献给；为……举行落成仪式

前缀de-表示“向下、脱离”；中间的-dic-是“说话”的意思，我们熟悉的dictionary（字典），就是“措辞、话语的合集”；dedicate最后是一个动词后缀-ate。dedicate的字面意思，dedicate原来是个宗教术语，指的是“向上帝发誓完成某事”，现在dedicate作动词，表示“奉献、献出”。比如说：

He has dedicated his life to scientific research.（他把自己的一生都献给了科学研究工作。）

dedicate作动词，也可以表示“（把书籍、戏剧、演出等）献给……”。比如说：

The book is dedicated to the author's husband.（作者将此书献给自己的丈夫。）

dedicate作动词，早期还表示为宗教用途的建筑举行奉献典礼。现在dedicate作动词，可以泛指“为……举行落成仪式”。比如说：

The church was dedicated on 1 March 1805.（这座教堂于1805年3月1日落成。）

dedicate的名词，是：

dedication [ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] n. 奉献；献身；献词；落成典礼

表示“奉献、献身、献词”或者“落成典礼”。比如说：

He has always shown great dedication to the cause.（他对这项事业一直都表现出强烈的奉献精神。）

The dedication at the front of the book reads "For my Father”.（这本书前面的献词中写道：“献给我的父亲”。）

The president attended the dedication of the new church.（总统出席了这座新教堂的落成典礼。）

5. designate [ˈdezɪɡneɪt] vt. 指定，选定；委派

这个词的同源词是design（动词“设计”）。再往前推，这两个词都和“标记”（sign）有关。design指的是“标记下来”，作动词表示“设计”。designate作动词，表示“指定、选定”，也就是“给某人打上某个标记”。比如说：

He has been designated as team captain.（他被任命为队长。）

The boss has designated this building (as) the new address for the company.（老板指定这栋大楼为公司的新地址。）

6. declaration [ˌdekləˈreɪʃn] n. 宣言；声明；公告

这个词来自：

declare [dɪˈkleə(r)] vt. 宣布，声明；申报（应纳税的货物价值或收入）

前缀de-表示“向下、彻底”，这里起到的是强调作用；后面的clare从读音上和clear（形容词“清楚的”）有关。declare的字面意思，是“彻底说清楚”，生活里作动词指的是“宣布、声明”。比如说：

They declared their support for the proposal.（他们宣布支持这个提议。）

America declared war on Japan in 1941.（1941年，美国对日本宣战。）

declare作动词，也可以表示“申报（应纳税的货物价值或收入）”，也就是彻底说清楚自己买东西花了多少钱，或者自己挣多少钱，然后依法纳税。比如说在海关就会有人问你：

— Do you have anything to declare?（你有什么要申报的吗？）如果没有，你就可以回答说：— No. I have nothing to delcare.（不。我没什么需要申报的。）

declaration作名词，表示“宣言、声明、公告”。美国的“独立宣言”，英语就叫做the Declaration of Independence。

7. independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] n. 独立，自主；（国家的）独立

这里的前缀in-和un-是一个意思，表示否定；中间的depend是动词“依靠”；最后是一个名词后缀-ence。independence的字面意思是“不依靠”，作名词表示“独立、自主”。比如说：

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821.（墨西哥于1821年脱离西班牙获得独立。）

8. shackle [ˈʃækl] n. 束缚；桎梏；镣铐；给（某人）戴镣铐；阻挠，束缚

shackle的基本意思是“锁链”。生活里shackle作名词，可以表示“镣铐”，也可以代表“束缚、桎梏”。比如说：

The prisoner was fastened by a shackle.（那个犯人被脚镣铐着。）

shackle也可以作动词，表示“给（某人）戴镣铐”或者“阻挠、束缚”。比如说：

The prisoners were kept shackled during the trial.（审判期间，犯人戴着镣铐。）

The country is shackled by its own debts.（这个国家正为其债务所困。）

9. chain [tʃeɪn] n. 链，链条；一连串，一系列 vt. 用锁链拴住（或束缚、固定）

chain作名词，表示“链条”。比如说：

She wears a gold chain around her neck.（她脖子上戴着一条金项链。）

生活里，我们经常用a chain of来形象地表示“一连串、一系列”。比如说：

A chain of events lead to the accident.（一系列的事情造成了那起事故。）

另外，我们平时说的“连锁店”，英语就可以叫做chain store。

chain也可以作动词，表示“用锁链拴住”，或者“束缚”。比如说：

I don't want a job where I'm chained to a desk for eight hours a day.（我不想要一份一天8小时都被拴在办公桌前的工作。）

10. abolition [ˌæbəˈlɪʃ(ə)n] n. （法律、制度、习俗等的）废除，废止

这个词的动词形式是：

abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ; əˈbɑːlɪʃ] vt. 废除，废止

前缀ab-表示“离开”；中间的-ol-从读音上和old（形容词“老的”）有关，两者都是“生长”的意思；最后是一个动词后缀-lish。abolish的字面意思是“离开生长、不再生长”，生活里指的是“法律、制度、习俗等不再延用”，作动词表示“废除、废止”。比如说：

National Service was abolished in the UK in 1962.（英国的国民兵役制度于1962年废止。）

abolish的名词是abolition，表示“废除、废止”。比如说：the abolition of slavery（奴隶制的废除）。

11. slavery [ˈsleɪvəri] n. 奴隶制；奴隶身份

这个词来自：

slave [sleɪv] n. 奴隶

slave这个词来自罗马帝国时期的Slavs（斯拉夫人）。在斯拉夫人的语言里，Slav是“光荣、荣誉”的意思。因为斯拉夫人经常被各个民族征服然后沦为奴隶，所以慢慢Slav这个词就变成了“奴隶”的代名词，逐渐演变成了今天的英语单词slave。

slavery作名词，表示“奴隶制、奴隶身份”。比如说：

In the past, millions of Africans were sold into slavery.（在过去，数百万非洲人曾被贩卖为奴。）

12. immigrant [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] n. （外来）移民，侨民

这个词的同源词是：

migrate [ˈmaɪɡreɪt] vi. 迁徙（qiān xǐ）；迁移

这个词前面的-migr-是move（移动）的意思；后面是一个动词后缀-ate。migrate专指的是“人或动物从一个地方移居到另一个地方”，也就是“迁徙”或者“迁移”。比如说：

Swallows migrate to the south in winter.（燕子在冬天迁徙到南方。）

Thousands of people were forced to migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work.（成千上万的人为了寻找工作被迫从农村迁移到了城市。）

生活当中，如果一个人“从自己的国家迁入到另一国”，相对新国家来说，这种动作叫做immigrate（移居入境），这里的前缀im-是in-的变体表示“进入”，而这种人在新国家就叫做immigrant（移民）；相反，相对自己原来的国家来说，一个人迁出去叫做emigrate（移居国外），这里的前缀e-是ex-的简写表示“向外”，而这种人对于自己的祖国来说，就叫做emigrant（侨民）。

13. assemble [əˈsemb(ə)l] v. （使）集合，（使）聚集；装配，组装

前缀as-是ad-的变体表示“朝、去”；后面的semble从读音上和same（相同）有关。assemble的字面意思，是“往同一个方向去”，作动词表示“集合、聚集”。比如说：

We assembled in the meeting room after lunch.（午饭后我们在会议室集合。）

生活里assemble作动词，也可以表示“组装、装配”，也就是“把各种零件装到一起”。比如说：

This bookshelf is very easy to assemble.（这个书架组装起来很容易。）

另外，我们平时说的“装配线、生产流水线”，英语叫做assembly line。这里的assembly是assemble的名词形式，表示“装配”。

14. oxidize [ˈɒksɪdaɪz; ˈɑːksɪdaɪz] vt. 使氧化；使生锈

这个词前面的oxid是oxide的简写表示“氧化物”，我们在化学符号里用XO表示；后面是一个动词后缀-ize。oxidize作动词，表示“氧化、生锈”。比如说：

Iron oxidizes to form rust.（铁氧化形成铁锈。）

In today's lesson, we learned some basic information about the Statue of Liberty in New York. I'm sure you want more than that, eh? So in the following video, we will continue to enjoy her beauty from a different perspective. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课文中，我们了解了纽约自由女神像的一些基本信息，相信大家依然意犹未尽哈。所以在接下来的视频中，我们继续用不一样的视角来领略她的美。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

A trip to New York City is not complete without a visit to the Statue of Liberty. Standing at 305 feet, Lady Liberty is made of copper as thin as two pennies. The statue was a dull brown when she was first unveiled. But the green patina she developed in the years since protects her from the elements. There are so many ways to catch a glimpse of the State of Liberty, from a Manhattan skyscraper to a helicopter, a ferry, but there is nothing like paying a visit to Lady Liberty herself. Millions of people visit the Statue of Liberty every year, she is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site after all. Booking a tour can save you time in line and connect you with someone who knows all the right angles. I'm gonna pop down and give you guys the best angle with Lady Liberty. Here we go. There are several types of tickets you can buy to see Lady Liberty, some let you see her from the ground, from a pedestal partway up, and some let you sit within her seven-pointed crown. Your ticket also grants you access to the newly-built Statue of Liberty Museum which houses the Statue's original 3,600 pound torch. Extend your trip with a visit to Ellis Island where more than 12 million people were processed in the 65 years it was in operation. Guests can search for relatives in the museum's archive and learn what life was like for them. No matter how you choose to put your visit together, you will walk away with a greater understanding of U.S. history and be treated to some pretty epic views of Manhattan.

不参观自由女神像的纽约之旅是不完整的。自由女神身高305英尺，由两便士厚的铜制成。当她首次亮相时，雕像呈暗褐色。但是，她在此后几年中形成的绿色光泽保护了她免受各种自然因素的影响。你有很多方法可以一睹自由女神像的风采，从曼哈顿的摩天大楼到直升飞机再到渡轮，但没有什么比亲自去拜访自由女神更让人难忘了。每年有数百万人参观自由女神像，毕竟她是联合国教科文组织指定的世界遗产。预订旅游可以节省你排队的时间，并将帮你联系到一个懂得各种拍摄角度的人。我会躺下来，给你们和自由女神找到最好的合影角度。我们开始了。你可以买到几种类型的门票来观看自由女神，有些可以让你从地面上看到她，从半空中的基座上看到，还有一些可以让你坐在她的七角王冠内。您还可以凭门票进入新建的自由女神像博物馆，该博物馆是自由女神像最初的3600磅火炬所在地。参观埃利斯岛，延续您的行程。在埃利斯岛运营的65年中，该岛接待了1200多万人。游客可以在博物馆的档案中寻找亲属，了解他们的生活。无论你选择如何安排这次访问，你都会对美国历史有更深入的了解，并欣赏到曼哈顿的一些壮观景色。

unveiled /ˌʌnˈveɪld/ adj. 公布于众，首次亮相
patina /ˈpætɪnə/ n. 铜绿，光泽
UNESCO /juːˈneskəʊ/ abbr. 联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）
archive /ˈɑːkaɪv/ n. 档案
epic /ˈepɪk/ adj. 史诗般的，壮观的，宏大的

protect sb. from 保护……免于……
catch a glimpse of 看见，瞥见
there is nothing like… 什么也比不上……
after all 毕竟
pop down 躺下
grant sb. sth. 给予某人某物

欢迎来到今天的课文精讲。

今天的学习内容，要从两千多年前说起。当时在意大利罗马城的西里欧山、艾斯奎利诺山和帕拉蒂尼山（Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills）之间的低谷里，有一处平坦的地区。加上一条改造的运河和一个人工湖，让这个地区人丁兴旺、一片繁荣。但是，公元64年7月18号，一场无情的大火（The Great Fire of Rome）给罗马城带来了前所未有的重创，这片区域也被烧成了一片废墟。随后，罗马帝国第五位皇帝，也是史上有名的弑母杀妻、荒淫无度的暴君尼禄（Nero）

把这片区域中的大部分据为己有，建造了华丽的“金宫”（DomusAurea），配套了人工湖以及周边的亭子、花园和门廊等等。最重要的是，在金宫的入口，竖起了一尊巨大的尼禄铜像（the Colossus of Nero）。在拉丁语里，colossus的意思是“巨大的雕像”，比如之前我们提到过的世界七大奇迹里的The Colossus of Rhodes（罗德岛巨像），就是希腊神话里的太阳神赫利俄斯（Helios）的铜像。

到了公元68年，罗马元老院议员温德克斯（Vindex）在西班牙行省总督加尔巴（Galba）的支持下发动叛乱，尼禄被判为公敌，并在其缺席的情况下被判处死刑（Nero was declared a public enemy and condemned to death in absentia.）随后尼禄逃出罗马，并且在同年的6月9号自尽。

尼禄死后，在罗马新皇帝韦斯巴芗（Vespasian）的决议之下，金宫的大部分建筑被拆，人造湖也被填平，周边建起了角斗士学校和配套建筑。而在金宫的原址上，建起了一个圆形大剧院（amphitheater），供大家观赏各种表演，以此来把这片被尼禄私用的土地还给人民。这个圆形大剧院，就是后来举世闻名的the Colosseum（罗马斗兽场），并且Colosseum这个名字，就是来自colossus，指的是“巨物”。

今天我们要学的这篇文章，标题就叫做：Colosseum - the icon of Rome（罗马斗兽场——罗马的象征）。
下面我们来逐句学习一下这篇文章：

The Colosseum is the main symbol of Rome.（罗马斗兽场是罗马的主要象征。）

It is a grand construction（这是一座宏伟的建筑）

然后是一个that引导的定语从句，具体来修饰这个建筑：

that, with almost 2,000 years of history, will bring you back in time to discover the way of life in the Roman Empire.

但是你会发现这个从句有点别扭，因为中间加了个插入语with almost 2,000 years of history（伴随着近两千年的历史）。我们可以先把这个插入语去掉，定语从句就连起来了。也就是：

that will bring you back in time将会带你回到当时的（建筑）

回到当时做什么呢？后面是一个动词不定式作目的状语：

to discover the way of life（去带你了解那种生活方式）

哪里的生活方式呢？后面还有一个介词短语作地点状语：

in the Roman Empire.（在罗马帝国。）

Roman Empire（罗马帝国），指公元前27年到公元1453年的罗马奴隶制国家。

我们再把这句话完整看一遍：It is a grand construction that, with almost 2,000 years of history, will bring you back in time to discover the way of life in the Roman Empire.按照汉语的表达习惯，我们可以翻译成：这是一座拥有近2000年历史的宏伟建筑。它将带你回到当年，了解罗马帝国的生活方式。

The first sentence pattern today is: bring you back in time to（将带你回到当时，去……）。For example:

This painting will bring you back in time to feel the greatness of that dynasty.（这幅画将带你回到当时，去感受那个朝代的伟大。）

他的诗将带你回到当时，去感受那个岁月的浪漫。（诗歌叫poem，岁月可以说age）（His poem will bring you back in time to feel the romance of that age.）

The construction of the Colosseum（罗马斗兽场的建造）

began in the year 72 始于（公元）72年，

and was finished in the year 80.（于80年完工。）

The second sentence pattern today is: The construction of … began in …（……的建造开始于……。）For example:

The construction of the bridge began in 2008.（这座桥的建造开始于2008年。）

这栋大楼的建造开始于2019年。（The construction of the building began in 2019.）

确切来说，罗马斗兽场是在公元72年由罗马皇帝韦斯巴芗（Vespasian）督建。公元79年，韦斯巴芗去世，他的长子提图斯（Titus）继承帝位，于次年完成斗兽场的建造。后来提图斯的弟弟图密善继承大统，又对罗马斗兽场进行了修饰。因为这三位皇帝的统治时期属于“弗拉维王朝”（Flavian dynasty），所以罗马斗兽场也叫做“弗拉维圆形剧场”（Flavian Amphitheater）。

After completion,（建成后，）

it became the greatest Roman amphitheater,（罗马斗兽场成为最大的罗马圆形剧场，）

然后是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

measuring 188 meters（测量是188米）

在哪方面188米呢？

in length,（在长度方面，）

后面是两个相同结构的表达：

156 meters in width（宽156米，）

and 57 meters in height.（高57米。）

这里的length，width，height（长、宽、高）都是名词，对应的形容词是long，wide，high。

罗马斗兽场为什么叫做“斗兽场”呢？我们接着来看下一段，详细了解一下它的主要用途：

During the Roman Empire（在罗马帝国时期）

and under the motto of "Bread and Circuses”,（在“面包与马戏”这条格言的影响下，）

the Colosseum罗马斗兽场

allowed more than 50,000 people（能让超过5万人）

to enjoy its finest scene.（去欣赏她最好的场面。）

这里有两个背景知识我来提一下：

第一，Bread and Circuses（面包与马戏）这个说法来自罗马讽刺诗人尤维纳利斯（Juvenalis），是个政治术语，指的是当局不想着通过出色的公共服务或公共政策，而是靠通过食物和娱乐活动这种转移、分散注意力的缓解方式去满足人民群众的基本需求，进而获得公众的认可:

to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or public policy, but by diversion, distraction, or by satisfying the most immediate or basic requirements of a populace by offering a palliative; for example food (bread) or entertainment (circuses)

尤维纳利斯用这个说法还在谴责一点，那就是受到小恩小惠的民众因此而产生的对更大问题的忽略。比如说二战时期以希特勒为首的纳粹党，虽然对犹太人白板迫害，但却通过各种福利政策对德国人万般讨好，用这种手段来稳固德国民众对纳粹的忠诚、麻痹他们对弱者的同情。这就叫做Bread and Circuses。从这个角度看来，原文里的motto（格言），其实是个贬义词，所以我把汉语翻译成了“（麻痹人心的）格言”。

第二，关于罗马斗兽场能容纳多少观众，原文给出的是超过5万人，维基百科给出的数据是“在不同时期能盛下大约5到8万观众，平均每场观众约6万5千人”。（It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history,having an average audience of some 65,000）

罗马斗兽场由三层的环形拱廊组成，最上面还有一层阁楼，阁楼上面还有遮阳的帆布，可以支撑起来为观众遮风挡雨、避暑御寒。

斗兽场作为一个圆形剧场，由80个入口环绕，其中76个入口供普通观众使用，每个入口以及相应的楼梯、座位都有详细的编号。剩下的4个入口，3个供精英人士使用，还有1个专门供罗马皇帝和相关人员使用，并且入口相应的装修也是极尽奢华。同时由于入口众多，座位编排合理，所以活动结束或者遇到紧急疏散的时候，几万人在几分钟内就能快速撤离，在整体设计上可以说是非常有技术含量的。

罗马斗兽场都会举办哪些表演呢？我们接着往下看原文：

The exhibitions of exotic animals,（奇异动物的展出，）

executions of prisoners,（处决囚犯，）

recreations of battles（战役的重现）

recreation这个词，字面意思是“再创造”，作名词除了可以表示“（恢复精神的）娱乐活动”，也可以表示“重现”。当时的罗马斗兽场会以表演的形式重现历史上一些重大的战争，以此来让大家近距离体验视觉和听觉的双重震撼。

and gladiator fights（以及角斗士的拼杀）

kept the Roman people entertained for years.

keep sb. entertained，字面意思是“保持某人愉悦”。原文里也就是说：（这些表演）让罗马人多年来乐此不疲。

Here comes the third sentence pattern today: keep sb. entertained for …让某人开心（多久）。For example:

The movie theater in this community has been keeping the residents entertained for many years.（多年来，这个小区里的电影院让居民们非常开心。）

这条狗多年来让这家人非常开心。（The dog has been keeping the family entertained for many years.）

我们继续来聊聊罗马斗兽场的各类表演的举办形式。兽场表演区的地下有很多入口和通道，用来安放角斗士、各种道具和动物，表演开始的时候再把他们吊到地上的竞技场地。斗兽场里还可以用输水道引水。公元248年就用这种方式把水引到表演区里形成了一个湖，表演海战的场面，以此来庆祝罗马建成1000年。不过归根结底来说，这些表演（尤其是人与兽的殊死搏斗），是一种极其残忍和野蛮的行为，还记得开篇提到的斗兽场旁边的“角斗士学校”吗？其实就是变相的训练奴隶和战俘成为角斗士的监狱而已，所以通过这种办法来取悦民众是一种非常原始和违背人性的手段。换句话说，这种反人类的娱乐形式迟早会泯灭在历史的进程中。

The Colosseum remained active for over 500 years.（罗马斗兽场活跃了500多年。）

The last recorded games in history（历史上最后一次有记载的比赛）

were celebrated in the 6th century.（是在6世纪举行的。）

Since the 6th century,（自6世纪以来，）

the Colosseum has suffered lootings,（罗马斗兽场遭遇过洗劫、）

earthquakes（地震，）

and even bombings during World War Two.（甚至在二战期间受到过轰炸。）

It was also used for decades（它还在数十年来被使用）

作为什么被使用呢？

as a storehouse, church, cemetery（作为仓库、教堂、墓地）

and even a castle for nobility.（甚至贵族的城堡。）

The last sentence pattern today is very simple: be used (for some time) as …被当做……（多久）。For example:

This building is used as a temporary hospital.（这栋楼被当做临时医院使用。）

计算机被当做工作平台已经数十年了。（Computers have been used as work platforms for decades.）

这间屋子可以用来当你的办公室。（This room can be used as your office.）

唱歌这种方式在数千年来一直被当做一种传递人类情感的方式。（Singing has been used for thousands of years as a way of expressing human emotions.）

At present the Colosseum is,（目前，罗马斗兽场是）

紧接着是一个附加的插入语：

along with the Vatican City,（和梵蒂冈城一起，）

Rome's greatest tourist attraction.（罗马最大的旅游景点。）

因为中间的along with…是个附加的信息，并不是句子的重点，这句话我们完全可以颠倒一下语序：At present the Colosseum isRome's greatest tourist attraction, along with the Vatican City.（目前，罗马斗兽场是罗马最大的旅游景点，梵蒂冈城也是。）

Each year 6 million tourists visit it.（每年有600万游客参观。）

On 7 July, 2007,（2007年7月7日，）

the Colosseum became one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.（罗马斗兽场成为现代世界七大奇迹之一。）

2000年5月1号，美国上映过一部电影，叫做《角斗士》，里面的大量情节和场景都详细向我们展示了当时罗马帝国的政治策略和罗马斗兽场的壮观场面。比如民间贩卖奴隶和战俘到角斗士学校训练，拼死胜出的角斗士再被挑选到罗马斗兽场决战，演出前竞技场上的工作人员不断把马车上的面包扔向观众席，角斗士们从斗兽场地下被吊到竞技场上参加重现的迦太基战役，包括人与老虎的打斗场面等等，都让我们从很大程度上看到了角斗士之间的自相残杀和观众的扭曲审美。同时，在这部电影里，罗马帝国将军马克西姆因为被陷害而沦为奴隶角斗士，并且一路拼杀，最终在罗马斗兽场里手刃了篡位的暴君康茂德，结束了罗马斗兽场上泯灭人性的表演陋习，也因此将整个电影的故事情节升华到了一个新的高度。如果你有兴趣，不妨在有时间的时候看看这部电影。

1. construction[kənˈstrʌkʃn] n. 建造；施工；建筑物

前缀con-表示“到一起”；中间的-struct-是“建造”的意思。我们平时说的一个建筑设计的“结构”，英语就叫做structure；construction最后是一个名词后缀-ion。construction作名词，可以表示“建造、施工”，也可以代表“建筑物”。比如说：

Our new offices are still under construction.（我们的新办公楼尚在施工中。）

This house is a simple wooden construction.（这栋房子是个简单的木结构建筑。）

2. discover[dɪˈskʌvə(r)]vt.（首次）发现，找到

前缀dis-表示“相反”；后面的cover作动词表示“覆盖”。discover的字面意思是“覆盖的反面、不覆盖”，作动词表示“发现、找到”，尤其指的是“首次发现”，也就是“揭开了……的面纱”。比如说：

We discovered this beach while we were sailing around the island.（我们在围绕这个海岛航行时发现了这个海滩。）

Scientists around the world are working to discover a cure for AIDS.（全世界的科学家都在努力寻找治疗艾滋病的方法。）

3. amphitheater [ˈæmfɪθɪətə(r)]n.（露天的）圆形剧场

amphitheater前面的amphi-是“两边、到处”的意思，从读音上和ambi-有关。英语里有个词叫做ambulance，早期指的是“在战场之间到处跑的流动医院”，现在ambulance作名词，泛指“救护车”。amphitheater后面的theater是“剧场、剧院”的意思。amphitheater指的是“到处都能观看表演的剧院”，生活里指的是“（露天的）圆形剧场”。

4. measure [ˈmeʒə(r)]vt. 测量；估量，衡量 n. 方法；措施；标准，尺度

这个词前面的meas-从读音上和meter（计量单位“米”）有关。measure作动词，表示“测量”。比如说：

— Will the table fit in here? — I don't know. Let’s measure it.（——这里放得下这张桌子吗？——我不知道。我们来量一下吧。）

measure作动词，也可以表示“估量、衡量”。比如说：

There is no way of measuring the harm done to her.（对她造成的伤害无法估量。）

measure也可以作名词，表示“测量方法”，也可以泛指“方法、措施”。比如说：

We must take measures to improve our productivity.（我们必须采取措施提高生产力。）

measure作名词，还可以表示“标准、尺度”。比如说：

Record sales are a very direct measure of a singer's popularity.（唱片的销售记录是衡量一名歌手受欢迎程度的直接标准。）

5. motto[ˈmɒtəʊ; ˈmɑːtoʊ]n. 座右铭，格言

motto作名词，表示“座右铭、格言、箴言”。比如说：

Her motto is "Work hard, play hard”.（她的座右铭是“努力工作，痛快玩乐”。）

6. circus[ˈsɜː(r)kəs]n. 马戏团；马戏演员

这个词从读音上和circle（圆圈）有关。circus早期指的是用来举办表演或比赛圆形剧场。到了18世纪，很多表演马术的人都开始在这种圆形剧场里表演马术，这种场地最大的优势，就是无论在什么位置，观众都能看到马术骑师的表演。这也是为什么汉语会把circus翻译成“马戏团”或者“马戏表演”。当然，现在的马戏团里可不光有马术表演，各种杂技和动物的表演都非常多样化。比如说：

Her dad took her to the circus last Sunday.（她的爸爸上周末带她去看马戏了。）

7. exotic[ɪɡˈzɒtɪk; ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk]adj. 奇异的，异国风情的

这个词前面的exo-是词根，意思和前缀ex-一样，都表示“在外面”。exotic指的是“来自外国的”，作形容词表示“异国风情的”。比如说：exotic food（异国风味的食物），exotic designs（异域风情的设计）等等。

8. prisoner[ˈprɪz(ə)nə(r)]n. 犯人，囚犯；被关押起来的人

这个词来自：

prison [ˈprɪz(ə)n] n. 监狱；牢房

prison前面的-pris-是“抓、取”的意思。英语里有个词叫prize（奖品），字面意思就是“取得之物”（a taking）。prison作名词，专指“抓住、扣押犯人的地方”，作名词表示“监狱、牢房”，而prisoner指的就是“犯人、囚犯”，或者“被关押起来的人”。比如说：

Several passengers were held prisoners by the gunmen for two days.（一些乘客被持枪歹徒扣押了两天。）

9. battle[ˈbæt(ə)l]n. 战役，战争；斗争；争论 vi. 作战，战斗；斗争

这个词前面的bat从读音上和beat（动词“打”）有关。battle作名词，指的是“打仗、战斗”，尤其指的是某次具体的“战役”。比如说：

In the battle to take the city, over 150 soldiers were killed.（在那次的城市争夺战里，超过150名士兵战死。）

在生活里，battle作名词，也可以表示“斗争”或者“争论”。比如说：

She has fought a constant battle with her weight.（她一直在和自己的体重作斗争。）

battle也可以作动词，表示“作战、战斗”或者“斗争”。比如说：

The two nations have been battling for years.（这两个国家已经战斗了很多年。）

She battled with cancer for four years.（她和癌症抗争了四年。）

10. gladiator[ˈɡlædieɪtə(r)] n.（古罗马）角斗士

这个词来自拉丁语gladius（剑）。gladiator的字面意思是“剑客”，尤其指的是古罗马时期“在公开比赛里的角斗士”。

11. suffer[ˈsʌfə(r)]vi. （因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受折磨；经受、遭受（坏事）

前缀suf-是sub-的变体表示“在下面”；后面的-fer-是“携带、承受”（bear）的意思。我们熟悉的prefer（动词“更喜欢”），字面意思就是“把其中一个带到前面”。suffer的字面意思，是“在下方承受”，作动词表示“受苦、受折磨”。比如说：

He suffered a lot when his wife died.（他的妻子去世的时候，他十分痛苦。）

suffer作动词，也可以表示“经受、遭受（坏事）”。比如说：

Many people suffer from anxiety in work.（很多人在工作里都会经历焦虑。）

12. looting [ˈluːtɪŋ]n. 抢劫；洗劫，趁乱打劫

loot作动词，指的是“（在暴力事件中）抢劫，洗劫”。比如说：More than 20 shops were looted.（有20多家商店遭到了抢劫。）

looting作名词，可以表示“抢劫、洗劫”，也可以指代“抢劫的物品、战利品”。

13. bombing[ˈbɒmɪŋ; ˈbɑːmɪŋ]n. [军]轰炸，[军]投弹

这个词来自：

bomb [bɒm; bɑːm]n. 炸弹；爆炸装置v. 轰炸，炸毁

bomb是个拟声词，指的是炸弹爆炸时候发出的声音，所以bomb作名词，表示“炸弹”或者“爆炸装置”。比如说：

Hundreds of bombs were dropped on the city.（几百枚炸弹被投到了这座城市。）

bomb也可以作动词，表示“轰炸、炸毁”。比如说：

Planes bombed the city last night.（昨晚飞机轰炸了这座城市。）

在美式口语里，会用the bomb表示“最好”，就是“给人冲击大、印象很深的人或物”。比如说：

Her new boyfriend is the bomb!（她的新男朋友太好了！）

但有趣的是，也会用bomb来表示“惨败”，也就是“被炸得一塌糊涂”的形象说法。比如说：

The play was a real bomb.（这次演出演杂了。）

The exam was too hard! I definitely bombed / bɑːmd / it.（这次考试太难了！我肯定考砸了。）

14. decade[ˈdekeɪd]n. 十年

这个词前面的-dec(a)-是ten（十）的意思。英语里有个词叫做decathlon，指的是奥林匹克运动会里的“十项全能运动”。法国有个运动品牌叫做“迪卡侬”，就是Decathlon的音译词。

decade作名词，专指“十年”。比如说：

My hometown has changed greatly in the past decade.（在过去十年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。）

15. cemetery[ˈsemətri; ˈseməteri]n. 公墓，墓地

这个词前面的cem(et)从读音上和city（城市）有关。再往前推，这两个词都是“躺、床”的意思。city指的是“人集体栖息的地方”，而cemetery作名词，指的是“公墓、墓地”。比如说：

He goes to the cemetery every year to lay flowers on his wife’s grave.（他每年都会去墓地给妻子献花。）

16. castle[ˈkɑːs(ə)l; ˈkæs(ə)l]n. 城堡，堡垒

这个词前面的cas和cut（切开、砍开）相关，加一个后缀-tle，指的是“和外界隔开的地方”，早期指的是抵御外敌的“堡垒”。现在castle作名词，泛指“城堡”。比如说：

We visited an ancient castle last year.（去年我们去参加了一座古代城堡。）

17. nobility[nəʊˈbɪləti]n. 贵族；崇高，高尚

这个词来自：

noble [ˈnəʊb(ə)l]adj.（出身）贵族的，显贵的；崇高的；品质高尚的；n. （旧时的）贵族

noble前面的no-从读音上和know（知道）有关。noble的字面意思其实就是well-known（众所周知的、声名显赫的），早期指的是“贵族”。现在noble除了可以作名词，也可以作形容词，表示“出身高贵的”。比如说：比如说：

He was a man of noble birth.（他出身高贵。）

noble作形容词，也可以表示“崇高的、品质高尚的”或者“宏伟的、壮丽的”。比如说：

He’s a very noble leader.（他是一个品格非常高尚的领袖。）

a noble building（一栋雄伟的大楼）。

nobility作名词，表示“贵族”的统称，也可以表示“高尚、伟大、崇高”。比如说：

The United States does not have a nobility.（美国没有贵族。）

This kind of pet is often seen as a symbol of nobility.（这种宠物经常被看作是高贵的象征。）

In today’s lesson, we learned some basic information about the Colosseum, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Next, we will watch another landmark building in Italy, the Leaning Tower of Pisa. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review. （在今天的课程中，我们了解了世界七大奇迹之一的古罗马斗兽场的一些基本信息。接下来，我们将看到的是意大利的又一个地标性建筑：比萨斜塔。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

With more than five million visitors each year, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the best-known landmarks in Italy. I’m sure you've seen somebody attempt this kind of photo before. But why is it actually leaning? Was it on purpose or was it a structural error or may be something else? This is why the Leaning Tower of Pisa is leaning.

Let's start by addressing the most obvious thing. No! The Leaning Tower of Pisa was not meant to be leaning. It was originally meant to be a simple straightforward bell tower. Construction began on August 9, 1173. It was set to be the third and final building of the city's cathedral complex. Five years later after the construction of the third level, the lean towards the south became noticeable. This problem started to arise due to the weight of the tower not being sufficiently supported by the foundation, a foundation which was made up of clay, sand and shells. Unfortunately, as this was happening, a war broke out between Italiancity-states and construction was halted for nearly 100 years.

When construction resumed in 1272, engineer Giovanni di Simeone sought to compensate for the lean by making the new stories slightly taller on the shortside. However, this didn't have the intended effect. The extra masonry caused the structure to sink even further. The construction stopped again in 1284 due to the battle of Maloria. The seventh floor was finished in 1319 and the bell chamber was added in 1372, finally signaling the end of construction. Nearly 200 years after it began since then, there have been various attempts to reinforce the tower, yet it's continued to subside at a rate of nearly 0.05 inches per year, placing it in increasing danger of collapse.

Italy asked for help to prevent the tower from toppling in 1964, but they wanted the lean to remain intact as this is what intrigued and attracted tourists. As a temporary measure, as you can see here, a counterweight of 800 tons was installed. By 1990, it was leaning 5.5 degrees or about 15 feet. Because of this, the monument was closed to visitors and the bells were removed as engineers started extensive reparations to stabilize it. By siphoning earth from beneath and adding counterweights to the tower's north end, they were able to reduce the lean to about 13.5 feet or 4 degrees.

The straightening continued after the tower reopened in 2001. And in 2008, sensors showed the subsiding motion had stopped after a total improvement of about 19 inches. Engineers now believe the Leaning Tower of Pisa will remain stable for about 200 years barring an earthquake or any other unpredictable disaster. So yeah the leaning tower of Pisa is safe for now.

比萨斜塔每年有500多万游客，是意大利最著名的地标之一。我确定你以前肯定见过有人尝试过这样的照片吧。但为什么它实际上是倾斜的呢？这是故意的还是结构错误或其他原因？这就是比萨斜塔倾斜的原因。

让我们从解决最明显的问题开始。不! 比萨斜塔并不意味着倾斜。它原本是一个简单而笔直的钟楼。该教堂始建于1173年8月9日。它当时被设定为该市大教堂建筑群的第三座也是最后一座建筑。五年后，在建造第三层后，它开始明显向南倾斜。这个问题开始出现，因为塔架的重量没有得到地基的充分支撑，当时的地基是由粘土，沙子和贝壳组成。不幸的是，就在这种情况发生时，意大利城邦之间爆发了一场战争，建筑工程停止了近100年。

1272年恢复施工时，工程师乔瓦尼·迪·西蒙尼（Giovanni di Simeone）试图通过使新楼层的短边稍微高一些来弥补倾斜。然而，这并没有达到预期的效果。额外的砖石工程导致结构进一步下沉。1284年由于马洛里亚战役再次停止施工。第七层于1319年竣工，钟楼于1372年增建，最终标志着建筑的完成。从那以后的近200年里，人们进行了各种各样的加固尝试，但它仍在以每年近0.05英寸的速度下沉，使它面临越来越大的倒塌危险。

1964年，意大利请求帮助防止塔楼倒塌，但他们希望塔楼的倾斜保持不变，因为这正是吸引游客的地方。作为临时预案，正如你在这所看到的，这里安装了一个800吨的配重。截止1990年时，塔楼倾斜5.5度，约15英尺。正因如此，在工程师们开始进行大量修复的时候，纪念碑对游客关闭，大钟被拆除。通过从地下抽取泥土并在塔的北端添加配重的方式来稳定它。他们能够将倾斜度降低到约13.5英尺或4度。

在2001年塔重新开放后，矫直工作继续进行。在2008年，传感器显示，下沉运动在总体改善约19英寸后停止。工程师们现在相信，除非发生地震或任何其他不可预测的灾难，比萨斜塔将在未来200年间保持稳定。所以，是的，比萨斜塔目前是安全的。

error /ˈerə(r)/ n. 错误
address /əˈdres/ v. 处理（问题）
straightforward /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd/ adj. 直接的，笔直的
noticeable /ˈnəʊtɪsəb(ə)l/ adj. 显而易见的
arise /əˈraɪz/ v. 产生，出现
foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 地基
city-state /ˈsɪti steɪt/ n. 城邦
halt /hɔːlt/ v. 停止，中断
resume /rɪˈzjuːm/ v. 恢复，继续
signal /ˈsɪɡnəl/ v. 预示着
reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/ v. 加强
subside /səbˈsaɪd/ v. 下陷
collapse /kəˈlæps/ v. 坍塌
topple /ˈtɒp(ə)l/ v. 倒塌，推翻
intact /ɪnˈtækt/ adj. 完好无损的
intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ v. 引发……的好奇心
counterweight /ˈkaʊntəweɪt/ n. 平衡物
install /ɪnˈstɔːl/ v. 安装
reparation /ˌrepəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ n.赔偿，修理
stabilize /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ v.稳固
siphon /ˈsaɪfn/ v.吸出，抽取
barring /ˈbɑːrɪŋ/ prep. 除非……

meant to be 注定要……
compensate for 弥补……
intended effect 预期效果

欢迎来到今天的课文精讲。

在小说《东周列国志》的第二回，标题叫做：褒人赎罪献美女幽王烽火戏诸侯。简单来讲，就是西周时期有个大臣叫做褒珦（bāo xiàng），劝诫当时的昏君周幽王要勤政爱民，结果被关押了起来（“幽王大怒，命囚珦于狱中”）。褒珦的儿子为了救出褒珦，就物色了一个叫褒姒（sì）的美女，献给周幽王。周幽王看到褒姒的时候非常震惊，因为“四方虽贡献有人，不及褒姒万分之一”。于是就下令放了褒珦，接下来的日子里，对褒姒是百般宠爱，废掉了之前的王后，把褒姒封为王后。但是这个姑娘哪儿都好，就是不爱笑，用她自己的话说，就叫“妾生平不笑”。后来有个奸臣叫虢（guó）石父，就跟周幽王说：“你晚上把烽火台上的狼烟点着，这样附近的诸侯就会带着兵快速跑过来找你和褒姒，但是来了以后发现没敌人，王后娘娘肯定会笑！”（“夜举烽烟，诸侯援兵必至，至而无寇，王后必笑无疑矣。”）结果周幽王一试，褒姒果然笑了，可能她觉得千军万马跟过家家一样说来就来说走就走很好玩儿。当然，后来的事情就不这么好笑了。就这样玩儿了好多次以后，诸侯们慢慢都受不了这种荒唐事儿，看到烽火也就不再来了。结果后来旧王后的父亲带兵谋反，周幽王再点着烽火也没人来护驾，所以他就被叛军杀死了，西周也就此结束，开启了接下来的东周。

当然，《东周列国志》属于历史演义小说，而且到底历史上有没有“烽火戏诸侯”这件事也是存在争议的。不过通过这个故事，可以让我们非常直观地了解到烽火台在中国古代军事报警系统里的重要性。而烽火台的位置，就在长城上。作为世界新七大奇迹之一，长城是世界上修建时间最长、工程量最大的一项古代防御工程，从西周一直到清朝，前后陆陆续续修建了两千多年，总计长度更是达到了两万多公里。今天我们要学的这篇文章，节选自美国的《国家地理》杂志（National Geographic），标题就叫做：The Great Wall of China（中国长城）。

下面我们来逐句看一下今天的这篇文章：

The one thing most people “know”（大多数人“知道”的一件事）

而且know这个词是打着双引号的，说明并不是事实。什么事呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

about the Great Wall of China 关于中国的长城的（事）

然后是一个破折号引出的同位语从句，具体来说前面的the one thing到底是什么：

—that it is one of the only man-made structures visible from space（——他是唯一能够在太空中看得到的人造建筑之一）

这里的visible from space（从太空可见）是后置定语，修饰前面的man-made structures。刚才整个这个部分都属于这句话的主语，紧接着破折号后面才是这句话的系表结构：

—is not actually true.（——实际上并不是真的。）

我们也可以直接把破折号中间的插入成分先去掉，这样这句话的结构就更简单了：The one thing most people “know” about the Great Wall of China is not actually true.（我们大多数人关于长城唯一“知道”的事情事实上并不是真的。）言外之意也就是说：长城在太空并不可见，这只是个谣传而已。为什么呢？我们接着往下看原文：

Since the wall looks a lot like（由于长城的城墙看起来很像）

像什么呢？

the stone and soil that surround it,（围绕在它周围的石头和土壤，）

it is difficult（有件事情是很难的）

这里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式：

to discern（去识别）

用什么去识别呢？后面是一个介词短语作方式状语：

with the human eye（用人类的眼睛）

在哪里看呢？后面是一个地点状语：

even from low Earth orbit, 即使从近地轨道（来看），

也就是说：即使在近地轨道，人眼也识别不出来（长城）。

and is difficult to make out in most orbital photos.（并且在大多数轨道照片中也很难辨认。）

make out的字面意思是“做出来”，延伸含义是“搞明白、辨认清楚”。这里之所以用make out，是为了和前面的discern从措辞上区别开，实现表达的多样性。

The first sentence pattern today is: It is difficult to discern …（很难看出/识别……。）For example:

It is difficult to discern the truth of an event from a news report.（很难从新闻报道里去辨明一个事件的真实性。）

黑暗中很难看出他的身影。（It is difficult to discern his figure in the darkness.）

Let’s go back to the text. 刚才原文里说到了在太空中人眼看不到长城。我们继续往下看：

However,（然而，）

this does not detract 这个（结论）并不会减分/贬低

从哪里减分呢？

from the wonder of this astounding ancient structure.（从这座令人叹为观止的古老建筑的奇观上。）

也就是说：虽然人眼在太空看不到长城，但这并不影响长城在人们心中的地位。

我们接着来看下面的段落，详细了解一下长城的修建历史：

For millennia,（几千年来，） 

Chinese leaders instituted wall-building projects（中国的统治者实施了筑墙工程，）

然后是一个动词不定式作目的状语：

to protect the land from northern, nomadic invaders.（以保护土地免受北方游牧侵略者的侵扰。）

The second sentence pattern today is: For millennia / mɪˈleniə /, …（几千年来，……。）For example:

For millennia, people have been living and thriving in this area.（几千年来，人们一直在这片区域上生存和繁荣发展。）

几千年来，人类一直在迈入未知领域。（For millennia, human beings have been walking into the unknown.）

Around 220 B.C.E.,（大约在公元前220年，）

Qin Shi Huang,（秦始皇，）

also called the First Emperor,（也被称为始皇，）

united China.（统一了中国。）

Here are two pieces of background information I’d like to extend:

首先，B.C.E.是Before the Common Era的缩写，意思是“公元前”。相对的是C.E.（Common Era，公元）。因为目前国际上的公历是按照耶稣诞生那一年划分的，所以公元前和公元后也可以说成BC和AD，分别代表的是Before Christ（基督耶稣诞生前）和Anno Domini（拉丁语in the year of the lord，主诞生的那一年）。

其次，我们国内的历史教材上一般会说秦始皇统一中国的时间是公元前221年。从公元前230年到221年，秦王嬴政先后消灭了韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六国，并且认为自己是“德兼三皇，功过五帝”，所以就把三皇的“皇”字和五帝的“帝”字组成了“皇帝”这个词，是中国历史上第一个使用“皇帝”称号的君主，所以自称“始皇帝”。

Let’s go back to the text and continue:

He masterminded the process（秦始皇策划了一种进程）

什么进程呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

of uniting the existing walls into one. 把（当时）存在的长城合为一体的（进程）。

为了维护和巩固秦王朝的江山，秦始皇采取了一系列的国防建设和边防守备的战略措施，其中有一项很突出的成就，就是动用了近百万劳动力（占当时全国总人口的二十分之一）修筑了全长超一万余里的长城。也是从秦始皇以后，才有了“万里长城”的说法。

Emperor after emperor strengthened and extended the wall, （后来的皇帝们一个接一个地加固和扩建长城，

为什么这么做呢？后面是一个with引导的介词短语作伴随状语：

often with the aim（通常是伴随着一个目标）

什么目标呢？后面还有一个介词短语做后置定语：

of keeping out the northern invaders. 阻止北方侵略者的（目标）。

keep out sb.或者keep sb. out指的是“阻止（某人）进入”。Also, the third sentence pattern today is: … with the aim of …（……为了……。）For example:

She went to New York with the aim of finding a job.（她去纽约是为了找工作。）

他加入这个俱乐部是为了交新朋友。（He joined the club with the aim of making new friends.）

The wall was continuously brought up to date as building techniques advanced.（随着建筑技术的进步，长城不断被更新。）

bring up to date，字面意思是“带到眼前的日期”，生活里指的是“使现代化、不过时”。早期整个长城的修建，在建筑材料和结构的选择上一般采用的是“就地取材”的原则，比如说有夯土、石头、砖石混合的结构，而且在沙漠中还利用了红柳枝条、芦苇和砂粒层层铺筑的结构，可以说充分利用了本土资源优势。

我们继续来看下一段：

Zhu Yuanzhang,（朱元璋，）

然后是一个非限定性定语从句，进一步给出了朱元璋的信息：

who became the Hongwu Emperor,（成为了洪武大帝，）

took power in 1368 C.E.（于公元1368年掌权。）

也就是说：朱元璋于公元1368年掌权，成为洪武大帝。

He founded the Ming Dynasty,（朱元璋建立了明朝，）

然后是一个形容词短语作伴随状语：

famous for its achievements（因它的成就而闻名于世）

在哪方面的成就呢？

in the arts of ceramics and painting. 在陶瓷和绘画艺术方面的（成就）。

ceramic来自希腊语，作名词专指“陶器、陶艺”。整句话也就是说：朱元璋建立了以陶瓷和绘画艺术成就而闻名的明朝。

The Ming emperors improved the wall（明朝的皇帝们改善了长城）

怎么改善的呢？后面是一个介词短语作方式状语：

with watchtowers and platforms.（通过瞭望塔和站台。）

也就是：明朝皇帝们通过增设瞭望塔和站台改善了长城。

确切来说，在明朝建立以后，漠北草原（现在中国、俄罗斯、蒙古国等地区）的蒙古鞑靼（dá dá）以及瓦剌（wǎ là）的各部经常南下抢掠财物。而且明朝中期以后，女真族又在东北地区兴起，威胁着明朝边境的安全。所以为了巩固北部边防，明朝在200多年的历史里一直在不断修筑长城。同时，明代的制砖技术不断发展，所以明长城不少地方的城墙内外都是用大型的砖块砌起来的，质量非常好。而且据说明朝的皇帝曾经从农民的手里征集过大量的糯米，用加入米汤的白灰来增加砖块中间的黏性，以便使城墙更加坚固。现在我们看到的保存得比较完整的长城，主要也是明长城。我们平时说的长城的长度，也是明长城的长度。那么明长城有多长呢？

Depending on how the wall is measured,（根据不同的测量长城的方式，）

it stretches somewhere between 4,000 and 55,00 kilometers (2,500 and 3,400 miles). 长城的长度在4000到5500公里（2500到3400英里）之间。

somewhere在这里作副词，指的是“大约（到某个范围）、左右”。

The last sentence pattern today is: Depending on …, ….（根据……，……。）For example:

Depending on your learning speed, the course can be finished between 2 and 4 months.（根据你的学习速度，这个课程能在二到四个月的时间内完成。）

根据天气情况，我们可以在室内或者室外举行这次比赛。（Depending on the weather conditions, we can hold the match indoor or outdoor.）

Let’s move on to the last paragraph of this passage.

In the 17th century,（在17世纪，）

the Manchu emperors（满族/满清的皇帝）

extended Chinese rule into Inner Mongolia（将中国的统治扩展到内蒙古，）

Inner Mongolia指的是“内蒙古”。然后是一个现在分词短语作伴随状语：

making the wall less important as a defense.（降低了长城作为防御的重要性。）

However,（然而，）

it has retained its importance（长城保留了它的重要性）

什么重要性呢？后面是一个介词短语作后置定语：

as a symbol of Chinese identity and culture.作为中国身份和文化象征的（重要性）。

Countless visitors view the wall every year.（每年都有无数游客参观长城。）

That’s all for today’s language points. I hope you can review in time and make progress day by day.

虽然长城的主要用途是抵御外敌，但从结果来看，好像效果也并没有太出众。比如明朝的长城虽然相对最坚固，但也仍然没有成功抵御清兵的入侵，导致了国家的灭亡。不过从更广泛的角度来看，长城为中国和世界各国的联系做出了巨大贡献。比如从汉朝开始，汉武帝派张骞出使西域各国，并且把长城作为根据地，开辟并且维护着从汉朝首都长安（现在的西安）到大秦（现在的地中海东岸一带）长达一万多公里的交通干道，这就是著名的“丝绸之路”。当时的许多外国人知道中国，就是从长城开始的。可以说长城是世界上其它国家了解中国历史和文化的一个至关重要的奇观。

 

1. visible [ˈvɪzəb(ə)l] adj. 看得见的

这个词前面的-vis-是“看”的意思，我们平时说的television（电视），字面意思就是“能看到远处的画面”。后面是一个形容词后缀-ible（相当于able，有……能力的）。visible作形容词，表示“看得见的”。比如说：

The house is clearly visible from the beach.（从海滩可以清楚地看到那所房子。）

Most stars are not visible to the naked eye.（大多数星星肉眼是看不见的。）

2. discern [dɪˈsɜː(r)n] vt.看出；辨别出

前缀dis-表示“分离”；后面的-cern-是“筛选、区分”的意思，我们熟悉的certain（形容词“确信的”），就是“筛选过的、甄别过的”。discern作动词，表示“辨别出、看出、觉察出”。比如说：

It is difficult to discern any pattern in these figures.（在这些数字中很难看出规律。）

She soon discerned that her husband was lying.（她很快就觉察出丈夫在撒谎。）

3. orbit [ˈɔː(r)bɪt] n. （环绕地球、太阳等运行的）轨道 v. 绕轨道运行

orbit是个来自拉丁语的单词，意思是“环、圈”或者“球体”。现在orbit作名词，往往指的是“（天体运行的）轨道”。比如说：

Once in space, the spacecraft will go into orbit around Earth.（一旦进入太空，这个航天器就会进入环绕地球的轨道。）

orbit也可以作动词，表示“绕轨道运行”。比如说：

The earth takes a year to orbit the sun.（地球绕太阳一周要一年的时间。）

orbit的形容词，叫做orbital，表示“轨道的”。比如说：

an orbital space station（一座轨道空间站）。

4. detract [dɪˈtrækt] v.（在价值、美誉度等方面）对…产生不利影响；贬低；有损于

前缀de-表示“向下”（down）；后面的-trac(t)-从读音上和drag（拉）有关。detract的字面意思，是“向下拉、降低”，生活里作动词表示“贬低、损毁、对……产生不良影响”，经常用detract from sth.来表示“从某件事上削弱价值”。比如说：

A little crack detracts from the value of the artifact.（一条小小的裂痕影响了这件艺术品的价值。）

His bad behavior detracted from his good character.（他的不良表现有损他的品质。）

5. astounding [əˈstaʊndɪŋ] adj. 令人震惊的；令人惊骇的

这个词的动词原形是：

astound [əˈstaʊnd] vt. 使惊骇，使震惊

之前我们学过一个词，叫stun（动词“使震惊”）。在英语里，astound，stun，astonish从读音上都是一母同胞，都和thunder（雷声）有关，指的也都是“使震惊”，可以互换使用。比如说：

The news astounded all of us.（这个消息让我们都非常震惊。）

astounding作形容词，和stunning，astonishing意思也都一样，表示“令人震惊的”。比如说：

The results are quite astounding.（这些结果非常令人震惊。）

6. millennia [mɪˈleniə] n. 千年期；千周年纪念日（millennium的复数）

millennia是millennium的复数形式。millennium这个词，前面的mill-是“千”的意思，我们认识的million（百万），指的就是“一千的平方”；millennium中间的-enn-意思是“年”，我们熟悉的annual（一年一度的），前面的-ann-和-enn-就是一个意思；millennium最后是一个名词后缀-ium。millennium作名词，意思是“一千年、千禧年”。

7. institute [ˈɪnstɪtjuːt] n. 研究所；学院 vt. 制定（制度、规则等）

前缀in-表示“在里面”；中间的-stit-从读音上和stand（站）有关；最后是一个后缀-ute。institute的字面意思，是“站在其中”，生活里结合语境指的是一个圈子里成立的“研究院、学院、协会”。比如说：the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，简称MIT，也就是“麻省理工学院”。

institute也可以作动词，表示“建立、制定（规则、制度等）”。比如说：

It is very important to institute law on medical insurance.（建立医疗保险的法律体系非常重要。）

We will institute a number of measures to protect the environment.（我们会制定一系列措施来保护环境。）

8. nomadic [nəʊˈmædɪk] adj. 游牧的；流浪的

这个词前面的nomad从读音上和number（数字）有关。再往前推，这两个词都和“分配”有关。number指的是“分配的数额”；nomad指的是草原上分散的“游牧民”。nomadic作形容词，表示“游牧的、流浪的”。比如说：

Dogs first associated with men when they were nomadic hunters.（狗在人类是游牧猎人的时候开始与人为伴。）

9. invader [ɪnˈveɪdə(r)] n. 侵略者，侵略军

这个词的动词形式是：

invade [ɪnˈveɪd]v. 武力入侵，侵略

前缀in-表示“进入”；后面的-vad(e)-是walk（走）的意思。invade的字面意思是“走入”，结合语境作动词表示“入侵、侵略”。比如说：

He ordered the army to invade the country.（他命令军队入侵该国。）

invader作名词，表示“侵略者”。比如说：

The invaders killed all the local residents.（侵略者把当地居民全杀光了。）

10. defense [dɪˈfens] n. 防御，保卫；辩护；辩词

这个词的动词形式是：

defend [dɪˈfend] vt. 保卫，防御；（在法庭上）为……辩护

前缀de-表示“离开”；后面的-fend-的意思是fight（打仗）。defend这个词，指的是“用打击的手段迫使对方离开”，作动词表示“保卫、防御”。比如说：

I'm going to karate lessons to learn how to defend myself.（我要去参加空手道训练课，学习如何自我防卫。）

defend作动词，也可以表示“（在法庭上）为……辩护”。比如说：

He has employed one of the top lawyers to defend him.（请了一位顶尖律师为他辩护。）

defense作名词，表示“保卫、防御”。比如说：

The team has a strong attack, but its defense is weak.（这支队伍的进攻能力很强，但是防御能力比较弱。）

defense作名词，也可以表示“辩护、辩词”。比如说：

Her defense was that she was in another city at the time of the crime.（她的辩词是案发时她在另一座城市。）

11. mastermind [ˈmɑːstəmaɪnd; ˈmæstərmaɪnd] n. 优秀策划者；才子；幕后操纵者vt. 策划；组织；操纵

mastermind是个合成词，字面意思是“主人的想法”，生活里指的是“一件事情的主谋”，作名词表示“决策者、主谋”。比如说：

He is the mastermind behind the attack.（他是这次袭击的主谋。）

mastermind也可以作动词，表示“策划、幕后操作”。比如说：

He is believed to have masterminded this incident.（据说是他策划了这起事件。）

12. dynasty [ˈdɪnəsti; ˈdaɪnəsti] n. 王朝；朝，代

dynasty这个词来自希腊语，意思是“力量、统治”。英语里有个单词叫dynamite（炸药），字面意思也是“力量”。dynasty作名词，表示“王朝、朝代”，也就是“政权、权力”。比如说：'

This song was composed during the Qing Dynasty.（这首歌是在清朝创作的。）

13. retain [rɪˈteɪn] vt. 保持，保留；保存，储存

前缀re-表示“往回”；后面的-tain-的意思是take、hold（握住）。retain的字面意思，是“拿回来”，作动词表示“保持、保留、保存”。比如说：

The house retains much of its original charm.（这所房子保留了许多原有的魅力。）

The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land.（海水储存太阳的热量的时间比陆地要长。）

15. identity [aɪˈdentəti] n. 身份；本身；特性

identity作名词表示“身份”。比如说：

The police are trying to discover the identity of the killer.（警方正努力调查杀人凶手的身份。）

identity的动词形式是identify（确认身份）。我们平时说的ID card（身份证），全称叫identify card或者identification card。这里的identification，就是“身份证明”的意思。

In today's article, we learned about the Great Wall of China , one of the new Seven Wonders of the World. Next, let's follow the animated short video to know more about it in more details. And there will be many words and expressions we’ve learned before, so this is also a great chance for you to review.

（在今天的文章里，我们了解了作为世界新七大奇迹之一的中国万里长城，接下来让我们跟随者动画短片，再来进一步的了解它更多的细节吧。同样，视频里会有很多我们以前学过的单词和表达，所以这也是你复习的好机会。）

A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone winds its way through the countryside of China with a history almost as long and serpentine as the structure. The Great Wall began as multiple walls of rammed earth built by individual feudal states during the Chunqiu period to protect against nomadic raiders north of China and each other. When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the states in 221 BCE, the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers, but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable to Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions. To defend against them, the Emperor expanded the small walls built by his predecessors, connecting some and fortifying others. As the structures grew from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, they collectively became known as The Long Wall.

Under the Han Dynasty, the wall grew longer still, reaching 3700 miles, and spanning from Dunhuang to the Bohai Sea. After the Ming dynasty gained control in 1368, they began to refortify and further consolidate the wall using bricks and stones from local kilns. Averaging 23 feet high and 21 feet wide, the walls 5500 miles were punctuated by watchtowers. When raiders were sighted, fire and smoke signals traveled between towers until reinforcements arrived. Small openings along the wall let archers fire on invaders, while larger ones were used to drop stones and more.

As one of the largest man-made structures on Earth, it was granted UNESCO World Heritage status in 1987. Originally built to keep people out of China, the Great Wall now welcomes millions of visitors each year. In fact, the influx of tourists has caused the wall to deteriorate, leading the Chinese government to launch preservation initiatives. It's also often acclaimed as the only man-made structure visible from space. Unfortunately, that's not at all true. In low Earth orbit, all sorts of structures, like bridges, highways and airports are visible, and the Great Wall is only barely discernible. From the moon, it doesn't stand a chance. But regardless, it's the Earth we should be studying it from because new sections are still discovered every few years, branching off from the main body and expanding this remarkable monument to human achievement.

一条13000英里长的土石巨龙蜿蜒穿过中国的乡村，它的历史几乎和这座建筑一样悠久而蜿蜒。长城最初是春秋时期各个封建国家修建的多层夯土墙，以抵御中国北方的游牧侵略者以及彼此之间的袭击。当秦始皇皇帝于前221年统一各国时，青藏高原和太平洋成为天然屏障，但北方的山区仍然容易受到蒙古人、土耳其人和匈奴人的入侵。为了防御他们，皇帝扩建了前任修建的小城墙，连接了一些城墙，加固了其他城墙。随着这些建筑从西部的临洮发展到东部的辽东，它们被统称为“长城”。

在汉朝时期，这堵墙变得更长，长达3700英里，从敦煌一直延伸到渤海。1368年明朝取得控制权后，他们开始使用当地窑炉的砖石重新加固并进一步巩固城墙。平均23英尺高、21英尺宽，5500英里长的城墙上点缀着望塔。当发现突袭者时，火警和烟雾信号在塔之间传递，直到增援部队到达。墙壁上的小开口让弓箭手向入侵者开火，而较大的开口则用来投掷石块等。

作为地球上最大的人造建筑之一，它于1987年被联合国教科文组织授予世界遗产地位。长城最初是为了防止人们进入中国，现在每年都会迎来数百万游客。事实上，游客的涌入已导致围墙恶化，导致中国政府启动了保护措施。它也经常被誉为从太空中唯一可见的人造结构。不幸的是，这根本不是真的。在近地轨道上，各种各样的结构，如桥梁、高速公路和机场都是可见的，而长城几乎看不出来。从月球上看，它没有机会。但不管怎样，我们应该从地球上研究它，因为每隔几年仍会发现新的部分，从主体分支出来，并扩大这座人类成就的非凡纪念碑。

serpentine /ˈsɜːpəntaɪn/ adj. 蜿蜒的
feudal /ˈfjuːd(ə)l/ adj. 封建的
barrier /ˈbæriə(r)/ n. 障碍，障碍物，壁垒
fortify /ˈfɔːtɪfaɪ/ v. 筑防御工事以防卫；（尤指）筑城防御
collectively /kəˈlektɪvli/ adv. 集体地，共同地
consolidate /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/ v. 使巩固，使加强
punctuate /ˈpʌŋktʃueɪt/ v. 不时打断
reinforcement /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ n. 援兵，增援部队

archer /ˈɑːtʃə(r)/ n. 弓箭手
influx /ˈɪnflʌks/ n.（人或物的）大量涌入，
acclaim /əˈkleɪm/ v. 称赞
discernible /dɪˈsɜːnəb(ə)l/ adj. 看得清的
wind one’s way 蜿蜒而行
rammed earth 夯土
nomadic raider 游牧侵略者
the Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原
launch preservation initiative 启动保护措施

I grew up in a rural area in Hebei Province. At the end of the first year in junior high school, I chose to drop out to making a living to support my family and did many odd jobs, including restaurant waiter, tractor driver, clothes seller and coal miner. Later, at the age of 15, I had to go back to school because of a work-related injury, and that was also the first time I had started to take learning English seriously.

我从小在河北的农村长大，初中一年级结束的时候，为了帮助家里，我选择了辍学去谋生，并且打过很多零工，比如餐厅服务员，开拖拉机，卖衣服，当煤矿工人。后来15岁的时候，我因为工伤不得不重返上校园，那也是我第一次开始好好学英语。

Starting from high school, whenever there was a president of a foreign university in our school to carry out exchange activities, I would serve as a student representative for interpreting work, which made me a role model of English learning in our school.

从高中开始，我们学校无论什么时候有外国大学的校长来开展交流活动，我就会作为学生代表担任口译工作，我也因此在我们学校变成了英语学习的一个榜样。

I don’t have any talent for learning languages. I probably have gone through all the detours you have when learning English, and I may have suffered from the hardships you haven’t. I used to be afraid of speaking English in public because of my strong Chinese accent, and I can’t even remember how many grammatical mistakes I made in writing. But I went through them all, and the lesson I’ve learned is: don’t be afraid of making mistakes, and don’t be afraid of being laughed at, because mistakes are inevitable if you want to do anything well. In other words, making mistakes is not pathetic, the real pathetic thing is that you don’t even have the courage to make mistakes.

我并没有什么学习语言的天赋。你学英语走过的弯路我应该都走过，你没有吃过的苦我可能也都吃过。我在学习英语的路上遇到过许多困难：我以前害怕在公共场合说英语，因为我的中国口音很重，我甚至不记得我在写作的时候犯了多少语法错误。但这些我都挺过来了，我得到的教训是：不要害怕犯错，也不要害怕被嘲笑，因为如果你想把任何事情做好，犯错都是不可避免的。换句话说，犯错误并不可悲，真正科倍的是你的一生当中连犯错误的勇气都没有。

As someone who is learning English, you are going to to face many obstacles too. You’re going to have days when you don’t feel like learning English. You’re going to have days when you feel shy, days when you make mistakes, days when you watch English movies or TV shows and can’t understand a single word. So know that you’re going to make mistakes. Know that you’re not going to have a perfect day. Know that there are going to be obstacles in your way and things that might stop you. But, if you stay consistent with it, you do the right things, and you keep progressing, then, you are a successful English learner.

作为学习英语的人，你也将面临许多障碍。你有时候会不想学英语。有时候会觉得很害羞，会犯错误，会看英语的电影或者电视剧，可却什么也听不懂。所以你要知道自己会犯错误，要知道自己不会过得很顺利。要知道你的道路上会有障碍，也可能会有让你停下来的事情。但是，如果你始终如一，做正确的事情，并且不断进步，那么你就是一个成功的英语学习者。

I don’t believe in shortcuts to learning English, but if you choose the right way and use the right materials, I think you’ve already got the best shortcut you can find. From this aspect, I believe that if you can master the words, grammar and sentence patterns in our courses and constantly use them in various scenes of your daily life, your English level will undoubtedly surpass most of the English learners around you.

我不相信捷径，因为学习英语的道路上没有捷径，但是如果你选对了素材，找准了方法，那么我觉得，这对你来说就是最好的捷径。从这点上来说，我觉得如果你把我们课程里的单词、语法、句型都能熟练掌握，并且在生活里的各类场景里不断运用，我相信你的英语水平会毫无疑问地超越你身边的大部分英语学习者。

British naturalist Thomas Huxley once said, “Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.” That is to say, you need to be very good at a particular field while at the same time, try to have a wide array of knowledge on different subjects. What are the benefits of this? The answer is obvious: when talking with others, you can not only cite authoritative sources to support your opinions from multiple angles, but also have a quick grasp of what others are saying by using the extensive knowledge you’ve acquired. By the way, this is exactly the kind of talent that this society lacks at any time, and we Chinese call them “T-shaped people”. So the question is: how can you be such a person? One of the easiest ways is to learn a language, such as English. Why? Because behind a large number of English words, collocations, and expressions hides thousands of years of wisdom from all walks of life.

英国博物学家托马斯·赫胥黎说：“尽可能广泛地涉猎各门学问，并且尽可能深入地选择一门钻研。”简单来讲，就是要在有一技之长的同时，还能够在很多领域都略知一二。这么做的好处是什么呢？答案很明显：在和别人交谈的时候，你不光可以旁征博引、多角度表达自己的观点，也能通过广博的知识面去快速理解对方所表达的内容。顺便说一句，这恰恰就是这个社会在任何时候都非常欠缺的“T型人才”。那么问题来了：你怎么才能做一个这样的人呢？最简单的方式之一，就是学一门语言，比如英语。为什么呢？因为大量英语单词、搭配、表达的背后，都蕴含了千百年来各行各业智慧的结晶。

“The limits of your language are the limits of your world.” This has always been a core value of our curriculum. English novelist George Eliot once said, “It is never too late to be what you might have been.” I sincerely hope that through our English courses, you can pursue your career and life goals to the best and live out your life to the fullest.

“语言观决定世界观。”这一直是我们的课程承载的核心价值观。英国作家乔治·艾略特曾说过：“去成为你本应该成为的人，任何时候都不算晚。” 我真诚希望通过我们的英语课程，你能更加最好地去追求自己的事业目标和人生目标，尽情地去享受你的生活。